Applied semantics and climate communication

The increasing intensity and frequency of extreme weather events resulting from climate change have led to grid outages and other negative consequences. To ensure the resilience of buildings which serve as primary shelters for occupants, resilient strategies are being developed to improve their ability to withstand these extreme events (e.g., building upgrades and renewable energy generators and storage). However, a crucial step towards creating a resilient built environment is accurately estimating building performance during such conditions using historical extreme climate change-induced weather events. To conduct Building Performance Simulation (BPS) in extreme conditions, such as weather events induced by climate change, it is essential to utilize Actual Meteorological Year (AMY) weather files instead of Typical Meteorological Year (TMY) files. AMY files capture the precise climatic conditions during extreme weather events, enabling accurate simulation of such scenarios. These weather files provide valuable data that can be used to assess the vulnerabilities and resilience of buildings to extreme weather events. By analyzing past events and their impacts using BPS tools, we can gain insights into the specific weaknesses and areas that require improvement. This approach applies to both existing buildings needing climate change-resilient retrofits and new building designs that must be compatible with future climatic conditions. Moreover, the intensification and frequency increase of these extreme weather events makes developing adaptation and resilient-building measures imperative. This involves understanding the potential losses that households may experience due to the intensification of extreme events and developing farsighted coping strategies and climate-proof resilient-building initiatives. However, addressing the knowledge gap caused by the absence of an AMY weather file dataset of extreme events is essential. This will allow for accurate BPS during past extreme climate change-induced weather events. To fill this gap, this article introduces a comprehensive .epw format weather file dataset focusing on historical extreme weather events in Canada. This collection encompasses a diverse array of past extreme climate change occurrences in various locations, with potential for future expansion to include additional locations and countries. This dataset enables energy simulations for different types of buildings and considers a diverse range of historical weather conditions, allowing for better estimation of thermal performance.

Climate science has long struggled to communicate urgency proportionate to the severity of the crisis it describes. Terms such as ‘climate change’ carry neutral or even positive connotations, while ‘climate crisis’ and ‘climate catastrophe,’ though more accurate, lack specificity needed to guide an appropriate response. We propose that climate communication could benefit from adopting a staging framework analogous to the TNM cancer staging system: a model that conveys not only severity but progression and the rationale for proportionate intervention. Drawing on the cognitive science of metaphor, we show that framing shapes perception and decision-making unconsciously. A climate staging system would be low-cost to adopt, faces no obvious organized political opposition, and could align public perception with what is an advancing, potentially irreversible, planetary disease. Based on current planetary boundary data, we suggest the planet may already be at the equivalent of Stage III.

Climate-amplified emergencies are vital sites for Indigenous resistance and resurgence, even as climate change compounds layers of colonial oppression. Drawing on the experiences of the Tŝilhqot’in Nation before, during and after record-breaking wildfires in the Nation’s territory (in British Columbia, Canada), this article describes how the Tŝilhqot’in employ strategies of resistance to presumed state authority and resurgence of their own laws and jurisdiction in response to the climate emergency. These record-breaking wildfires vividly illustrate how colonial laws and policies have converged over a century to produce the climate emergency. And yet, dominant discourses around climate change and emergency reproduce Indigenous erasure, vulnerability and marginalization. Counter to these discourses, the Tŝilhqot’in Nation has advanced sophisticated emergency responses in relation to the state. Moreover, the wildfires have prompted Tŝilhqot’in communities to revitalize deep-seated fire stewardship laws and responsibilities to properly care for the land, wildlife and each other in the face of the accelerating climate crisis. The Tŝilhqot’in Nation’s experiences reclaiming fire show how Indigenous resurgence provides pathways out of the climate crisis while also attending to its colonial roots and decolonizing the responses to it.

Climate effects on health in Small Islands Developing States

Communities across British Columbia, Canada, are experiencing direct and cumulative health impacts from extreme weather events, such as heatwaves and wildfires. These impacts exacerbate existing health disparities, especially for communities already vulnerable due to remote geography, socio-economic status, etc. Given this reality, it is valuable for community leaders (e.g., mayors and councillors) to have a sufficient understanding of the local health vulnerabilities associated with climate change. If these health considerations are not recognized or integrated into climate resilience strategies, communities may be left inadequately protected against escalating climate-related health risks. This study explores community leader perceptions of health vulnerability to climate change and extreme weather events. Interviews were conducted with mayors, councillors, government officials, and health and social care providers to gauge their awareness of the health risks posed by climate events to their communities and how their understanding of these risks affects policymaking and planning. Analysis suggests that while community leaders recognize the health risks, they face multifaceted challenges, including financial constraints, staffing shortages, and unclear intergovernmental processes, all of which create an environment where adaptation falters due to insufficient implementation capacity. In conclusion, the climate emergency in British Columbia is not just a test of infrastructure resilience or emergency protocols - it is a test of governance. The increasing burden of the impacts of climate change exposes the fragility of siloed systems and the inadequacy of reactive planning. However, it also creates opportunities for experimentation, coordination, and institutional learning. • Community leaders in BC recognize the health risks of climate change but struggle to act. • Financial, staffing, and institutional barriers hinder local adaptation. • Growing extreme weather events highlight the fragility of siloed systems.

