Analysis of Machine Learning and Deep Learning Classifiers to Detect and Classify Breast Cancer

The study presents a method for iterative parameter tuning of tree ensemble-based models using Bayesian hyperparameter tuning for states prediction, using breast cancer as an example. The proposed method utilizes three different datasets, including the Wisconsin Diagnostic Breast Cancer (WDBC) dataset, the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) breast cancer dataset, and the Breast Cancer Coimbra dataset (BCCD), and implements tree ensemble-based models, specifically AdaBoost, Gentle-Boost, LogitBoost, Bag, and RUSBoost, for breast cancer prediction. Bayesian optimization was used to tune the hyperparameters of the models iteratively, and the performance of the models was evaluated using several metrics, including accuracy, precision, recall, and f1-score. Our results show that the proposed method significantly improves the performance of tree ensemble-based models, resulting in higher accuracy, precision, recall, and f1-score. Compared to other state-of-the-art models, the proposed method is more efficient. It achieved perfect scores of 100% for Accuracy, Precision, Recall, and F1-Score on the WDBC dataset. On the SEER BC dataset, the method achieved an accuracy of 95.9%, a precision of 97.6%, a recall of 94.2%, and an F1-Score of 95.9%. For the BCCD dataset, the method achieved an accuracy of 94.7%, a precision of 90%, a recall of 100%, and an F1-Score of 94.7%. The outcomes of this study have important implications for medical professionals, as early detection of breast cancer can significantly increase the chances of survival. Overall, this study provides a valuable contribution to the field of breast cancer prediction using machine learning.

<p>Breast cancer is ranked as a significant cause of mortality among females globally. Its complex nature poses principal challenges for physicians and researchers for rapid diagnosis and prognosis. Hence, machine learning algorithms are employed to forecast and identify diseases. This study discusses the comparative analysis of seven machine learning models, e.g., logistic regression (LR), support vector machine (SVM), k-nearest neighbor classifier (KNN), decision tree classifier (DT), random forest classifier (RF), Naïve Bayes (NB), and artificial neural network (ANN) to predict breast cancer using Wisconsin breast cancer and breast cancer datasets. In the Wisconsin breast cancer dataset, KNN depicted 99% accuracy, followed by RF (98%), SVM (96%), NB (96%), LR (96%), ANN (93%), and DT (92%). On the contrary, in the breast cancer (BC) dataset, the highest accuracy was achieved by LR at 83%, and the lowest was achieved by DT (65%), which depicted that the numeric dataset WBC has better accuracy than the breast cancer dataset.</p>

Finding breast cancer early and accurately is very important for helping patients live longer. We use the Wisconsin Diagnostic Breast Cancer (WDBC) dataset to look at two popular machine learning classifiers: Support Vector Machines (SVM) and k-nearest neighbors (KNN). Our work combines theory with practice by including things like data preprocessing exploratory feature evaluation, model configuration, hyperparameter, and validation through cross-validation techniques. We use common evaluation metrics like accuracy, precision, recall, F1-score, and Area Under the Curve (AUC) to judge performance. When we did experiments with both a 70:30 train-test split and 10-fold cross-validation, we found that SVM did a little better (~96.3% accuracy) than compared to KNN, which has an accuracy of about 96.5% and AUC values of about 0.96 and 0.968, respectively. SVM is better at dealing with high-dimensional data and making maximum-margin decision boundaries, but KNN is still appealing because it is simple and works well on datasets of moderate size. Even though both methods have their pros and cons, they also have some problems that are talked about, as well as ways they could be improved and how they could be used in the clinic. This paper evaluates and compares the theoretical and practical performance of SVM and KNN using the WDBC dataset. We include preprocessing, careful evaluation metrics, and hyperparameter optimization to provide an empirical comparison of both models. The study also discusses important trade-offs and real-world factors for using these algorithms in medical screening contexts.

Data reduction is an indispensable part of pattern classification processes in many cases. If the number of samples is excessive, sample reduction or data reduction algorithms can be used for an effective processing time and reliable successive results. Many methods have been used for data reduction. Fuzzy c-means is one of these methods and it is widely used in such applications as clustering algorithms. In this study, we applied a different clustering algorithm, an artificial immune system (AIS), for the data reduction process. We realized the performance evaluation experiments on the standard Chainlink and Iris datasets, while the main application was conducted using the Wisconsin Breast Cancer and Pima Indian datasets, which were taken from the University of California, Irvine Machine Learning Repository. For these datasets, the performance of the AIS in the data reduction process was compared with the fuzzy c-means clustering algorithm, in which a multilayer perceptron artificial neural network was used as a classifier after the data reduction processes. The obtained results show that the maximum classification accuracies were obtained as 73.96 % for the Pima Indian Diabetes dataset and 97.80% for the Wisconsin Breast Cancer dataset with the AIS and the compression rates were 80% and 40% for these results. For fuzzy c-means clustering, however, the aforementioned accuracies were obtained as 63% and 86.69% for the Pima Indian Diabetes and Wisconsin Breast Cancer datasets, respectively. Moreover, the compression rates for these results for fuzzy c-means were 90% and 70%. When the mean classification accuracy values over the experimented compression rates were taken into consideration, the AIS reached a mean classification accuracy of 70.07% for the Pima Indian Diabetes dataset, while 47.64% was obtained by fuzzy c-means for this dataset. For the Wisconsin Breast Cancer dataset, however, the mean classification accuracies of the AIS and fuzzy c-means methods were recorded as 94.90% and 75.43%, respectively.

