An Optimized & Data-Driven Approach for Real-Time Slot Allocation and User-Friendly Access in Smart Parking System

In recent times the concept of smart cities has become very popular. Thanks to the Internet of things the idea of smart city now seems to be completed. Consistent efforts are being made in the field of IoT in order to maximize the productivity and reliability of urban infrastructure. Problems such as, traffic congestion, limited car parking facilities and road safety are being addressed by IoT. In this paper, we present an IoT based cloud integrated smart parking system. The proposed Smart Parking system consists of an on-site deployment of an IoT module that is used to monitor and signalize the state of availability of each single parking space. A mobile application is also provided that allows an end user to check the availability of parking space and book a parking slot accordingly.

The advancement of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) has revolutionized numerous aspects of life, including urban management, through the adoption of the smart city paradigm. A key initiative within this paradigm is the implementation of a Smart Parking System (SPS), where cashless parking payments play a pivotal role. In 2024, the city of Surabaya introduced a cashless payment system for on-street parking (TJU) as mandated by the Mayor of Surabaya. This study explores and analyzes the development and implementation of the SPS within the framework of TJU parking management policies. A qualitative research method was employed, integrating secondary data analysis, in-depth interviews, and field observations. The analytical framework is based on Weerakkody et al.'s (2011) model, which identifies four critical factors for e-government implementation: political, technological, organizational, and social dimensions. The findings indicate that the cashless parking payment policy has encountered significant implementation challenges. Politically, government support prioritizes fiscal considerations over digital reform in parking management, and communication among stakeholders has been ineffective. Technologically, the integration of the cashless system remains incomplete. Organizationally, the responsibility for transitioning to a cashless system lies with the UPTD Parking Unit of the Surabaya Transportation Agency, which is already burdened with multiple duties, thereby affecting its performance. Socially, the digital divide presents challenges, and public safety concerns arise regarding potential crimes during cashless transactions in on-street parking areas. Moreover, public awareness of the advantages of cashless parking remains low, and the lack of accountability in cash-based transactions has further hindered the acceptance and development of SPS in Surabaya. Keywords: Smart Parking System; Cashless Parking Payment; E-Government; Policy Implementation; Surabaya City Abstrak Perkembangan TIK merubah berbagai aspek kehidupan termasuk tata kelola kota dengan paradigma smart city. Salah satu inisiatif smart city adalah penerapan smart parking system (SPS) dimana aspek pembayaran parkir menjadi komponen penting di dalamnya. Pada tahun 2024, Kota Surabaya menerapkan sistem pembayaran parkir non-tunai di kawasan parkir tepi jalan umum (TJU) berdasarkan instruksi Wali Kota Surabaya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui dan menganalisis penerapan pengembangan SPS dalam kebijakan tata kelola perparkiran TJU. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif yang mengombinasikan eksplorasi data sekunder, wawancara mendalam, dan pengamatan. Teori yang digunakan diadaptasi dari Weerakkody dkk (2011) yang melihat empat faktor kunci implementasi e-government: politik, teknologi, organisasi, dan sosial. Hasil analisis menunjukkan implementasi kebijakan pembayaran parkir non-tunai tidak berhasil dilaksanakan. Secara politik, dukungan pemerintah didasarkan alasan fiskal, bukan reformasi tata kelola parkir berbasis digital. Komunikasi efektif antar stakeholder juga gagal dilakukan. Dari sisi teknologi, integrasi sistem pembayaran parkir non-tunai belum dibangun. Secara organisasi, pelimpahan tanggungjawab transisi sistem pembayaran parkir terletak pada UPTD Parkir Dinas Perhubungan Kota Surabaya. Padahal UPTD Parkir memiliki banyak tupoksi lain sehingga membuat kinerja organisasi menjadi tidak optimal. Secara sosial, isu digital divide perlu mendapatkan perhatian. Selain itu, potensi kejahatan di tepi jalan umum saat melakukan transaksi juga muncul sebagai kekhawatiran masyarakat. Awareness masyarakat terkait manfaat pembayaran parkir non-tunai perlu ditingkatkan. Selain itu, faktor rendahnya akuntabilitas dari pembayaran parkir tunai juga menimbulkan resistensi terhadap pengembangan SPS di Kota Surabaya. Kata kunci: Smart Parking System; Pembayaran Parkir Non-Tunai; E-Government; Implementasi Kebijakan; Kota Surabaya.

nowadays, vehicles have become a very significant role in transport which remain a major problem in most cities around the world, especially in developing regions resulting in massive delays, turn traffic congestion, increased fuel wastage and monetary losses. There are many alternative systems, but one possible solution to this problem is parking system has become the sparking factors of the mentioned problems above. In this paper, we present various techniques as far as the smart parking system is mainly debated which are already implemented. When we are deepening into this parking issue, many contributors contributed a lot in monitoring smart parking system (SPS) and management of SPS with an asset of various gadgets and technologies including Bluetooth, Cameras, Image Processing, wireless sensors, ZigBeee accompanied by software explanations based on mobile application. Following this analysis will enhance researcher's thought on SPS which will result in a real solution of the technique.

