Analysis and Circuit Design of Imbalanced Impedance Channels for Conductive IntracardiacCommunication.

The need for increasingly energy-efficient and miniaturized bio-devices for ubiquitous health monitoring has paved the way for considerable advances in the investigation of techniques such as intrabody communication (IBC), which uses human tissues as a transmission medium. However, IBC still poses technical challenges regarding the measurement of the actual gain through the human body. The heterogeneity of experimental setups and conditions used together with the inherent uncertainty caused by the human body make the measurement process even more difficult. The objective of this study, focused on galvanic coupling IBC, is to study the influence of different measurement equipments and conditions on the IBC channel. Different experimental setups have been proposed in order to analyze key issues such as grounding, load resistance, type of measurement device and effect of cables. In order to avoid the uncertainty caused by the human body, an IBC electric circuit phantom mimicking both human bioimpedance and gain has been designed. Given the low-frequency operation of galvanic coupling, a frequency range between 10 kHz and 1 MHz has been selected. The correspondence between simulated and experimental results obtained with the electric phantom have allowed us to discriminate the effects caused by the measurement equipment. This study has helped us obtain useful considerations about optimal setups for galvanic-type IBC as well as to identify some of the main causes of discrepancy in the literature.

Recently, a new PLZT bulk single plate, called ceramic-controlled piezoelectric with two Platinum wires (CCP2) has been produced; this CCP2 has two (250 μm of diameter and 1 cm long) Platinum-wire implants. This unconventional isolation device for use with diagnostic ECG devices provides high common mode rejection and low leakage current using piezo isolator based on two Platinum wires implanted Lead Lanthanum Zirconate Titanate bulk ceramic. These isolation was validated using four experimental setups; one of them determine that ceramic-controlled piezoelectric with two Platinum wires (CCP2) support up to 6 kV DC before it cracks (short cut). The second experimental setup determined high resistance about 3.9 × 109 Ω and 1.8 × 109 Ω measured on lateral sides and among Platinum wires of CCP2 respectively. The third experimental setup was to obtain the current leakage from CCP2 and it was 6 nA. The fourth experimental setup was to obtain frequency response that was the maximum up to 2.2 MHz and was a pass band filter. Finally the CCP2 was applied as new isolator in a ECG circuit, where bioelectrical ECG signal is modulating at 16 KHz using the piezoelectric effect obtaining excellent results.

Assessment of Blood Pressure: Techniques and Implications From Clinical Trials.

In the millimeter‐wave range up to 100 GHz, the equipment and methods of measurement have been extended from the microwave domain. The major problems in the millimeter field are due to the small size of the devices and the transmission line losses. Above 100 GHz, as an alternative, other equipment and methods of measurement, using a quasioptic setup, have been developed or adapted from far‐infrared techniques (dielectric waveguide cavity resonator, free‐space methods).

In the millimeter‐wave range up to 100 GHz, the equipment and methods of measurement have been extended from the microwave domain. The major problems in the millimeter field are due to the small size of the devices and the transmission line losses. Above 100 GHz, as an alternative, other equipment and methods of measurement, using a quasioptic setup, have been developed or adapted from far‐infrared techniques (dielectric waveguide cavity resonator, free‐space methods).

Measurement Methods for Capacitances in the Range of 1 pF–1 nF: A review

Residual flux density in the single-phase transformer core can dramatically increase inrush current when the transformer is energized. To reduce inrush current, it is necessary to study residual flux density measurement. This paper proposes a new residual flux density measurement method based on time constant. Firstly, the generation principle of residual flux density is analyzed under different magnetization states, and it is found that the positive relative differential permeability is smaller than the negative at different residual flux density. To obtain the relative differential permeability, when an appropriate DC excitation is applied, the measurement circuit is equivalent to a first-order RL circuit. Then, combining magnetic circuit and transient circuit analysis, the relationship between time constant and relative differential permeability is obtained. It is conclusion that the positive time constant is less than the negative. Residual flux density direction is determined by comparing the positive and negative time constant, and the magnitude of residual flux density is calculated by the relationship between residual flux density and the difference of the positive and negative time constant. Finally, the empirical formula between residual flux density and time constant difference of the square core is obtained in finite element method, and then verified on the experimental platform. Compared with other measurement methods, the relative error of proposed empirical formula is within 4.58 %, and it has higher accuracy in this paper. The proposed method in this paper can provide a reference for selecting the demagnetization voltage, which improves the effectiveness of demagnetization.