Background/Objectives: In the modern healthcare landscape, breast cancer remains one of the most prevalent malignancies and a leading cause of mortality among women worldwide. Early and accurate prediction of breast cancer plays a pivotal role in effective diagnosis, treatment planning, and improving survival outcomes. However, due to the complexity and heterogeneity of medical data, achieving high predictive accuracy remains a significant challenge. This study proposes an intelligent hybrid system that integrates traditional machine learning (ML), deep learning (DL), and ensemble learning approaches for enhanced breast cancer prediction using the Wisconsin Breast Cancer Dataset. Methods: The proposed system employs a multistage framework comprising three main phases: (1) data preprocessing and balancing, which involves normalization using the min–max technique and application of the Synthetic Minority Over-sampling Technique (SMOTE) to mitigate class imbalance; (2) model development, where multiple ML algorithms, DL architectures, and a novel ensemble model are applied to the preprocessed data; and (3) model evaluation and validation, performed under three distinct training–testing scenarios to ensure robustness and generalizability. Model performance was assessed using six statistical evaluation metrics—accuracy, precision, recall, F1-score, specificity, and AUC—alongside graphical analyses and rigorous statistical tests to evaluate predictive consistency. Results: The findings demonstrate that the proposed ensemble model significantly outperforms individual machine learning and deep learning models in terms of predictive accuracy, stability, and reliability. A comparative analysis also reveals that the ensemble system surpasses several state-of-the-art methods reported in the literature. Conclusions: The proposed intelligent hybrid system offers a promising, multidisciplinary approach for improving diagnostic decision support in breast cancer prediction. By integrating advanced data preprocessing, machine learning, and deep learning paradigms within a unified ensemble framework, this study contributes to the broader goals of precision oncology and AI-driven healthcare, aligning with global efforts to enhance early cancer detection and personalized medical care.

Background: The merging of machine learning and deep learning approaches offers a viable route for improving breast cancer prediction in this era of advanced technology and data-driven healthcare. This study focused on the use of supervised machine learning and deep learning algorithms for breast cancer prediction using Wisconsin breast cancer dataset. Methods: The features from this dataset were computed from a digitized image of a fine needle aspirate (FNA) of a breast mass. Supervised machine learning algorithms, such as logistic regression, random forests, and support vector machines were compared with deep learning algorithms like convolutional and recurrent neural networks (RNN and CNN) for the prediction of breast cancer. The techniques combine clinical, genomic, and image-based data, that both aid in early diagnosis and individualized treatment suggestions. Results: The results of model comparison were very promising, with models obtaining excellent accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity in breast cancer diagnosis. The study used a pair plot and different classifiers with their accuracy scores on test dataset to determine which machine learning model was most suitable based on the relationship of variables represented in the plot. Support vector machine (SVM) has the highest accuracy of 98.8% and Artificial Neural Network (ANN) has lowest accuracy of 95.80% using confusion matrix and the accuracy metric. Conclusion: The study revealed that Support Vector Machine (SVM) has the highest prediction capability for Breast Cancer using Supervised Machine Learning and Deep Leaning. The new classifier performed better than the existing breast cancer prediction models in the literature.

Abstract— Breast cancer remains one of the leading causes of mortality among women worldwide, making early and accurate diagnosis crucial for improving patient outcomes. Traditional machine learning models often struggle to maintain high classification accuracy due to data variability and the complex nature of tumor characteristics. This study proposes an adaptive voting ensemble learning algorithm to enhance breast cancer classification performance. The ensemble integrates multiple classifiers—such as Decision Trees, Support Vector Machines, and K-Nearest Neighbors—by assigning dynamic weights based on each model's real-time performance. The algorithm is evaluated using the Wisconsin Breast Cancer Dataset (WBCD), and its effectiveness is measured against individual classifiers using metrics like accuracy, precision, recall, and F1-score. Results demonstrate that the adaptive ensemble significantly outperforms standalone models, offering a more robust and reliable approach for breast cancer prediction. This method shows promise for application in clinical decision support systems, contributing to more accurate diagnostics and better treatment planning. Keywords- Breast Cancer Classification, Adaptive Voting, Ensemble Learning, Machine Learning, Wisconsin Breast Cancer Dataset (WBCD), Decision Tree, Support Vector Machine (SVM), K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN), Medical Diagnosis, Predictive Modeling

