Applications and Types of Smart Materials

Smart textiles are one of the areas that provides added value to textile materials. It is a sector that has been developed with new technologies, new fibers, and textile materials. The production of smart or intelligent textiles cooperate with other branches of science like nanotechnology, materials science, design, electronics, and computer engineering, etc. Smart textiles are classified into three groups as passive smart textiles, active smart textiles and ultra smart textiles according to their performance characteristics. Passive smart textiles are the first generation of smart textiles and sense the external conditions; for instance, UV protecting clothing, conductive fibers, etc. As active smart textiles respond to external conditions, ultra smart textiles sense, react, and adopt themselves to conditions. Shape memory materials, chromic materials, heat storage, and thermo-regulated fabrics are the typical applications of active smart textiles.

Smart textiles are adaptive materials that use established textile methods to integrate multifunctionalities beyond apparels. Despite recent advancement, a significant gap exists between commercial needs and the academic state of the art. In this perspective, we aim to address the gap by (i) holistically investigating smart textile system operation, (ii) exploring production methods and materials for stimuli-responsive smart textiles, (iii) discussing key emerging application areas for stimuli-responsive textiles, and (iv) identifying markets, production techniques, and strategies for future development. Stimuli-responsive smart textiles rely on materials and processes to interact with the environment and wearer. Smart textile applications, such as assistive soft robotics, smart healing, and thermal comfort regulation, require textiles to meet the needs of form and function. Smart textile commercialization requires the identification of markets ready for adaptive textiles, wherein a smart phone or patch does not address the consumer needs. Interdisciplinary collaborations can focus efforts to the right applications, bridging the gap between academic research and product relevance, bringing smart textiles into the future.

This chapter will provide an insight into smart materials, which are a class of materials that can change their physical properties, such as shape, size, stiffness, color, or electrical conductivity, in response to external stimuli, such as temperature, pressure, light, humidity, magnetic, or electric fields. Various types of smart materials like shape memory alloys (SMAs), electroactive polymers (EAPs), piezoelectric materials, magnetostrictive materials, and thermoelectric materials were discussed in this chapter, along with their properties and applications. Nevertheless, the advantages of smart materials over the conventional materials along with the challenges were also discussed. Also, the possibility of integrating these materials with the existing systems was discussed.

Indoor environmental quality (IEQ) is associated with several factors, all of which are related to occupant comfort within buildings. One of the most critical components of the buildings is building façade, which serves as the boundary between the indoor and outdoor environment. This paper presents a systematic review to investigate the application of high-tech materials – also known as smart materials in both transparent and opaque elements of building facades. To achieve the objectives of this study, we developed a structured systematic review to identify the relevant studies. Using the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 157 records were identified as relevant studies. These studies were then classified based on their focus on IEQ factors, including thermal comfort and indoor air quality (IAQ). In the next step, details of research methodologies used in the reviewed studies – such as the simulation software employed – were reported. Furthermore, the total number of studies that applied smart materials to different parts of the building façade was presented, distinguishing between passive and active technologies. Finally, the impacts of these materials on overall energy consumption, heating demand, and cooling demand were discussed. Among passive measures, low-emissivity (low-E) windows were identified as effective in reducing total energy use, heating load, and cooling load. For active measures, photovoltaic (PV) systems in both transparent and opaque façade elements, as along with electrochromic (EC) windows, were found to significantly reduce total energy consumption as well as heating and cooling demands. • Application of smart materials in different parts of building façade was assessed. • Impacts of various smart materials on energy use in different buildings were shown. • Phase change materials showed high energy-saving potential in various façade elements. • Photovoltachromic windows reduced energy consumption effectively in various climates.

