Analysis of multi-layer integrated inductors with wave concept iterative procedure (WCIP)

A precise technique based on the wave concept iterative procedure (WCIP) and a fast mode transformation (FMT) is used to analyze a rectenna circuit. This global analysis is achieved by using surface impedance to model the non linear element (Schottky diode). These systems use the manufacturing processes of integrated circuits. In order to initialize the iterative procedure, an incident wave is defined in spectral domain. The numerical results are compared to those obtained with the measured one. The good agreement between simulated and published data justifies the design procedure.

In this paper, a rectangular metallic ring FSS (Frequency Selective Surfaces) with parallel metallic strips for multi band applications are characterized by the WCIP (Wave Concept Iterative Procedure) method. The proposed FSS structures are made of metallic elements that are simultaneously independent in the spatial domain and uncoupled in the spectral domain. Thus the FSS multiband behavior can be achieved only by a building process based on independent metallic elements in both domains. The resonant characteristics of the proposed FSS are determined. The structure shows three resonant frequencies when the incident wave is x-polarized and three resonant frequencies when the source is polarized in the orthogonal direction. A variation in the length of the strips and the rectangular ring allows a fine tuning in the FSS resonant frequencies to give raise to tuned bandwidths. The suppression of a resonant frequency can be insured either by the elimination of the responsible metallic strip or by the insertion of a PIN diode switch. Three FSS structures are manufactured and characterized. The FSS bandwidth can be enhanced in both perpendicular FSS exciting source directions by only varying the strips lengths and the ring dimensions to the corresponding resonant frequencies. A good agreement is obtained when the WCIP results are compared with the simulations of COMSOL Multiphysics software and experiment.

The wave concept iterative procedure (WCIP), already improved for planar circuits, is developed in this paper for cylindrical structures. The WCIP method has been applied with success to the scattering of an E‐polarisation plane wave on cylindrical strips. The results are in good agreement with previous works in the literature, and the calculation time involved is quite reasonable. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 38: 403–406, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.11074

We have studied a frequency selective surface (FSS) for a U-shaped geometry by a method called the Wave Concept Iterative Procedure (WCIP). The development of this method based on Fast modal transformation (FMT), for the FSS frequency response is presented in the results of a single resonance obtained by the WCIP method exhibit a resonance frequency at 5.6 GHz with a bandwidth of 2.75 GHz, when the structure is excited in the x direction by a plane wave at normal incidence, a resonance frequency at 11.6 GHz with a 414.61 MHz band when the structure is excited in the y direction. The simulation of the results obtained by the WCIP method are compared to the HFSS results and a good agreement is to score.

Computer programs for simulation of microwave structures are becoming accessible. However, to understand electromagnetic fields behavior and to comprehend the numerical model limitations, a solid theoretical basis and computational expertise to enable the implementation of the own programs remains indispensable. The wave concept iterative procedure, WCIP, is a numerical technique easy to understand, that can be implemented without great efforts. In this work the WCIP is applied to analysis of frequency selective surface, FSS, with Koch Island patch elements. Obtained numerical results are compared to others obtained by the use of Ansoft Designer <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">™</sup> software and to experimental ones.

This paper demonstrates a new concept of multilayered patterned ground shield (PGS) for improving Q-factor of a Si-based spiral inductor. The impact of left-handed behavior of complementary split ring resonator (CSRR) and split ring resonator (SRR) patterns to realize a high inductance in the ground shield is explained through an equivalent circuit model. The proposed two layer patterned ground shield is shown to improve the Q-value of on-chip spiral inductors by 23.7%.

This paper presents a new electromagnetic modeling of a via-hole using a Wave Concept Iterative Procedure. There are specific TM modes associated with the insertion of the via-hole influencing the incident and reflected waves, called the "via's modes". The formulation and results are presented considering the influence of one and two via's mode. The advantage of the model presented is the possibility to simulate planar circuits with a layer and a via-hole considering the effects of the field that propagates around the via.

We studied the behavior of two-dimensional periodic circuit which acts as a lens which transforms cylindrical excited waves to a plane waves. The WCIP method (Wave Concept Iterative Procedure) is combined to a graphic Paint interface to analyze a circular shaped lens by showing the spatial voltage distribution through the total circuit. The results of simulation are illustrated by those given in the literature.

