An Ontology Based Trust Framework for Sensor-Driven Pervasive Environment

A wireless pressure sensor node design method and realization is put forward aiming at problems of dynamic pressure test in the hermetic cavity or cabin, such as high wiring difficulty and influence on air flow field. Dynamic gauge pressure signal is transmitted by a wireless sensor node in consideration of temperature affection factors. The sensor node is mainly composed of gauge and atmospheric pressure, temperature sensor, signal acquisition and modulation module, wireless RF module, data memory, lithium battery. On the basis of the above, the prototype is developed. The effectiveness and reliability of the wireless pressure sensor node are verified in means of sea trial test.

Wireless sensor nodes are deployed in smart environment to monitor the physical and environmental factors. Smart environment consists of set of tiny sensors and actuators with sensing, computation and communication potentialities. In resource restricted sensor networks, the sensed data from smart environment will be sent to sink periodically. The gathered data from smart environment is used for taking actions autonomously with the help of actuators. Due to resource restriction, dynamic nature and harsh environment, the gathered data suffers from data faults, data losses and data collisions. Transmission of data faults, data losses and redundant data from resource constrained sensor nodes to sink node will result in energy wastefulness. Usage of faulty data, inaccurate data, incomplete data and data from untrustworthy nodes for data prediction process will affect the reliability of the application. To avoid these problems, we propose a trust based data reduction (TDR) scheme that uses only trustworthy data for data prediction and ignores the transmissions of data faults and data produced by untrustworthy nodes. The proposed scheme can reconstruct the missing data, data faults at sink node by utilizing trust based data prediction. We examined our proposed approach with real sensor dataset of INTEL Berkeley research lab. The outcomes of experimentation prove that the proposed scheme attains better energy efficiency compared to existing schemes and can treat untrustworthy nodes and faulty data effectively. Furthermore, the proposed scheme proves that the unusability of trust mechanism in data prediction and data transmission process in sensor driven smart environment could affect the regular operation of the application.

An ability to non-intrusively monitor remote and sealed underground nuclear repositories, using wireless sensor nodes, will be beneficial to the nuclear community and would help alleviate the nuclear waste legacy. The paper will introduce an alternative energy source to a chemical battery that would supply energy to a wireless sensor node such that it can acquire and transmit data about its environment, after a long duration of time. The presented energy source is a 'mechanical battery' which stores mechanical energy and comprises a compressed magnetic suspension mechanism. When this energy is released some of it is converted to electrical energy via electromagnetic induction. The presented model will predict the amount of electrical energy that is generated and stored in an intermediate energy storage medium, a capacitor, before it is supplied to a wireless sensor node. The model is validated against measurements and the supply and operation of a commercial wireless sensor node using a complete prototype system is demonstrated. The complete system comprises the mechanical battery and associated electronics.

The efficiency of transportation system depends on many factors, such as traffic congestion, vehicle accidents and road conditions. To improve the reliability, productivity and safety of the system, many researchers propose to use a wireless sensor network (WSN) as a solution. A WSN usually consists of many tiny sensor nodes for sensing, data processing and communication. In this study, we present the development of a small-sized, low-power and lightweight wireless sensor node. It is equipped with a 3-axes accelerometer, an altimeter sensor, humidity sensor, temperature sensor, 315 MHz RF transceiver module and a typical coin-sized lithium battery (3.0 V, 220 mAh). The entire sensor node fits within a 28 × 20 × 8 mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sup> volume and is only 7 grams (not including the antenna). An 8-bit MCU is included in the RF transceiver module to control sensor node operation. It collects and transmits sensors data in real time to the RF repeater with bit rate 24 kbps. During continuous operation, the sensor node consumes less than 3 mA current. Thus for a 220 mAh battery, the wireless sensor node can continue operating for more than 75 hours.