Smart materials are upcoming in many industries due to their unique properties and wide range of applicability. These materials have the potential to transform traditional engineering practices by enabling the development of more efficient, adaptive, and responsive systems. However, smart materials are characterized by nonlinear behaviour and complex constitutive models, posing challenges in modelling and simulation. Therefore, understanding their mechanical properties is crucial for model-based design. This review aims for advancements in numerically implementing various smart materials, especially focusing on their nonlinear deformation behaviours. Different mechanisms and functionalities, classification, constitutive models and applications of smart materials were analyzed. In addition, different numerical approaches for modelling across scales were investigated. This review also explored the strategies and implementations for mechanically intelligent structures using smart materials. In conclusion, the potential model-based design methodology for the multiple smart material-based structures is proposed, which provides guidance for the future development of mechanically intelligent structures in industrial applications.

Smart materials are a class of materials that can respond to external stimuli, such as temperature, light, pressure, and electric or magnetic fields. Chemical engineers play a crucial role in the development, optimization, and scalability of smart materials, which have applications in a wide range of industries, including aerospace, automotive, healthcare, and construction. This article discusses the role of chemical engineering in the design and synthesis of smart materials, focusing on the development of polymers, composites, and nanomaterials that exhibit responsive behaviors. The paper also explores the challenges, innovations, and future directions in smart material technology, highlighting the interdisciplinary nature of chemical engineering in advancing this field.

Advances in the application of smart materials in the treatment of ophthalmic diseases.

Responsive principles and applications of smart materials in biosensing

Smart materials for biomimetic building envelopes: current trends and potential applications

Smart materials are the result of recent developments in dental materials. One of the most enduringly useful and dependable materials is bioactive material. Since there has never been a material in dentistry that is perfect in every way and satisfies all standards for a superlative material, smart materials have been developed in an attempt to find the perfect material, which could eventually lead to smart dentistry. Materials classified as "smart" have the ability to modify their properties under regulated conditions in response to various stimuli, including pH, temperature, moisture, stress, and electric or magnetic fields. When a substance detects a signal from its surroundings and responds to it in a practical, dependable, repeatable, and typically reversible way, that material is said to exhibit smart behavior. The ability of intelligent behavior to revert to its initial condition even in the absence of a stimulus is one of its most crucial characteristics. These qualities are useful in a number of industries, including dentistry.

This review examines the developing fields of self-healing coatings and smart materials, emphasizing how they have the potential to transform a number of sectors by improving efficiency, sustainability, and durability. A growing number of self-healing coatings incorporate smart materials, which react to environmental stimuli like temperature, pressure, and electric fields, allowing damage to be repaired without the need for outside assistance. Even with some improvements in self-healing processes, there is still a great deal to learn about the long-term functionality and real-world uses of these materials, especially when paired with cutting-edge technology like nanomaterials. The most recent studies on self-healing coatings are summarized in this study, which also offers insights into the mechanisms underlying these advancements, such as vascular systems, reversible chemical bonding, and microencapsulation. It also emphasizes the various ways that smart materials are being used in sectors including construction, automotive, healthcare, and aerospace, showcasing their potential to save maintenance costs and enhance sustainability in general. This study discusses current issues and suggests future lines of inquiry that may propel the development and commercialization of these technologies for practical uses.

As a type of field‐responsive smart material, electrorheological elastomers (EREs) have an adjustable modulus that is significantly affected by the orientation of the pre‐structures formed by dispersed particles. However, the imperfect orientation of the particles in the matrix under an external electric field limits the electrorheological (ER) performance of EREs. To solve this problem, rod‐shaped Fe3O4@TiO2 magnetic/electric dual‐responsive particles were fabricated and used to prepare novel EREs that were cured under a magnetic field, and EREs cured under an electric field served as a control group. Compared with the control group, more robust and denser particle chain structures were observed in the EREs cured under a magnetic field, and the initial modulus and relative electrorheological effect (ER) were superior to those of the control group. This method can be used to prepare high‐performance EREs with strong zero‐field mechanical properties and a wide modulus adjustment range suitable for engineering applications.Highlights The magnetic/electric dual‐responsive rod‐shaped Fe3O4@TiO2 particles were prepared. EREs filled with Fe3O4@TiO2 particles were prepared under magnetic or electric field. More robust and denser particle chains were formed in the EREs cured under a magnetic field. The EREs solidified under a magnetic field have higher relative ER effects.