The Wave Concept Iterative Procedure is validated for multi-layered substrate with frequency dependent and negative index media. By shifting the plasma frequency, reconflgurable fllter design is proposed with a center frequency tunability of 25%. Sensitivity to collisional plasma is proposed.

ABSTRACTThis letter presents a miniaturized low loss mixed coupled on‐chip band‐pass filter using overlapped open loop ring resonators and using patterned ground shields. The fabricated prototype shows an insertion loss of 3.7 dB, a return loss &gt; 20 dB, a bandwidth of 13 GHz, and a chip size of 700 μm × 450 μm. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 58:697–699, 2016

The production of a high spatial resolution (HR) hyperspectral image (HSI) through the fusion of a low spatial resolution (LR) HSI with an HR multispectral image (MSI) has underpinned much of the recent progress in HSI super-resolution. The premise of these signs of progress is that both the degeneration from the HR HSI to LR HSI in the spatial domain and the degeneration from the HR HSI to HR MSI in the spectral domain are assumed to be known in advance. However, such a premise is difficult to achieve in practice. To address this problem, we propose to incorporate degeneration estimation into HSI super-resolution and present an unsupervised deep framework for "blind" HSIs super-resolution where the degenerations in both domains are unknown. In this framework, we model the latent HR HSI and the unknown degenerations with deep network structures to regularize them instead of using handcrafted (or shallow) priors. Specifically, we generate the latent HR HSI with an image-specific generator network and structure the degenerations in spatial and spectral domains through a convolution layer and a fully connected layer, respectively. By doing this, the proposed framework can be formulated as an end-to-end deep network learning problem, which is purely supervised by those two input images (i.e., LR HSI and HR MSI) and can be effectively solved by the backpropagation algorithm. Experiments on both natural scene and remote sensing HSI data sets show the superior performance of the proposed method in coping with unknown degeneration either in the spatial domain, spectral domain, or even both of them.

This paper proposes an efficient and fast analysis of substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) components using a new approach of the iterative method called WCIP, i.e. “Wave Concept Iterative Process”. This method is based on the iterative resolution of waves between two domains. The first is the spectral domain. We use the Floquet–Bloch decomposition to describe all modes in the spectral domain. The second describes the configuration of the circuit in the spatial domain. It allows taking the exact structure according to the appropriate boundary conditions. This method permits to reduce numerical complexity. The convergence of this approach is always guaranteed. The theoretical suggested study is validated by the simulation of two different examples of SIW circuits. The obtained results are in good agreement with those of measurement and with software HFSS simulations, which prove the advantage of this method.

CMOS planar spiral inductor modeling and low noise amplifier design

Spiral inductor Q factor increases with increasing intermetal dielectric and/or metal winding thicknesses and substrate resistivity. The peak Q also increases with decreasing inductance, showing a clear advantage in chip area and Q for sub-nH inductance values-which becomes practical at frequencies in the mm-wave range. As previously described, substrate parasitics absorb less energy when the spiral is driven differentially, giving almost 2x improvement in peak-Q. The BiCMOS inductors are realized in first and second metals only, with a patterned ground shield (not floating). The peak-Q of the 0.1nH inductor in BiCMOS lies in the 60 GHz band. The stacked metal CMOS-SOI inductors (i.e., all interconnect metals in parallel) realize comparable performance without the thick metal option, due to decreased losses of the semi-insulating SOI substrate. Active inductors are used in specific situations such as peaking the response of RF amplifiers in LO chains, where dynamic range is less critical and a considerable savings in IC area may be realized compared to passive peaking coils.

In this work, we propose fully integrated multi-layer stacked topology of asymmetrical inductor with patterned ground shield (PGS), which also serves as capacitor. The main aim of the study is efficient usage of limited chip area for integrated passive components by challenging layout properties of asymmetrical integrated inductor and integrated MOS capacitor and enhancing their main electrical properties. Several principles of geometry modifications(vertical and horizontal parallelization, slicing, tapering, equal path lengths) were applied to a four-turn octagonal asymmetrical integrated inductor with the series DC resistance RL = 1.75 Ω and inductance L = 11.66 nH on low frequencies. Remaining area under integrated inductor was used for a capacitor with capacitance CP GS = 1.6 nF and the equivalent series resistance RC = 7.25 Ω. The whole structure was designed in a standard 65nm CMOS technology for use in a switched DC-DC power converter working in MHz-range for a Photovoltaic (PV) Energy Harvester (EH).