Application of automated image analysis to coal petrography

automatic quantitative image analysis system for con- struction materials.

Improved embryo selection accuracy using cell division characteristics defined by time-lapse and automated image analysis

This paper is concerned with development of an automated and efficient system for quality control of coal. This is achieved by distinguishing between different major maceral groups present in the polished coal blocks when viewed under a microscope. Coal utilization processes can be significantly affected by the distribution of macerals in the feed coal. Manual petrographic analysis of coal requires a highly skilled operator and the results obtained can have a high degree of subjectivity. One way of overcoming these problems is to employ automated image analysis. The system described here consists of two stages: segmentation and interpretation. In the segmentation stage, the aim is to partition the images into different types of macerals. We have implemented a multi-scale segmentation technique in which the result of each process at a given resolution is used to adjust the other process at the next resolution. This approach combines a suitable statistical model for distribution of pixel values within each macerals group and a transition distribution from coarse to fine scale, based on a son-father relationship, which is defined between the nodes in adjacent levels. At each level, segmentation is performed by maximizing the a posteriori probability (MAP) which is achieved by a relaxation algorithm, similar to Besegs work. There are two major reasons for carrying out the segmentation estimation over a hierarchy of resolutions: to speed up the estimation process, and to incorporate large scale characteristics of each pixel. The speed can be further improved by restricting the operation on the pixels which are introduced as mixed in each resolution, by which the number of pixels to be considered are significantly reduced. In the interpretation stage, the coal macerals are identified according to the measurement information on the segmented region and domain knowledge. The paper describes the knowledge base used in this application in some detail. The system has been particularly successful in correctly classifying difficult cases, such as liptinite, vitrinite, semi-fusinite and pyrite.

Performance of the CellaVision® DM96 system for detecting red blood cell morphologic abnormalities

For differential leukocyte counts, automated blood smear evaluation systems have been too slow or inaccurate to replace or supplement the manual differential count. The CellaVision DM96Vision (DM96V), a new instrument, is an automated image analysis system that is rapid and accurate enough to be used for enumerating human leukocytes and may be useful for analysis of canine blood. The aims of this study were to evaluate the performance of the DM96V in differential counting of canine leukocytes, to compare its performance with that of other methods, and to analyze interoperator variability. Four methods of determining the leukocyte differential count of 108 canine blood samples were compared based on agreement, precision, and errors as well as relative performance. Differential counts were obtained using the DM96V, the manual method, and automated methods performed by the Advia 2120 and Sysmex XT-2000iV. All leukocyte types were detected by the DM96V and the manual method, and all 4 methods had similar mean and median results in most cases. The automated methods were more precise than either the DM96V or manual method when comparing identification of a single type of leukocyte, especially neutrophils and lymphocytes. However, precision of the automated methods was only fair for monocytes, and the Advia and Sysmex failed to identify basophils. The Advia reported fewer monocytes and eosinophils than did the other methods. Significantly fewer lymphocytes were identified by the manual method than by the Sysmex, Advia, and DM96V. The DM96V occasionally presented duplicate images of the same neutrophils. The CellaVision DM96V is a satisfactory system for facilitating canine differential leukocyte counting. The DM96V differential count was more similar to the manual count than to automated counts, which were more precise but had errors and omissions in detecting some types of leukocytes.

Low cost whole-organism screening of compounds for anthelmintic activity

SUMMARYKaryomorphological features of Vicia serratifolia Jacq. were studied: the nuclear DNA content was determined in meristematic root cells, karyotype and morphometric data were generated by an automated image analysis system and the distribution and staining properties of heterochromatin were assessed in metaphase chromosomes. Moreover, Feulgen absorption at different thresholds of optical density provided evidence on the organization of the chromatin in interphase nucleus. The collected data were compared with those previously gathered in V. faba used as internal standard and V. narbonensis considered the reference species of the Narbonensis complex.

Age-related changes in vertebral cortical and trabecular bone were quantitated in female CW-1 mice. Histomorphometric measurements involved the use of two different systems of image analysis: Olympus Cue 2 and Zeiss Morphomat 10. The peak of bone mass, both cortical and trabecular, was found in mice aged 13.5 months. Thereafter, there was a progressive decline in the area occupied by bone tissue and this became highly significant in elderly female and male mice. A loss of about 60% of bone tissue was encountered in both the trabecular and cortical bone, as determined by automated image analysis system. Hence, aging CW-1 mice reveal structural features consistent with vertebral osteopenia. Despite the fact that to date we lack the precise etiology for the above-mentioned phenomenon, it is suggested that the laboratory mouse might serve as an appropriate experimental model for investigations related to age-related bone loss.

Morphometry is well-established in tumour pathology. To evaluate is potential usefulness for description of developmental processes, histological slides from paraffin-embedded specimens of 67 human fetal lungs were Feulgen-stained, and morphometric characteristics of nuclei of epithelial pulmonary cells were analysed with an automated image analysis system. The measured cytometric features comprised of integrated optical density (IOD), S-phase-related IOD fraction, IOD entropy and nuclear area. Histometric features of the specimens were based upon the minimum spanning tree (MST) and included distances between neighboring epithelial cells, between epithelial cells and neighboring lymphocytes, and assessment of MST entropy. Notably, certain parameters revealed a non-uniform level during prenatal development S-phase-related IOD fraction increased from 5% to 8% between 14 and 16 weeks of gestation, then declined to 6% until birth. The IOD entropy steadily increased during development, whereas the extent of nuclear area remained constant. In accordance with an increase of the S-phase-related fraction the MST entropy displayed a singular peak between 14 and 16 weeks of gestation, which is probably associated with development of glandular structures in the lung. Correlation of expression of binding sites for markers, presumably involved in functional aspects of development, with such alterations, is shown for binding capacities of biotinylated fucoidan and the S-phase-related fraction. This may be helpful to infer immuno- or ligando histochemically defined tissue sites with potential physiological significance in morphometrically distinguished periods of development.