We have studied Er3+, Yb3+, and Ce3+ codoped microchannel waveguides that were developed by two methods: ionic exchange for heavy metal fluoride glasses [ZrF4-BaF2-AlF3-CeF3 (ZBAC)] and vapor phase deposition for transition metal fluoride glasses [PbF2-ZnF2-GaF3 (PZG)] by using a double-pass technique. For the first time to our knowledge, the measurement of propagation losses and amplification tests were carried out by use of the same experimental setup, leading to complete characterization of the waveguides. Net gains higher than 1 dB/cm were achieved in ZBAC Er/Ce single-mode fluoride glass waveguides.

The methods for direct-reading noise figure measurements of a low-gain two-port under test (TUT) are briefly described. Measurement error caused by the component dependent on the low gain of the TUT is discussed for the conventional noise figure measurement method, and for methods with elimination of the influence on indicator readings of the receiver noise figure as well as of both the receiver noise figure and the TUT gain. Generalized suppression for the measurement error caused by a low gain of the TUT, while different methods are used, is presented in the paper. The TUT's gain measurement by means of automatic noise figure meters is presented. A problem exists in such a measurement for the purpose of automatic correction of the noise figure measurement results, because only an insertion gain instead of an available gain can be measured.

A novel approach to wide-band antenna gain measurement is presented in this article, offering practical solutions to address the challenges posed by traditional measurement methods. The proposed system enhances efficiency, reduces complexity, and improves accuracy, making it a valuable tool for antenna testing in research and industry settings. A discussion of the challenges and complexities involved in measuring the specifications of manufactured antennas is made. We are particularly focusing on wide-band antenna gain measurement. It highlights the need for special equipment and expertise to conduct these tests effectively, especially for wide-band antennas. The proposed automated measurement system aims to simplify and streamline the gain measurement process by remotely driving the necessary instruments and reducing the complexity of the measurement mechanism. The novelty of this new automated measurement system can be divided into two branches. The first branch improves the standard approach of wide-band antenna gain measurement. The second branch modifies the structure of the software of the traditional remote access applications by mixing the operational instructions of the instrument with the direct SCPI commands. The resulting software has the ability to remotely drive many instruments synchronically, reducing the number of experienced people needed to complete the measurement process.

The work is devoted to the study of life, scientific, methodological and educational activities of the professor of the Kharkov Polytechnic Institute Volodymyr Lvovych Benin. In preparing the article, historical and biographical methods were applied, in order to gradually review the stages of life and evaluate the results of a scientist's activity. Нistoriographical analysis of publications V.L. Benin in the context of the dynamics of his scientific work also was made.The analysis of sources and the used archival materials made it possible to objectively evaluate the contribution of the scientist to the development of the industry of automatic regulation, control and statistical power conversion of large power plants, the creation of new measurement circuits and devices while regulating the rotation speed of hydroelectric turbines. It is shown that in the first post-war years his work under the direction of Professor A.L. Matvieiev in the Kharkov electrical laboratory, which at that time was a part of the Institute of Electrical Engineering of the Ukrainian Academy of Sciences, was of great importance for the restoration of the country's energy potential and led to a few technological developments in the energy industry. The result of this work was the defense of V.L. Benin's dissertation under the guidance of an outstanding scientist and innovator S. О. Lebediev. The further scientific activities of V.L. Benin is already in KPI, first of all, as an associate professor of the department of power stations, and then as the head of several important topics and developments in the field of diagnostics and control of diesel generator sets, already at the stage of working on a doctoral dissertation. The talent of V.L. Benin as a teacher and leader, on the example of his students and colleagues, who continued their research, started under his leadership. In the status of the head of the department of theoretical framework of electrical engineering, ethodical and pedagogical contribution of Volodymyr Lvovych in the development and formation of basic discipline for all electrical specialties KhPI was reviewed. His many years of teaching experience allowed him to gradually develop this course, improve certain chapter, supplement individual tasks and expand the laboratory practice of the department. It has also been established that thanks to the many years of hard work by V.L. Benin as a part of the scientific and methodical commission of the Ministry of Higher Education of the USSR, since 1975, the department of TFEE of KPI has become the main department of the Kharkov University Center of theoretical electrical engineering