In today's world, time is the most valuable asset and this paper focuses on developing a smart parking system for smart cities. Its main objective is to assist users to find a vacant location of car parking in a shorter time. The system displays occupied and vacant parking spots on LCD, making it convenient for the users to park. This parking system is based on sensors and cloud server integration. The working principle is divided into two phases. In the first phase, the ultrasonic sensor is used to detect vacant or occupied car parking space and display it on the screen using cloud technology. In the second phase, the improper parking of the car is detected by IR sensors. It alerts the driver with a buzzer if the car is not parked in the parking boundary. Moving further, some important features of this parking system are also discussed followed by, components required and their description. Towards the end of the paper, this parking system is compared with other alternative smart parking systems, the comparisons prove the correctness of our system over others.

SummaryIn big cities, the drivers face a major problem in identifying an optimal vacant parking space for their vehicles as the number of vehicles has rapidly grown over the recent years. This objective of determining the available parking space results in wastage of time, air pollution, and traffic congestion. Smart parking systems facilitate the driver to book parking slots and attain real‐time parking information. However, the existing smart parking solutions necessitate the disclosure of sensitive information like desired destination from the vehicle drivers. Moreover, the current smart parking solutions are highly centralized, making them vulnerable for launching privacy breaches by service providers and resulting in the issues of single‐point failure. In this paper, ring signature and improved multi‐transaction mode consortium blockchain‐based private information retrieval (RS‐IMTMCB‐PIR) scheme is proposed for privacy preserving in smart parking system. This RS‐IMTMCB‐PIR scheme initially utilizes an improved multi‐transaction mode consortium blockchain constructed by different number of parking lot owners in order to achieve maximized parking offers based on the factor of availability, transparency, and security. It incorporates an improved private information retrieval approach for protecting the location privacy of drivers and secretly retrieving the offers of parking from the improved multi‐transaction mode consortium blockchain. It further utilizes the benefits of ring signature for permitting the drivers in a potential anonymous authentication process that aids in available parking slot reservation. The simulation results of this proposed RS‐IMTMCB‐PIR scheme portrayed a predominant performance in ensuring maximized degree of drivers' privacy with reduced computation and communication overheads.

This paper discusses the sensor technologies used in city and university settings for smart parking systems. In high density cities, parking can become time consuming and result in increased traffic congestion as drivers find parking. Currently, most drivers in these situations attempt to find parking without aid. Knowing in advance if parking would be available provides a valuable feature in a Smart City. While smart parking solutions have already been researched, this paper discusses current implementations and sensor technologies used and compares the benefits and drawbacks of the main approaches in literature. Presenting parking information to users is also a vital part of a smart parking system. Finally, we will discuss the details of a proposed Smart Parking System - SParkSys.

This paper presents a prototype Smart Parking System that uses image-processing techniques and camera feeds to detect vacant parking slots in real time. The system processes video frames to identify occupied and free spaces, then provides timely availability information to drivers and parking managers. The prototype aims to reduce search time, improve parking-space utilization, and ease congestion in urban and multi-level parking facilities. Experimental implementation demonstrates the system’s potential as a cost-effective, automated solution for smarter parking management. Keywords: Smart Parking System, Image Processing, Parking Space Detection, Real-Time Monitoring, Computer Vision, Urban Parking Management

In the realm of smart cities, issues related to vehicle parking have increasingly contributed to traffic congestion, primarily due to drivers searching for vacant spots and the inefficient management by parking operators. Therefore, smart parking systems must continuously be enhanced with real-time models that can reflect the availability of parking spaces and improve the utilization of parking capacity, thereby addressing part of these challenges. This paper proposes a two-stage hybrid approach aimed at optimizing parking space reservations in smart parking systems. The model enables drivers to locate the most time-efficient parking spot within these systems. In the first stage, the parking space is evaluated within an environment defined by fixed capacity. In the second stage, the most suitable parking spot is made available through a hierarchical parking management system using a search-based method. The approach is grounded in Markov Chain modeling, which is employed to accurately estimate the number of vehicles requiring reservations. Underestimation of this figure results in insufficient demand adjustments, whereas overestimation leads to additional operational costs. Therefore, the proposed system uses Markov Chains for capacity forecasting and mathematical models to simulate the temporal movement of vehicles within the parking facility to determine the proportion of reserved versus regular parking spaces. This temporal analysis improves reservation predictions and yields an average occupancy rate of approximately 0.032, with 15 successful reservations recorded over a 24-hour period.