Oncogene expression in cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and invasive cancer of cervix

The ultrastructure and synaptic organization of the mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus (MTN) were studied in adult cats by transmission electron microscopy and more precisely quantified with an automated image analysis system. Two subpopulations of MTN neurons were identified within the nucleus: large spherical or ovoid (pseudo)unipolar cells amounted to about 60% of the total population that resemble typical primary sensory neurons and small multipolar neurons (estimated 40%), some of which are possibly interneurons. By electron microscopy, most neurons in the MTN proved to have a rich cytoplasm in the perikaryon with abundant rough endoplasmic reticulum, a large number of free ribosomes and polysomes, also well-developed Golgi complex, and numerous mitochondria and neurofilaments indicating a high rate of protein synthesis and axonal transport in these cells. Three types of synaptic contacts were observed in the MTN: axodendritic, axosomatic and axospinic of both symmetric and asymmetric morphology. Most of them (almost 90%) were axodendritic and axodendritic spine. Approximately 70% of axon terminals contained small round vesicles (S-type boutons) whereas the other 30% belonged to the P-type boutons filled with a pleomorphic vesicle population. Axosomatic synapses were comparatively rare accounting for 10% of the total. About two-third of them were of S-type and almost 25% of the remaining third were F-type in which flat synaptic vesicles could be seen, and less than 10% were P- and G-types with granular vesicles.

A Novel Automated Image Analysis System Using Deep Convolutional Neural Networks to Diagnose MDS

Today biomedical sciences are experiencing the importance of imaging biological parameters with luminescence methods. Studying 2D pH distribution with those methods allows building knowledge about complex cellular processes. Immobilizing pH sensitive nanoparticles inside hydrogel matrixes, in order to guarantee a proper SNR, could easily make stable and biocompatible 2D sensors. Inkjet printing is also well known as tool for printing images onto porous surfaces. Recently it has been used as a free-form fabrication method for building three-dimensional parts, and now is being explored as a way of printing electrical and optical devices. Inkjet printing was used either as a rapid prototyping method for custom biosensors. Sol-gel method is naturally bound with inkjet, because the picoliter-sized ink droplets evaporate quickly, thus allowing quick sol-gel transitions on the printed surface. In this work will be shown how to merge those technologies, in order to make a nanoparticles doped printable hydrogel, which could be used for making 2D/3D smart scaffolds able to monitor cell activities. An automated image analysis system was developed in order to quickly have the pH measurements from pH nanosensors fluorescence images.

The increasing prevalence of automated image acquisition systems is enabling new types of microscopy experiments that generate large image datasets. However, there is a perceived lack of robust image analysis systems required to process these diverse datasets. Most automated image analysis systems are tailored for specific types of microscopy, contrast methods, probes, and even cell types. This imposes significant constraints on experimental design, limiting their application to the narrow set of imaging methods for which they were designed. One of the approaches to address these limitations is pattern recognition, which was originally developed for remote sensing, and is increasingly being applied to the biology domain. This approach relies on training a computer to recognize patterns in images rather than developing algorithms or tuning parameters for specific image processing tasks. The generality of this approach promises to enable data mining in extensive image repositories, and provide objective and quantitative imaging assays for routine use. Here, we provide a brief overview of the technologies behind pattern recognition and its use in computer vision for biological and biomedical imaging. We list available software tools that can be used by biologists and suggest practical experimental considerations to make the best use of pattern recognition techniques for imaging assays.

G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) have proven to be a rich source of therapeutic targets; therefore, finding compounds that regulate these receptors is a critical goal in drug discovery. The Transfluor technology utilizes the redistribution of fluorescently labeled arrestins from the cytoplasm to agonist-occupied receptors at the plasma membrane to monitor quantitatively the activation or inactivation of GPCRs. Here, we show that the Transfluor technology can be quantitated on the INCell Analyzer system (INCAS) using the vasopressin V(2) receptor (V(2)R), which binds arrestin with high affinity, and the beta(2)-adrenergic receptor (beta(2)AR), which binds arrestin with low affinity. U2OS cells stably expressing an arrestin-green fluorescent protein conjugate and either the V(2)R or the beta(2)AR were plated in 96-well plastic plates and analyzed by the INCAS at a screening rate of 5 min per plate. Agonist dose-response and antagonist dose-inhibition curves revealed signal-to-background ratios of approximately 25:1 and 8:1 for the V(2)R and beta(2)AR, respectively. EC(50) values agreed closely with K(d) values reported in the literature for the different receptor agonists. In addition, small amounts of arrestin translocation induced by sub-EC(50) doses of agonist were distinguished from the background noise of untreated cells. Furthermore, differences in the magnitude of arrestin translocation distinguished partial agonists from full agonists, and Z' values for these ligands were >0.5. These data show that the Transfluor technology, combined with an automated image analysis system, provides a direct, robust, and universal assay for high throughput screening of known and orphan GPCRs.