Application of different porous materials for hydrogen storage

Recent advancement in metal-organic frameworks for hydrogen storage: Mechanisms, influencing factors and enhancement strategies

Part 1 Introduction: Hydrogen storage technologies Hydrogen futures: Emerging technologies for hydrogen storage and transport Hydrogen containment materials Solid-state hydrogen storage system design. Part 2 Analysing hydrogen interactions: Structural characterisation of hydride materials Neutron scattering techniques for analysing solid-state hydrogen storage Reliably measuring hydrogen uptake in storage materials Modelling of carbon-based materials for hydrogen storage. Part 3 Physically bound hydrogen storage: Storage of hydrogen in zeolites Carbon nanostructures for hydrogen storage Metal-organic framework materials for hydrogen storage. Part 4 Chemically bound hydrogen storage: Intermetallics for hydrogen storage Magnesium hydride for hydrogen storage Alanates as hydrogen storage materials Borohydrides as hydrogen storage materials Imides and amides as hydrogen storage materials Multicomponent hydrogen storage systems Organic liquid carriers for hydrogen storage Indirect hydrogen storage in metal ammines Conclusion: Technological challenges in hydrogen storage.

Limited conventional energy resources and serious environmental calamities have motivated researchers to find new and efficient sources of energy. The considerable efforts devoted to this end include the development of bio-diesel, solar cells, coal liq-uefaction/gasification technologies, and fuel cells. Hydrogen is considered by many an ideal energy source owing to its renewable and clean energy characteristics. In addition, it mostly produces water, which is eco-friendly compared to the byproducts of many other energy sources [1-6]. To use hydrogen as an energy source, various hydrogen stor -age methods such as the use of metal hydrides, liquefied hydrogen, and adsorption of hydrogen in porous materials have been studied [7-14]. The adsorption of hydrogen in porous materials is particularly suitable for hydrogen storage, which is critical for suit -ably utilizing hydrogen energy, owing to the reversibility and stability of this method. To date, the wide ranging attempts to develop hydrogen storage mechanisms include studies on carbon materials [15-17], metal-organic frameworks, and zeolites [18-21]. Carbon materials offer many advantages for hydrogen storage, such as easy preparation, suitable surface functional groups, low mass density, thermal stability, and hydropho -bicity [22-24]. Carbon aerogels (CAs) in particular have been recognized as potential hydrogen storage materials because of their suitable structural properties, controllable mass densities, high specific surface areas, and mesopore volumes. However, it is neces -sary to modify the surfaces of carbon materials in order to reach the hydrogen storage capacities determined by the US Department of Energy (DOE).Carbon materials containing transition metals such as platinum, copper, vanadium, and nickel exhibit attractive hydrogen storage properties [10,22,25]. Nickel is particularly prom -ising since it is easily obtained on Earth, and it is inexpensive compared to other metals and enhances hydrogen storage properties. Improved hydrogen storage capacities have been obtained with nickel-plated porous carbon nanofibers owing to the spillover of hydrogen molecules onto the metal-carbon interfaces. In general, the presence of nickel particles on carbon materials has been shown to enhance the hydrogen storage capacity [3,9,19].In this work, CAs were chemically activated by KOH to produce well-developed pore structures and ultimately increase the hydrogen storage capacities. Nickel-loaded activated carbon aerogels (ACAs/Ni hybrid materials) with various nickel content were prepared. Ni particles were loaded onto ACAs to introduce hydrogen-favorable active sites onto the ACA surfaces and improve the hydrogen storage capacities.The CAs were prepared using resorcinol as the carbon precursor and formaldehyde as the initiator. Resorcinol (7.5 g) was dissolved in a solution of distilled water (75 mL) and formaldehyde (25 g). Sodium carbonate was then added to this solution, and the mixture was stirred for 3 h in an open container and dried for 3 h at room temperature. Subsequently, the wet gel was dried at 80°C for 48 h and then immersed in an acetone solution for 24 h without stirring. The aerogels were obtained after drying at 80°C for 24 h. Prior to use, the aerogels were carbonized in a furnace with a heating rate of 2°Cmin

Recent advances in metastable alloys for hydrogen storage: a review

Performances comparison of adsorption hydrogen storage tanks at a wide temperature and pressure zone

Metal-decorated Tri-graphene as a high-performance reversible hydrogen storage medium: A first-principles study

