An object-oriented approach to modeling financial accounting systems

The necessity of developing information add-ins to the financial accounting system for the formation of additional strategic information is revealed. Additional types of information needed by stakeholders to make strategic decisions are highlighted. Historical aspects of the emergence of strategic accounting engineering are considered. The main ways of developing engineering principles for building a strategic financial accounting system are highlighted and analyzed. The sequence of formation of derivative strategic balance sheets is developed through the development of an engineering system of financial accounting of an enterprise, which includes the following stages: 1) aggregation of elements of financial statements; 2) implementation of corrective operations; 3) implementation of transformational (hedged) operations; 4) implementation of strategic operations; 5) implementation of hypothetical operations. The necessary sources of information for forming a derivative strategic balance sheet of an enterprise are disclosed. A model for generating a derivative strategic balance sheet of an enterprise has been developed, which allows calculating engineering indicators (net assets, net assets after adjustments, hedged net assets, strategic net assets, net liabilities) for analyzing the results of strategic enterprise management.

A database management system (DBMS) should provide capabilities for defining and enforcing certain integrity constraints that must hold for the data recorded in the database. These constraints are derived from the semantics of the data and from the rules of the system under study (SuS) that database represents. Every DBMS is based on a data model that provides the means to achieve data abstraction and to express database schema. Each data model has a specific set of integrity constraints types. Some of constraint types are common for several data models and some of them are typical for a data model. Beyond well-known constraint types there are more complex ones that are difficult to express and enforce within the data model. In this paper we deal with the extended tuple constraint (ETC) type. It is the extension of tuple constraint that is one of constraint types of relational data model. In this paper we explain the usage of extended tuple constraint in relational data model and its implementation in relational DBMSs. XML data model does not recognize ETC type. We specify the extended tuple constraint in XML data model and propose two techniques for implementation of ETC in XML DBMSs. Each of them depends on the characteristics of a selected XML DBMS. We use XQuery functions in eXist DBMS, and triggers in Sedna DBMS.

The relational data model is the dominant paradigm in the commercial database market today, and it has been for several years. However, there have been challenges to the model over the years, and they have influenced its evolution and that of database technology. The object-oriented revolution that got started in programming languages arrived to the database area in the form of a brand new data model. The relational model managed not only to survive the newcomer but to continue becoming a dominant force, transformed into the object-relational model (also called extended relational, or universal) and relegating object-oriented databases to a niche product. Although this market has many nontechnical aspects, there are certainly important technical differences among the mentioned data models. In this article I describe the basic components of the relational, object-oriented, and object-relational data models. I do not, however, discuss query language, implementation, or system issues. A basic comparison is given and then future trends are discussed.

This study aims to examine the effect of transparency, competency, financial accounting systems on the accountability of regional financial management with the government's internal control system as a moderating variable with a case study in Indragiri Hulu Regency. The population of this study were all employees in all OPDs in Indragiri Hulu Regency as many as 45 OPDs so that a sample of 180 respondents was obtained from this population using the purposive sampling method. The data analysis method used in this research is the quantitative analysis method with WarpPLS version 6.0 as data processing software. The results show that transparency, competency, and financial accounting systems affect the accountability of regional financial management, the implementation of the government internal control system can moderate the effect of transparency and financial accounting systems on the accountability of regional financial management, and the implementation of the government internal control system cannot moderate the effect of competency on the accountability of regional finance management. Keywords: Transparency, Competency, Financial Accounting System, The Accountability of Regional Financial Management, Implementation of The Government Internal Control System

This study aims to address the differences in income taxes in Algeria from a fiscal perspective on the basis of the Law on Direct Taxes and Related Duties and an accounting perspective through the Financial Accounting System and the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS). It seeks to assess the extent to which Algeria has adopted IFRS 12 by comparing the treatment of income taxes under the Financial Accounting System and the International Accounting Standard (IAS) 12. The research relies on both analytical and comparative methodologies in its theoretical framework. The findings indicate a degree of alignment between the Financial Accounting System and IAS 12 in treating income taxes. An applied case study was also conducted to contextualise the theoretical framework.