Improving the performance of machine learning algorithms to overcome the curse of dimensionality while maintaining interpretability is still a challenging issue for researchers in artificial intelligence. Patch learning (PL), based on the improved adaptive network-based fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) and continuous local optimization for the input domain, is characterized by high accuracy. However, PL can only handle low-dimensional data set regression. Based on the parallel and serial ensembles, two deep patch learning algorithms with embedded adaptive fuzzy systems (DPLFSs) are proposed in this paper. First, using the maximum information coefficient (MIC) and Pearson's correlation coefficients for feature selection, the variables with the least relationship (linear or nonlinear) are excluded. Second, principal component analysis is used to reduce the complexity further of DPLFSs. Meanwhile, fuzzy C-means clustering is used to enhance the interpretability of DPLFSs. Then, an improved PL method is put forward for the training of each sub-fuzzy system in a fashion of bottom-up layer-by-layer, and finally, the structure optimization is performed to significantly improve the interpretability of DPLFSs. Experiments on several benchmark data sets show the advantages of a DPLFS: (1) it can handle medium-scale data sets; (2) it can overcome the curse of dimensionality faced by PL; (3) its precision and generalization are greatly improved; and (4) it can overcome the poor interpretability of deep learning networks. Compared with shallow and deep learning algorithms, DPLFSs have the advantages of interpretability, self-learning, and high precision. DPLFS1 is superior for medium-scale data; DPLFS2 is more efficient and effective for high-dimensional problems, has a faster convergence, and is more interpretable.

Breast cancer classification remains a critical challenge in medical diagnostics due to the imbalanced nature of available datasets, where the minority (cancerous malignant) class is often overshadowed by the majority (benign) class. This study proposes a hybrid model based on logistic regression, enhanced with class balancing techniques and ant search optimization, to improve the identification of the malignant class. The model is compared with SVM, Random Forest, and KNearest Neighbors (KNN) across three stages: prediction before diagnosis, at diagnosis and therapy, and post-treatment outcomes. The experiments, conducted on the Jupyter platform using the Wisconsin breast cancer dataset, demonstrate that the hybrid model achieves a high accuracy of 92.98%, significantly reducing false negatives. The study highlights the strengths of logistic regression in providing interpretable results, crucial for clinical decision-making, especially when compared to more complex models like Artificial Neural Networks (ANN). This research offers a reliable and accurate tool for early breast cancer detection and prognosis, contributing to ongoing efforts to enhance patient outcomes through the integration of hybrid machine learning models in medical diagnostics.

In recent years, the widespread utilization of biological data processing technology has been driven by its cost-effectiveness. Consequently, next-generation sequencing (NGS) has become an integral component of biological research. NGS technologies enable the sequencing of billions of nucleotides in the entire genome, transcriptome, or specific target regions. This sequencing generates vast data matrices. Consequently, there is a growing demand for deep learning (DL) approaches, which employ multilayer artificial neural networks and systems capable of extracting meaningful information from these extensive data structures. In this study, the aim was to obtain optimized parameters and assess the prediction performance of deep learning and machine learning (ML) algorithms for binary classification in real and simulated whole genome data using a cloud-based system. The ART-simulated data and paired-end NGS (whole genome) data of Ch22, which includes ethnicity information, were evaluated using XGBoost, LightGBM, and DL algorithms. When the learning rate was set to 0.01 and 0.001, and the epoch values were updated to 500, 1000, and 2000 in the deep learning model for the ART simulated dataset, the median accuracy values of the ART models were as follows: 0.6320, 0.6800, and 0.7340 for epoch 0.01; and 0.6920, 0.7220, and 0.8020 for epoch 0.001, respectively. In comparison, the median accuracy values of the XGBoost and LightGBM models were 0.6990 and 0.6250 respectively. When the same process is repeated for Chr 22, the results are as follows: the median accuracy values of the DL models were 0.5290, 0.5420 and 0.5820 for epoch 0.01; and 0.5510, 0.5830 and 0.6040 for epoch 0.001, respectively. Additionally, the median accuracy values of the XGBoost and LightGBM models were 0.5760 and 0.5250, respectively. While the best classification estimates were obtained at 2000 epochs and a learning rate (LR) value of 0.001 for both real and simulated data, the XGBoost algorithm showed higher performance when the epoch value was 500 and the LR was 0.01. When dealing with class imbalance, the DL algorithm yielded similar and high Recall and Precision values. Conclusively, this study serves as a timely resource for genomic scientists, providing guidance on why, when, and how to effectively utilize deep learning/machine learning methods for the analysis of human genomic data.