Learning outcomes The case is intended to assist students to:1. understand the customer’s purchase decision with reference to channel values;2. evaluate and assess the channel strategy using conventional and digital channels; and3. design the channel strategy for start-ups in emerging markets. Case overview/synopsis The subject area for this teaching case was marketing management. The teaching case could be used for the undergraduation and graduation levels of students. The case was about the marketing channel strategy of a small start-up boutique called Chirmi in India, with the theory of consumption values explained. In this case, primary data was taken directly from Chirmi, whereas secondary data for market analysis was taken from various reports, articles and other sources. Because the owner provided the records and documentation, the account was therefore substantiated by the collected first-hand information. The case uses quantitative methods to make students understand the channel arithmetic and consumption values of all the channels used by Chirmi. Complexity academic level In the course of core marketing classes at the undergraduate and graduate levels, this case may be used. The case addresses the channel structure, including wholesaling, retailing and e-commerce. Distribution channel management, the theory of consumption values and e-commerce marketing management are explained. Evaluation of channel strategy, design, implementation and management is emphasized. Supplementary materials Teaching notes are available for educators only. Subject code CSS: 8: Marketing.

Objective The purpose of this paper is to develop a simple experimental set-up for the determination of permeability of cancellous bone.Methods Cancellous bone was typically simplified as a fluid-solid coupled porous media.Darcy's Law was introduced to design and develop the measurement device of cancellous bone permeability,in which the penetrating fluid was driven by lower-pressure gas.In order to validate this experimental set-up,a total of 24 cancellous bone specimens with a size of 10 mm×10 mm×10 mm from the fresh greater trochanter of swine femur were applied.The specimens were randomly divided into four groups of A,B,C and D subjected to four driving pressures of 50,100,150 and 200 kPa,under which Darcy permeability of cancellous bone was determined.Results The average Darcy permeability (kD) of all twenty-four specimens was (1.88±0.21)×10-10· m2· Pa-1· s-1 Under four different driving pressures,there were not statistical differences in the Darcy permeability of cancellous bone of groups A to group D.It indicated no obvious correlation between Darcy permeate rate (kD) and driving pressure (PA).The result was in accordance with Darcy's Law.Conclusion It was implied from the stated experimental data that this experimental set-up could be used to determine the Darcy permeability of cancellous bone and provide a simple and practical experimental approach suitable for the cancellous bone permeability research. Key words: Cancellous bone; Permeability; Experimental set-up; Porous medium

The issue of uncertainty of visual measurement techniques for long distance measurements based on the example of applying electric traction elements in diagnostics and monitoring

Qualitative measurements in combined sewer systems lead to high demands on the measurement equipment. This paper describes the application of a newly developed measuring device for continuous measurements in combined sewer systems. First results with a prototype tested in municipal waste water show a very good representation and correlation of the physical parameters measured by the online-probe and the chemical analysis of samples in the laboratory. Measurements in industrial waste water with varying colors and concentrations made it necessary to develop a specialized calibration model. Finally, the paper describes an improved version of the measuring device, that was developed during a research project. In the future, this device will be used for continuous measurements of the parameters COD, SS and SAC in a stormwater overflow. Introduction Continuous measurements in sewer systems are a special challenge for the implementation of measurement equipment and it’s operators. Until recently, they were limited to physical parameters like water level, temperature, and flow. For control purposes, however, bio-chemical parameters are measured over a limited period of time. For these measurements, bottle sampling devices with subsequent chemical analysis are commonly used. Nevertheless, bottle sampling devices are unfit to supply continuous measurements for the purpose of online-monitoring and load-dependent control of combined sewer systems. Probes in combined sewer systems allow to directly record changes in the composition of the waste water and to record data for online control purposes. Bogaczyk, D. (2000) divided measurement systems into continuous and discontinuous systems. For discontinuous measurements, a separate flow was split from the combined sewer system and pumped through a bypass into a black box (i.e. a small storage tank). The latter contained the probes. The time needed to fill and empty the black box determined the time needed for a measurement-cycle. The signal from the probe showed a time-lag, because some time was passing between the extraction of the sample from the sewer and the subsequent measurement with a probe. For continuous measurements, the probe is located directly in the sewer. Under these conditions the probe was sending a dense signal with minimal time-lag.