The purpose of this paper is to know the implementation of regional financial accounting system, the implementation of accountability of regional financial statements, and the influence of regional financial accounting system to accountability of local financial statements. The research used descriptive method with quantitative approach. Data analysis techniques used simple regression correlation, coefficient of determination analysis and t-student test. The result of the research shows that the correlation coefficient is 0.738, which means there is positive direction and strong influence level between the regional financial accounting system to the accountability of the regional financial report. The coefficient of determination (Kd) is 0.5446 or 54.46%, it can be interpreted that the local financial accounting system affects the accountability of local financial statements of 54.46%, and the rest of 45.54% influenced by other factors . Significant test obtained is t count equal to 8,885, with dk = 66 at  5% obtained t table equal to 1,998, because> (8,885> 1,998), meaning Ho rejected and Ha accepted, so there is influence between financial accounting system of area to accountability report Regional finance.

This research aimed to investigate the effects of transparency, competence, and financial accounting systems on the accountability of regional financial management, with the Government Internal Control System (SPIP) serving as a moderating variable. The study population comprised all 78 employees of the Finance Department at the Langsa Mayor’s Office, according to internal records as of January 2025. Using a saturated sampling technique, the entire population was included as the research sample, resulting in 78 respondents. Data were collected via questionnaires that had been validated and tested for reliability. The analysis was conducted using moderation analysis with SmartPLS 4.0 to assess both the direct impact of the independent variables on the dependent variable and the moderating effect of SPIP in enhancing or diminishing these relationships. The results show that transparency has a significant positive effect on the accountability of regional financial management, indicating that an increase in transparency can enhance the realization of accountable financial practices. The competency of regional government officials also demonstrates a significant positive effect, meaning that higher competency levels contribute to improved accountability in financial management. Furthermore, the financial accounting system shows a significant positive effect, suggesting that the effectiveness of accounting procedures and systems plays an important role in supporting accountability. Regarding the moderating effect of SPIP, transparency does not exhibit a significant influence, while both competency and the financial accounting system are strengthened by SPIP in their relationship with accountability. These findings highlight that SPIP serves as an important control mechanism that enhances the role of competence and financial accounting systems in achieving accountable regional financial management.

In the current conditions of digital transformation of the economy, Ukraine needs to adapt the accounting and taxation system to new technological realities. The existing model, formed in the conditions of the traditional economy, is gradually losing its effectiveness, which necessitates its modernization. The problem lies not only in the implementation of digital technologies, but also in reviewing regulatory approaches and methodologies for accounting and taxation. This creates a need for a scientific search for new solutions that can ensure transparency, efficiency and compliance of the system with modern economic challenges. The research is closely related to the current tasks of the state's digital development, integration into the global economic space and requires a systematic scientific approach to the transformation of the accounting and taxation system. The purpose of the study is to conduct an in-depth analysis of the challenges and opportunities of digital transformation, identify factors that facilitate or hinder the effective implementation of digital technologies in the accounting and taxation sectors, and formulate recommendations for improving the regulatory framework to adapt to new requirements arising within the framework of global economic changes. The main focus is on the need to update legislation, integrate accounting systems with state registers, and increase the level of digital literacy among all market participants - from small entrepreneurs to large companies and government agencies. The research methodology is based on the analysis of current regulatory and legal acts, scientific research, and international experience, which allows identifying the best practical recommendations in the context of digitalization of accounting and tax systems. The work uses a comparative analysis of the effectiveness of digital solutions in both the public sector and private business in order to determine the advantages and disadvantages of existing approaches. The results of the study showed that for the successful digitalization of accounting and tax systems, a comprehensive approach is needed, which includes: updating the regulatory framework, developing unified standards for digital accounting, and integrating modern accounting systems with state registers. However, serious obstacles were identified, the most important of which are the lack of integration of accounting systems between different state bodies and the low level of cybersecurity, which threatens information protection and data confidentiality. Special attention needs to be paid to increasing digital competence among all participants in the accounting and tax system. Both civil servants and business representatives should have access to high-quality education and training that will contribute to more effective use of digital tools. Increasing the level of digital literacy will reduce the number of technical errors in reporting and improve the quality of interaction with electronic services. It is also worth providing systemic support for small and medium-sized enterprises, which often have limited resources for the implementation of digital technologies. To facilitate this process, it is advisable to create specialized platforms, information and consulting services, and introduce financial support programs, in particular for the purchase of software or personnel training. Such measures will create equal conditions for the participation of all business entities in digital transformation. An extremely important condition for successful digitalization is the availability of qualified personnel. Insufficient digital literacy among accountants, financiers, and tax consultants often leads to errors in working with new technologies and reduces the overall effectiveness of reforms. To overcome this problem, it is necessary to introduce systematic training of specialists aimed at developing skills in using modern digital tools. In the process of implementing the digitalization of accounting and taxation, it is also necessary to take into account international experience. Today, many countries are successfully using digital technologies to automate tax processes, and it is possible to adapt some of these solutions in Ukraine. The study proves that the financial accounting and taxation systems in Ukraine require comprehensive changes in regulatory, methodological, and technological areas. In particular, it is important to improve the skills of users of new technologies, provide support for small and medium-sized businesses in the process of digitalization, and stimulate the development of innovations in this area. Future research should focus on adapting international experience to the specifics of the Ukrainian economy and developing effective cyber protection mechanisms in the accounting and tax sector to ensure data security and the successful integration of digital technologies into all areas of the Ukrainian economy.