In urban areas, traffic density is seen due to the congested residential areas and the high number of vehicles. The problem of drivers searching for parking spaces in central areas creates traffic. The Internet of Things (IoT) technology offers important solutions with its networking feature to solve problems such as traffic congestion, road safety and inefficient use of parking areas, which are waiting for solutions within the scope of Intelligent Transportation Systems. In this study, the technological infrastructures used by IoT-based smart parking systems are examined and integrated building models are proposed for system designs where parking lots are managed. For smart park design, devices, networks and cloud architecture used in IoT-based systems were examined and requirements were determined. The criteria of an application based on design central management are given. The criteria of an application based on design center management are given. Thanks to the smart parking system to be created in the light of these criteria, the closest parking area will be determined. These designed IoT-based systems will contribute to the reduction of traffic congestion, loss of time in full parking areas, air pollution caused by stop and start vehicles, and fuel savings in the economic field.

In the field of transportation, one of the technological developments can be found in the parking service system. However, in the current parking service system, there are still several shortcomings, one of which is the absence of a parking system that can provide information to motorists regarding vacant parking locations. If the condition of the parking lot is congested, it will be difficult for customers to find an empty parking location and cause queues at the parking location. The purpose of this study is to design a system for calculating the availability of parking spaces that can make it easier for motorists to find an empty parking area so that the mobility of vehicles in the parking lot can be organized, efficient, and well organized. This smart parking system is designed using an Arduino microcontroller and uses an infrared sensor to detect the condition of the car in the parking lot. The information provided in the form of parking conditions will be displayed through the LCD and the LabView application so that the information can be known by the driver before entering the parking area. In addition, drivers can also find out the number of parking fees for their vehicles. Results of the simulation show that the prototype can work normally according to the design made.

Effective parking solutions become increasingly important as urban areas increase because of wasted space, time-consuming searches, and traffic congestion. By utilizing cutting edge technologies to improve parking management and user experience, the Smart Vehicle Parking System (SVPS) tackles these issues. To deliver dynamic solutions, SVPS combines sophisticated algorithms, sensor networks, and real-time data. Parking space sensors track occupancy and transmit data to a central system, where machine learning maximizes space distribution and directs vehicles to open spaces. This smart parking system is software and hardware based. Different algorithms are used to find vacant slots using machine learning and deep learning. IR sensors, RFID, Servomotors and ESP 32 microcontrollers and Internet of things are useful to find vacant slots in real time signal processing. In traditional method it is difficult to search free space, and this method is time consuming, Smart parking system overcome this problem with new technology and improve parking management system. The SVPS not only improves urban mobility but also contributes to reducing vehicle emissions and enhanced overall efficiency. Keywords— smart parking, integration, secure payment,advanced technologies, convenient.

In this work, we describe the implementation of a smart parking and mapping system, named Smart Park, for searching and booking parking spaces in uncovered parking areas. This system comprises of a mobile application which allows users to view and select available parking slots on an interactive map based on aerial imagery. The system can suggest parking spaces based on criteria such as vehicle dimensions, distance to destination and user preferences. QR technology has been used to allow users to check-into and out of the parking lot. Moreover, the application integrates a map guidance system to guide users to their designated parking spaces. The application features an administrator interface, with parking data represented in visual format, for analysis and strategic decision making. The features implemented are aimed at alleviating the difficulties in parking identification and allocation, thereby minimising congestion in and around parking lots.

The use of smart parking systems has become very important especially for metropolitan areas, due to its benefits for the users regarding time, fuel consumption, and frustration when searching for a vacant parking space. This paper offers a review of recent advances in sensing and communication technology concerning smart parking systems. It includes a brief study of the selected topics and provides an implementation process of those selected systems. Moreover, this work proposes a design approach for a smart car parking system prototype based on utilizing Closed Circuit Television (CCTV), and also an algorithm for computer vision detection through simulation environment. The system has been deployed in a simulation environment. Furthermore, the system evaluation demonstrates the effectiveness of our design and implementation of the system and shows promising results. This paper discusses possible issues that might arise when using the system Also, problems and challenges are outlined.

In China, finding a vacant parking space in a congested area or a large parking lot is always time consuming and frustrating. To minimize hassle and inconvenience to the automatic drivers, this paper proposed a novel smart parking system which consists of many parking sensor nodes and one parking gateway in one large parking lot. Parking sensor node is used as vehicle occupancy detector and parking gateway is used as parking lot manager. All parking sensor nodes compose wireless sensor networks with Zigbee transmission protocol. With the GPRS/3G transmission function of parking gateway, large parking lot can provide friendly parking information to the running vehicles and subscribed users. In a word, the proposed novel smart parking system is provided with innovative and practicability.

As the population increases, the number of vehicle on the road also increases exponentially. This results in vehicular traffic with a delay in finding parking space, which then results in traffic congestion and environmental pollution. This paper provides the use of various sensors in smart parking system and the optimization done by using genetic algorithms. The magnetic sensors, ultrasonic sensors, radar sensors, infrared sensors are used to sense the status of the parking slot. The genetic algorithm and ant colony optimization techniques are used to find the nearest appropriate and unoccupied parking slot. Further in this paper we have proposed a smart parking system solution with a speedy genetic algorithm for an effective path optimization