Deep and machine learning techniques for medical imaging-based breast cancer: A comprehensive review

The aim of this study is to develop a predictive model utilizing deep learning and machine learning techniques that will inform clinical decision-making by predicting the 1-year postoperative recovery of patients with lumbar disk herniation. The clinical data of 470 inpatients who underwent tubular microdiscectomy (TMD) between January 2018 and January 2021 were retrospectively analyzed as variables. The dataset was randomly divided into a training set (n = 329) and a test set (n = 141) using a 10-fold cross-validation technique. Various deep learning and machine learning algorithms including Random Forests, Extreme Gradient Boosting, Support Vector Machines, Extra Trees, K-Nearest Neighbors, Logistic Regression, Light Gradient Boosting Machine, and MLP (Artificial Neural Networks) were employed to develop predictive models for the recovery of patients with lumbar disk herniation 1 year after surgery. The cure rate score of lumbar JOA score 1 year after TMD was used as an outcome indicator. The primary evaluation metric was the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC), with additional measures including decision curve analysis (DCA), accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, and others. The heat map of the correlation matrix revealed low inter-feature correlation. The predictive model employing both machine learning and deep learning algorithms was constructed using 15 variables after feature engineering. Among the eight algorithms utilized, the MLP algorithm demonstrated the best performance. Our study findings demonstrate that the MLP algorithm provides superior predictive performance for the recovery of patients with lumbar disk herniation 1 year after surgery.

Breast cancer death rates are higher than any other cancer in American women. Machine learning-based predictive models promise earlier detection techniques for breast cancer diagnosis. However, making an evaluation for models that efficiently diagnose cancer is still challenging. In this work, we proposed data exploratory techniques (DET) and developed four different predictive models to improve breast cancer diagnostic accuracy. Prior to models, four-layered essential DET, e.g., feature distribution, correlation, elimination, and hyperparameter optimization, were deep-dived to identify the robust feature classification into malignant and benign classes. These proposed techniques and classifiers were implemented on the Wisconsin Diagnostic Breast Cancer (WDBC) and Breast Cancer Coimbra Dataset (BCCD) datasets. Standard performance metrics, including confusion matrices and K-fold cross-validation techniques, were applied to assess each classifier’s efficiency and training time. The models’ diagnostic capability improved with our DET, i.e., polynomial SVM gained 99.3%, LR with 98.06%, KNN acquired 97.35%, and EC achieved 97.61% accuracy with the WDBC dataset. We also compared our significant results with previous studies in terms of accuracy. The implementation procedure and findings can guide physicians to adopt an effective model for a practical understanding and prognosis of breast cancer tumors.

Internet of Drones (IoDs) are the emerging form of futuristic IOT devices where unmanned aerial vehicles have a complete network connection capability using internet. Nowadays, IoDs have been widely used in different application areas such as military missions, civilian purposes, disaster management, traffic surveillance and many more. These IoDs use different approaches to accomplish targets by following some paths using its sensors’ range. With the proliferation of IODs in different operations, improvement is required in the functionality related to autonomy and remote sensing capability for the purpose of capturing robust real time obstacle detection and avoidance system. But IoDs still suffer from many problems such as the drainage of energy, building a communication link, automating the task of detection, management of traffic, maintaining quality of services, etc. To overcome these problems, machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL) algorithms have proved to provide promising alternative for enhancing the functionality of IoDs in the real-world realms. This chapter reviews the most recent development of IoDs based on ML and DL approaches. It provides the detailed explanation about different techniques of ML and DL used for improving the model of IoDs with the aspect of navigation, battery scheduling, object tracking and collision avoidance and security. The impacts of ML and DL algorithms on the operations performed by IoDs are also analyzed. It includes various challenges and gaps present in the current scenario, to allow future researchers to develop solutions for designing new generation Internet of Drones.

Many methods used to do viruses prediction both with Machine Learning and Deep Learning algorithms. By using these methods, DNA sequence data can be categorized more efficient and easily. Furthermore, the evaluation result from it can be reviewed for future research. In general, systematic review can be used to analyze trends and identify several things such as the methods, topics related, dataset used and also provide answer regarding virus prediction based on its DNA sequences. This research chooses and analyze 31 papers from related studies on this field between 2015–2022. From selected papers it found that in general there are 5 main scopes and processes to predict viruses which are Feature Extraction, Distance Counting, Clustering, Classification, and Evaluation Metrics. The dataset also indicates that total 79% of selected paper were using the same datasets from NCBI official database. Furthermore, hybrid model of K-means offered high evaluation metrics result and be used for future research. Deep Learning approach which are Convolutional Neural Network and its hybrid model such as CNN-Bi-LSTM can also be used because of its high accuracy and performance quality which exceed 90% to classify viruses on various studies and almost 100% at its peak.