Over the last few years, IoT devices have multiplied their number and functionality. These devices are located all over the world and batteries are their main source of energy. In this paper the usage of wireless LoRaWAN sensor node in smart Internet of Things applications was analyzed. The study focuses on the reduction of power consumption from wireless LoRaWAN sensor nodes. An analysis of the energy consumption of the various components of the architecture of the wireless sensor nodes is performed. An energy model of the energy consumed by the sensor nodes is presented and analyzed. The result of the analysis provides an accurate identification of the main energy consumers, the magnitude of their consumption and an in-depth understanding of the key mechanisms that need to be applied to improve energy efficiency in wireless sensor nodes. The emphasis is on the presented energy efficient protocol. Three action scenarios from the sensor nodes are presented, outlining the main guidelines and strategies for improving the efficiency of the wireless nodes. In addition, the research results reveal the magnitude of energy savings that can be achieved by implementing the improved duty cycle mechanisms in wireless sensor nodes.

Proposed wireless sensor node is a highly flexible and programmable system on chip (PSoC) architecture along with integrated RF radio chip, which can be adapted to any IEEE 802.15.4 standard based protocol, working at the band of 2.4GHz.This can be accompanied by the RF antenna matched with the interface circuit for various kinds of sensors and peripherals to form a wireless sensor node.This can be very well used to form a wireless sensor network in different domains.This proposed methodology can be used for specific application for improving the WSN stability and performance.This article will mainly present the design of wireless sensor nodes based on PSoC and CyFi radio chip, including the application specific antenna and hardware design for the system on chip for the sensor node and the simple introduction of the application domain.The proposed nodes are used with a special antenna and application based protocol for communication.This design has a better power handling and performing capacity.Further, we have implemented this for the wireless sensor node as well.

A multi-Mobile Agent and optimal itinerary planning-based data aggregation in Wireless Sensor Networks

In recent days the wireless sensor nodes are implemented in various applications. Formation of wireless network using sensor nodes facing a lot of real time issues like energy computation and communication overhead. The sensor nodes are powered up by battery sources. Once the sensor node is deployed in real time environment, changing the battery source like clockwork is not possible. Hence finest cluster architecture was developed for node connection, node communication and to implement energy efficient wireless sensor network. In the proposed work the sensor nodes are designed with ARM LPC2148 processors which support the real time emulation and embedded trace. Using this sensor node, an optimised wireless network was developed with experimental set up. The proposed hardware was tested and various evaluation factors are analysed. Problems related with the design of sensor nodes and network establishment is explained. Depending upon the application, sensor node has to be incorporated into the network.

Vibrating wire sensors (VWS) are generally used for strain measurements of structuresin buildings and civil infrastructures. In this paper, a wireless vibrating wiresensor node is developed which can measure resonance frequencies from vibratingwire sensors and can remotely communicate the frequencies by wireless. Thewireless sensor node consists of a sensor module, which excites the vibrating wireand reads the resonance frequencies, a wireless communication module, whichtransmits the wire’s resonance frequencies to the user or administrator, and aprocessor that controls the two modules. The wireless sensor node has the followingcharacteristics: it has multiple channels to enable measurement of multiple vibrating wiresensors (up to four) using a single sensor node; it has a power-saving feature thatenables operation for up to one year; and lastly, the wireless unit uses the 424 MHzUHF (ultra-high frequency) band with good diffraction that has an effect onminimizing the influence of impediments such as structural or nonstructural elements.The wireless sensor node is tested in terms of its measurement precision and itswireless communication performance. As a result, it is confirmed that the nodeenables the long-term structural health monitoring of buildings and infrastructures.

Wireless sensor node is an autonomous and compact device that has capability to monitor a variety of real-world phenomena. It is designed composed of sensing device, embedded processor, communication module, and power equipment. Wireless sensor node is part of wireless sensor network where hundred or thousand sensor node can be deployed. Over the past decade Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) have emerged as one of the computing platforms of note within the electronics community. In prediction, there will be more than 127 million wireless sensor nodes deployed worldwide by 2014. We have surveyed 100 currently available wireless sensor network node platforms have been developed and produced not only by the research institutions, the universities but also some companies in last ten years. In this paper, we present a review of 27 different wireless sensor node platforms. We review these devices under a number of different parameters, and we highlight the key advantages of each node platform according to dimension and power consumption. We also discuss the characteristics and trend of development and deployment a wireless sensor node technology.