This study focuses on analyzing business financial accounting and management systems of indigenous businesses in Lusaka. The main objective was to assess the importance and implementation of financial accounting and management practices in these businesses. Data was collected through a questionnaire from a sample of 60 firms in Lusaka, Zambia. The findings revealed that a significant majority (approximately 95%) of the respondents maintained financial records for their businesses, highlighting the importance of this aspect in their operations and showcasing their commitment to financial diligence and responsibility. Businesses with higher financial literacy levels were more likely to adopt technology, implement better accounting practices, and achieve improved financial performance. However, attention must be given to the minority (approximately 5%) of businesses that reported not keeping financial records, as this may affect their financial stability and credibility. Encouraging them to adopt better financial practices through educational programs is crucial. Regarding budgeting practices, businesses tended to conduct less frequent budget reviews, with a smaller percentage opting for monthly reviews. Encouraging businesses to diversify their expense tracking methods, including using accounting software, can improve financial monitoring. The study highlights the significance of maintaining proper financial records for informed decision-making, compliance with legal requirements, and overall financial transparency. Additionally, it emphasizes the positive impact of financial literacy on various aspects of business performance and practices. The findings on business management systems indicate a wide range of opinions among respondents. While satisfaction levels were generally high, some expressed poor satisfaction, indicating room for improvement. Ongoing monitoring and enhancements to these systems can foster better operational efficiency. Furthermore, correlation analyses emphasize the importance of financial literacy in achieving positive outcomes in technology adoption, accounting practices, financial performance, and management strategies. To improve financial accounting and management practices among businesses in Lusaka, recommendations include promoting financial literacy, encouraging financial record-keeping, supporting technology adoption, implementing regular budget reviews, diversifying expense tracking methods, addressing challenges through training and support, continuously improving business management systems, fostering collaboration, supporting access to financial capital, and considering policy frameworks to incentivize best financial practices.

The overwhelming need to improve the quality of complex data structures in healthcare is more important than ever. Although data quality has been the point of interest in many studies, none of them has focused on the development of quantitative and explainable methods for data imputation. In this work, we propose a "smart" imputation workflow to address missing data across complex data structures in the context of in silico clinical trials. AI algorithms were utilized to produce high-quality virtual patient profiles. A search algorithm was then developed to extract the best virtual patient profiles through the definition of a profile matching score (PMS). A case study was conducted, where the real dataset was randomly contaminated with multiple missing values (e.g., 10 to 50%). In total, 10000 virtual patient profiles with less than 0.02 Kullback-Leibler (KL) divergence were produced to estimate the PMS distribution. The best generator achieved the lowest average squared absolute difference (0.4) and average correlation difference (0.02) with the real dataset highlighting its increased effectiveness for data imputation across complex clinical data structures.