Against the backdrop of rising emissions of greenhouse gasses and the need for sustainable fuel, hydrogen storage has recently become a popular energy storage option due to its many benefits, such as high energy capacity, low concentrations of side products, and relative ease of access. However, hydrogen storage is not perfect and possesses some critical flaws that prevent it from reaching its full potential, which include volatility and flammability. There are many candidates for hydrogen storage and also extant technologies to target hydrogen storage. Among all the ways proposed to store hydrogen, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have become increasingly popular because of their exemplary high surface area and adaptable pore structure. This research explores the various developments of MOFs in the field of hydrogen storage and how they may be improved and compared to one another. It will discuss the issues with current MOFs and design procedures and elements, such as making use of void spaces in MOFs. Then it will proceed to explore how MOFs have been enhanced through impregnation, catenation, and open metal sites. Lastly, this review will feature some breakthrough MOFs that have been promising for hydrogen storage.

Hydrogen energy is a clean and efficient form of energy, and it is getting more and more attention for its wide use in transportation, energy systems, and industry. But because hydrogen has low density and spreads easily, storing it safely, efficiently, and at low cost is still a big challenge. Many materials like metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), metal hydrides, and carbon-based nanomaterials have been studied for storing hydrogen. However, most of them still have problems, such as low storage ability, needing strict conditions, and not working well after repeated use. These issues make them hard to use in real life. In recent years, artificial intelligence (AI) has brought big changes to hydrogen storage research. Machine learning and deep learning help predict material performance, understand how things work, and design new materials. Together with lab experiments, AI forms a full cycle of “design, test, and improve,” which speeds up the development of better materials. This paper presents a comprehensive review of mainstream hydrogen storage mechanisms and materials, evaluates their practical limitations, and highlights how AI techniques are being applied to address these challenges. The study aims to support the rational design of next-generation hydrogen storage systems and promote deeper integration between AI and materials science to advance the scalable adoption of hydrogen energy.

Hybrid functional calculations of potential hydrogen storage material: Complex dimagnesium iron hydride

As a kind of clean energy, hydrogen energy has great potential to reduce environmental pollution and provide efficient energy conversion, and the key to its efficient utilization is to develop safe, economical and portable hydrogen storage technology. At present, hydrogen storage technology lags behind hydrogen production and use, which is the bottleneck restricting the development of hydrogen energy. In this paper, several current solid-state hydrogen storage methods are reviewed, including hydrate hydrogen storage, alloy hydrogen storage and MOF hydrogen storage. At the hydrogen storage density level, the hydrogen storage capacity of 1K-MOF-5 can reach 4.23 wt% at 77 K and 10 MPa, and remains basically unchanged in 20 isothermal adsorption and desorption experiments. At the level of temperature and pressure of hydrogen storage, the alloy can realize hydrogen storage under ambient conditions. At the economic level, the cost of hydrogen storage in hydrates is only USD 5–8 per kilogram, with almost zero carbon emissions. Through the analysis, it can be seen that the above solid-state hydrogen storage technologies have their own advantages. Although hydrate hydrogen storage is lower than alloy materials and MOF materials in hydrogen storage density, it still has huge potential for utilization space because of its low cost and simple preparation methods. This paper further provides a comprehensive review of the existing challenges in hydrate research and outlines prospective directions for the advancement of hydrogen storage technologies.

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.