In order to solve the problems that ever wireless sensor nodes' energy consumption is high and solar-powered wireless nodes are greatly influenced by the weather and the system is not stable, comprehensive utilization of solar energy power supply technology, sensor technology and wireless communication technology, this paper designs a new type of wireless sensor nodes, which is powered by solar energy. The wireless sensor nodes which is supplied by solar energy, solving the problem of the energy consumption of sensor nodes effectively. After tested, it has simple operation, high reliability and it can satisfy the requirement of environmental parameter acquisition and monitoring work.

Most wireless sensor nodes are battery operated since they are widely deployed and not easy to have a constant and stable power supply such as AC source. When a sensor node is running out of energy, it will lose of functionalities supposed, including physical quantity sensing and data forwarding for itself and other sensor nodes. This research aimed at a sensor node follows IEEE Std. 802.15.4-2015 time-slotted channel-hopping(TSCH) MAC. The target under-examined is a TI CC2538-based sensor node (board). A specific schedule and measurement were proposed to develop mathematical models of energy dissipation for transmission, receiving, enhanced-beacon (EB) and idle slots, respectively. With the experience, the power consumption of sensor nodes and their lifetime thus can be estimated handled well in practical use.

Energy conservation in MAC protocol is a focal point for researchers for a long time. One of the main reasons is that sensor nodes are left unmonitored for a phase of time with only the inbuilt battery as the sole source of energy power. It’s the onus of MAC protocol to efficiently consume this available source of energy. It must be carefully designed in a way there is no wastage of energy source. Control packets in wireless sensor networks not only degrade packet transmission time but also suck out energy from the energy source built in the wireless sensor nodes. When the control packets collide and there is a need resend the control packets it adds up to further energy loss. A better energy efficient MAC protocol must aim at reducing the adoption of control packets following around the network instead give way for data packets to flow around. The energy efficient deteriorates when the nodes undergo too many overhead steps in MAC protocol thereby transmitting lesser packets in given time. In this paper a new protocol namely IWMAC-invite and wait MAC protocol which leverages efficient use of battery power in wireless sensor nodes. With IWMAC the nodes are enabled to transmit minimal control packets and deliver more data packets in a given time. The energy of the nodes are used primarily in actual data transmissions rather than succumbing to overhead of control packets, channel reservation, back off which drains out the energy source in sensor nodes.

With the miniaturization of electronic devices, small size but high capacity power supply system appears to be more and more important. A hybrid power source, which consists of a fuel cell (FC) and a rechargeable battery, has the advantages of long lifetime and good load following capabilities. In this paper, we propose the schematic of a hybrid power supply system, that can be integrated on a chip compatible with present CMOS process. Besides, considering the problem of maximizing the on-chip fuel cell's lifetime, we propose a modified dynamic power management (DPM) algorithm for on-chip fuel cell based hybrid power system in wireless sensor node design. Taking the wireless sensor node powered by this hybrid power system as an example, we analyze the improvement of the FC-Bat hybrid power system. The simulation results demonstrate that the on-chip FC-Bat hybrid power system can be used for wireless sensor node under different usage scenarios. Meanwhile, for an on-chip power system with 1cm2 area consumption, the wafer-level battery can power a typical sensor node for only about 5 months, while our on-chip hybrid power system will supply the same sensor node for 2 years steadily.

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) enables fault tolerant monitoring and control of a variety of appli-cations. The design of micropower wireless sensor systems has gained increasing importance for a variety of civil and military applications. Power is the major topic of concern in present embedded systems. Wireless sensor networks have sensor nodes, which is an embedded device equipped with cameras, microphones, and other sensors producing multimedia content, embedded into a single processor board which runs on batteries. Wireless sensor nodes must utilize the minimal possible energy while operating over a wide range of operating scenarios. Due to the large number of wireless sensor nodes that may be deployed and the long system lifetimes required, replacing the battery is not an option. The data transmission and reception between the wireless sensor nodes and the sink and source nodes contributes to major energy consumption, which needs to be handled with attention. In our paper we proposed an improved routing protocol to reduce the power consumption of the embedded node by reducing the computation overhead and data routing through less energy consuming route through sensor nodes of interest. The proposed routing protocol has been simulated and compared with existing routing protocols with Network Simulator Ns2, Which is open source software.