Jewelry is a passion of a large segment of children, especially females, which inspires the jewelry designer to direct this passion to raise a generation of young jewelry designers, using the combination of the arts of jewelry design and formulation and the science of smart materials. Smart materials are one of the most important fruits of technological development, and they vary between shape memory materials, color-changing materials, light-sensitive materials, and others sensitive to electricity. Given that jewelry design is one of the most important fields that affect the culture and thinking of the recipient, and based on the major role of shaping processes in enriching jewelry design, the interest in this research was in studying smart materials as a result of advanced technological developments and the possibility of employing them in simulating some jewelry shaping processes, so that this simulation would be the nucleus of a project to raise the young designer. The problem of the research is the scarcity of the use of smart materials in children's jewelry, and the lack of diversity of shaping methods in jewelry crafting collections directed at children. The research aims to build a knowledge base about smart materials, and employ these materials in simulating jewelry shaping processes. The importance of the research lies in its attempt to benefit from smart materials as a result of advanced technological developments in simulating some jewelry forming processes, with the aim of raising the child practicing this simulation as a young designer. Through the descriptive analytical approach, the research concluded that there are multiple types of smart materials, including shape memory materials, color changing materials, and materials sensitive to pressure and electricity. Through the experimental approach, the research concluded that some smart materials can be developed to suit children's practices. Main Results: 1-.sing smart materials to simulate some jewelry formation processes. 2. Using smart materials leads to diversifying the forming methods in jewelry collections directed at children. 3. Shape memory polymer can be employed to simulate the process of forming ceramic jewelry. 4. Simulating the process of forming jewelry with wires using nitinol wires. 5. Simulating the process of inlaying jewelry with micromosaics using glow-in-the-dark lobes and (UV Resin) 6. The possibility of simulating the process of thermal forming glass jewelry through luminous thermal beads 7. Employing smart materials to simulate some jewelry forming processes makes them suitable for children's practices in middle childhood. 8. The high flexibility of nitinol wires weakens the stability of their formations. 9. Developing nitinol wire by combining it with another aluminum wire of the same thickness. 10. Nitinol wires combined with colored aluminum wires have an attractive surface appearance for children in addition to the ability to stabilize the formation.

Smart soft materials are the focus of extensive research efforts due to their potential applications in various fields. Inspired by nature, embedding smart micro‐inclusions in a soft substrate provides a feasible strategy to integrate the smartness of individual microparticles for creating smart materials at the macroscale, broadening the capabilities and applications of smart soft materials. This strategy decouples the design of intelligence and substrate materials, leading to a broader design space for both the smartness and the mechanical properties of the composites. In this Perspective, recent advances in creating smart soft materials using smart microparticles are summarized. The methods developed to construct composites of microparticles in a soft matrix are first introduced, followed by detailed discussions on the material compositions, stimuli and responsiveness, and properties of individual microparticles and the composite systems. Various applications based on advanced functionalities and capabilities that are enabled by those smart soft materials are highlighted. This study also points out research directions to further advance unconventional smart soft materials following this bioinspired approach.

INTRODUCTIONTraditionally, materials designed for long term use in the body or more specifically in the mouth are thought to survive longer if they are ‘passive’ and have no interaction with their environment. Materials such as amalgams, composites and cements are often judged on their ability to survive without interacting with the oral environment. Perhaps the first inclination that an ‘active’ rather than ‘passive’ material could be attractive was the realisation of the benefit of fluoride release from materials.THE NATURE OF SMART MATERIALSBy definition and general agreement, smart materials are materials that have properties which may be altered in a controlled fashion by stimuli, such as stress, temperature, moisture, pH, electric or magnetic fields. A key feature of smart behaviour includes an ability to return to the original state after 1the stimulus has been removed