The existing obstacles toward the usage of fossil fuels as the prime mover of the cars have improved the commercialization of the fuel cells and batteries to replace the internal combustion engines (ICEs). Although the required infrastructure is already established for the ICE cars, the low number of hydrogen refueling stations, low range of batteries, high charging time of the batteries, and the size/weight of the hydrogen tanks are the main concerns toward the transition from ICE cars to environmentally friendly alternatives.Fuel cells can be directly used in the vehicles as the prime mover (mobility applications), or they can be considered as the energy provider of the electric vehicle charging stations (stationary applications). Although the hydrogen storage is not being considered as an obstacle for the stationary applications, the required weight and size of the hydrogen tanks is a barrier to facilitate the usage of hydrogen in the automotive sector. Based on the given standards [1], it is possible to pressurize hydrogen up to 700 bars, hence reducing the size of the hydrogen tanks. This solution has been already used in the development of the Toyota Mirai, which has 114kW/155hp power and 500km range with the fuel consumption of 0.76 kg H2/100km [2]. Similarly, Honda Clarity could reach the range of 650km with 5kg of hydrogen tank capacity at the rated power of 130kW/ 176hp [3]. Although pressurizing the hydrogen is a feasible solution, it will demand further costs and safety procedures to reach the 700 bars. In other words, the best solution would be reaching the same driving range without pressurizing the hydrogen.In this regard, Metal-Organic Framework (MOF) can be used to increase the hydrogen adsorption in the hydrogen tank due to higher gravimetric storage density. Among different types of MOFs, the MOF-5 has shown promising results to increase the hydrogen storage up to wt. 10% absolute at 70 bar and 77K. It is believed that the low thermal conductivity of the MOF-5 can reduce the performance of the system when rapid gas uptake and release is required [4]. Although there have been studies to evaluate the overall possibilities of using MOF-5 to improve the adsorption of hydrogen in the hydrogen tanks, there is not a comprehensive study to simulate and characterize the changes in the hydrogen adsorption once the hydrogen tanks are filled with different types of MOFs.The goal of this study is to use the computational fluid dynamic methodologies to model a hydrogen tank filled with MOFs and to analyze the hydrogen adsorption by the changes in the time. This study can a step toward improving the design of the hydrogen tanks, which will facilitate the hydrogen storage at low pressures close to the ambient temperatures. This study can be also a good start to find the right type of MOF to be used in the hydrogen tanks to have the highest possible hydrogen adsorption. The developed model is based on mass, momentum, and energy conservation equations of the adsorbent-adsorbate system composed of gaseous and adsorbed hydrogen, adsorbent bed and tank wall. It is noteworthy to mention that the adsorption process is based on the modified Dubinin-Astakov (D-A) adsorption isotherm model. Keywords : Hydrogen Storage; Metal Organic Frameworks; Adsorption; Fuel cells. Figure 1

Hydrogen storage is one of the most significant research areas for exploiting hydrogen energy economy. To store hydrogen with a high gravimetric/volumetric density, gaseous hydrogen storage systems require a very high-pressure compressed gas cylinder which is quite unsafe and the storage in the liquid form needs cryogenic containers to be maintained at roughly 20 K under ambient pressure because hydrogen has a very low critical temperature of 33 K. However, hydrogen can be stored in solid materials with higher concentration of hydrogen compared to the gaseous and liquid hydrogen storage systems. It is therefore, worthwhile to look into the experimental and theoretical research on prospective hydrogen storage materials. The hydride-forming alloys and intermetallic compounds are found to be the most important families of hydrogen storage materials. Multicomponent alloys consisting of five or more principal elements, also known as high-entropy alloys appear to have potential for the development as hydrogen storage materials. Hydride-forming elements like Ti, Zr, V, Nb, Hf, Ta, La, Ce, Ni, and others have been shown to have hydrogen storage properties and the ability to produce single-phase high-entropy intermetallics. Here, attempts will be made to present a short review on utilization of multicomponent high-entropy alloys as solid hydrogen storage materials. Furthermore, we will also present some of our work on the synthesis, structural–microstructural characterization and hydrogen storage properties of Ti–Zr–V–Cr–Ni equi-atomic hydride-forming high-entropy alloys. From the preliminary investigation, the maximum storage capacity in this system was observed to be 1.78 wt%, which is comparable to other hydrogen storage materials. The prospects of high-entropy-based alloys for hydrogen storage will be discussed.

Hydrogen may play a critical role in our efforts to de-carbonize by 2050. However, there remain technical challenges in the storage and transport of hydrogen. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have shown significant promise for hydrogen storage at cryogenic temperatures. A material that can meet the US department of energy (DOE) ultimate goal of 6.5 wt. % for gravimetric performance and 50 g/L for volumetric storage at near-ambient temperatures would unlock hydrogen as a future fuel source for on-board applications. Metal-organic frameworks typically have low heat of adsorptions (i. e. 4-7 kJ/mol), whereas for storing significant quantities of hydrogen at near-ambient temperatures, 15-25 kJ/mol is likely required. In this review we explore the current methods used (i. e., open-metal sites, alkali dopants and hydrogen spillover) for promoting strong adsorption within MOFs. Further we discuss MOF-based materials with respect to the technical aspects of deliverable capacity, kinetics and stability.

Review: 71 refs.