Carbon Financial Accounting System highlights the importance of carbon finance and carbon accounting in China's efforts towards sustainable development and reducing its carbon footprint. The article discusses the need to manage and trade carbon assets, develop a comprehensive carbon financing system, and account for and report carbon activities. It proposes constructing a carbon accounting framework that includes all key sources of carbon emissions and carbon sequestration capacity. The article emphasizes the need to integrate carbon accounting into a company's operations and establish a comprehensive carbon finance ecosystem as a critical component of national strategic development. To achieve this, the Chinese government must promote CDM initiatives and relevant policies, enhance support to intermediary institutions, centralize the management of CDM projects, and strengthen carbon financing regulations. The article suggests establishing carbon trading and pricing mechanisms and improving the carbon trading system to create an effective carbon finance regulatory structure. Additionally, a carbon accounting system is required for financial and accounting oversight to support green and low-carbon growth, hence strengthening carbon accounting and reporting regulations of companies. The incorporation of carbon exchange, carbon funds, and carbon sinks banks are also essential in enhancing the financial accounting system.

Current commercialized PDM tools have drawbacks in representing a variety of data types such as CAD data, images, audio, long text, etc. by relational data modeling. For this reason, object-oriented approaches have been suggested as an alternative. In this paper, using the object-oriented paradigm, an object-oriented data model for the PDM system is proposed. The scope of the modeling is limited to management information for drawings, parts, and product structure. Rumbaugh’s OMT (Object Modeling Technique) has been adopted for the system design. In the modeling, classes of data vault and workspace are taken into account for the review or approval of drawings and parts data based on the concurrent engineering concept. For parts and corresponding product structure, classes of phantoms, options, substitutes, etc. are added to the model. In addition, state transition and data flow diagrams are suggested based on the analysis of work and data flows of drawings and parts.KeywordsPDMobject-oriented modelingOMTconcurrent engineering

Discovering clusters remains challenging when dealing with complex data structures, including those with varying densities, arbitrary shapes, weak separability, or the presence of noise. In this article, we propose a novel clustering algorithm called representative point-based clustering with neighborhood information (RPC-NI), which highlights the significance of neighborhood information often overlooked by existing clustering methods. The proposed algorithm first introduces a new local centrality metric that integrates both neighborhood density and topological convergence to identify core representative points, effectively capturing the structural characteristics of the data. Subsequently, a density-adaptive distance is defined to evaluate dissimilarities between these core representative points, and such distance is used to construct a minimum spanning tree (MST) over these points. Finally, an MST-based clustering algorithm is employed to yield the desired clusters. Incorporating neighborhood information enables RPC-NI to comprehensively determine representative points, and having multiple representative points per cluster allows RPC-NI to adapt to clusters of arbitrary shapes, varying densities, and different sizes. Extensive experiments on widely used datasets demonstrate that RPC-NI outperforms baseline algorithms in terms of clustering accuracy and robustness. These results provide further evidence for the importance of incorporating neighborhood information discovering clusters with complex structures.

Multivariate histogram snapshots are complex data structures that frequently occur in predictive maintenance. Histogram snapshots store large amounts of data in devices with small memory capacity, though it remains a challenge to analyze them effectively. In this paper, we propose Z-Hist, a novel framework for representing and temporally abstracting histogram snapshots by converting them into a set of temporal intervals. This conversion enables the exploitation of frequent arrangement mining techniques for extracting disproportionally frequent patterns of such complex structures. Our experiments on a turbo failure dataset from a truck Original Equipment Manufacturer (OEM) demonstrate a promising use-case of Z-Hist. We also benchmark Z-Hist on six synthetic datasets for studying the relationship between distribution changes over time and disproportionality values.

Research Questions: What are the perceptions of Algerian accounting professionals regarding the qualitative characteristics of accounting information after International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) adoption in financial accounting system (FAS)?Do different accounting professional groups (preparers and external auditors of financial statements) have different perspectives regarding the qualitative characteristics of accounting information after IFRS adoption in FAS? Motivation:The authors consider that there is a need for a comparative analysis between preparers and external auditors of financial statements to gain insights into their distinct perspectives regarding the qualitative characteristics of accounting information after IFRS adoption within the Algerian context.Idea: This paper explores the accounting and auditing professionals' perceptions regarding the qualitative characteristics of accounting information after the adoption of the IFRS in the new FAS in the Algerian context.It also investigates whether this perception differs between preparers and external auditors of financial statements.Data: Data were collected from 59 preparers (accounting services firms) and 56 external auditors (external audit firms) between October and November 2023. Tools:A questionnaire was developed drawing on the conceptual frameworks of the FAS (2007) and IASB (2018).SPSS software was used to analyze the data and to test hypotheses.