Time to pay the piper: Fossil fuel companies’ reparations for climate damages

On 17 September 2021, the Grantham Institute hosted a follow-up to the Royal Meteorological Society's virtual event on the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) 6th assessment report (AR6). The event focused on the response to the climate crisis and taking actions from AR6. Three sectors were covered, including 'School leaders and educators', led by Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) Learning Network & London Schools Climate Summit; 'Business and Industry - Environmental, social and corporate governance', chaired by Anita Punwani, Deputy Chair NED, Institute of Risk Management; and 'Geologists, earth scientists and energy experts', led by the European Federation of Geologists and Imperial College London researchers. Panel members were from British Standards Institution, 11 https://www.bsigroup.com/ Save the Children UK, 22 https://www.savethechildren.org.uk/ University College London 33 https://www.ucl.ac.uk/ and Resurgence. 44 https://www.resurgence.io/ Dr Alex Brown (STEM learning) and Malini Mehra (Globe International) chaired a session on the implications of AR6 for school leaders and educators. Participants agreed that we now have an opportunity for collaboration, as the UK Prime Minister recently appointed a new Education Secretary (Nadhim Zahawi) and Schools Minister (Robin Walker). With COP26 (Smith et al., 2021) at the time just five weeks away, it was emphasised that now is the time to put climate education on the agenda and embedded in the green recovery. There was a feeling that teachers are constrained by the curriculum and do not have the skills, capacity, or appropriate resources to apply climate issues to their own subjects. Recommendations were given to address this through exam bodies and quality assurance organisations, and to provide better training for teachers, so they are empowered to embed climate change into their lessons. A curriculum reform should also include green skills for students, to ensure the next generation is equipped to apply for green jobs in the future. Further discussion focussed on climate risk and adaptation. Few educational leaders recognise that the most harmful impacts of climate change to the educational sector are likely to be physical, such as flooding and extreme heat. It is important to find ways to communicate this effectively with school leaders, drawing on what has been learned from COVID-19. The session ended with discussion about the next steps, starting with a letter to the Education Secretary and Schools Minister regarding an enquiry into whether the current education system is fit for purpose in relation to the government's net zero commitments. Nuha Eltinay's (Middle East and North Africa representative) 55 https://www.resurgence.io/team/ key messages included the need to build bridges between existing communities and weather forecasters. The need to communicate weather information and climate change to grassroots were essential for progress. Specifically, what the IPCC meant to her organisation was centred around vulnerabilities in Middle East and Northern African regions. It was emphasised that compound and cascading hazards after natural events are often not reported and under-addressed, despite their ability to produce further catastrophic hazards that propagate through socio-economic systems (e.g. Alexander and Pescaroli, 2019). Kit Vaughan (Save the Children) mentioned the importance of dealing with the disruption arising from climate change. Kit also explained the interrelationship between other global issues including COVID-19 which led us to recognise global inequality. Kit raised the important point that children born in 2020 are subject to a seven-fold increase in climate events when compared with their grandparents born in the 1960s (Thiery et al., 2021). This is further exacerbated by the fact that one billion children are living in high-risk areas. This discussion raised important issues of climate change with regard to children. These stakeholders require a specific focus of support and integration at every level with effective communication. Gianluca Pesacaroli (University College London) expressed issues pertaining to operational silos whereby private companies operate independently from public bodies. This becomes problematic when addressing and meeting mutual climate mitigation targets. There is a need for the co-production of information between private and public entities, scientists and non-scientists, which can facilitate important discourses allowing for effective policy making. Lesley Wilson (British Standards Foundation, BSI) emphasised the need to have a common benchmark of sustainability that organisations should employ in their environmental agendas. The BSI works collaboratively across sectors to foster such common standards. Katrina Ramage (World Values Day) highlighted the need to communicate climate change to young children in layperson terms so that they can understand the issues facing them and how the government aims to support the future generation. Discourses in the realm of decision making, be that public or private, regarding the next generation, often do not directly involve young people. Moreover, the complexities of such discourses are rarely understood by children and more needs to be done to explain the ramifications of climate change to them. Examples of this include encouraging children to debate climate change in educational establishments and visiting schools to educate children and facilitating such discussions. Hannah Wood (UBS Foundation) identified that there is a funding gap between climate and environmental issues. There is growing concern that within corporate settings there is untapped capital which can be used to support financing the global environmental agenda (Clark et al., 2018). Funding is not disseminated appropriately with little communication between corporate and public entities. Therefore, there is a serious need to trigger funding for climate change initiatives and move capital to where it is more needed. Glen Burridge (European Federation of Geologists) led the breakout session 'Earth Sapience: How can Earth Scientists work together to address the climate crisis?'. Dr Yves Plancherel (Imperial College London) started by highlighting that much of the new IPCC reports are not novel, raising the debate of how the information in the IPCC should be delivered in the future. Cedric John (Imperial College London) and Dr Edward Gryspeerdt (Imperial College London) agreed with the sentiment but added that the IPCC reports do pave the way for more platforms to discuss the IPCC, beyond the short periods that it is popularised by the news media (Pearce et al., 2014; Sanford et al., 2019). Dr Isabelle Fernandez (European Federation of Geologists) continued this concept of communication, highlighting that involving people – both the general public and companies – is an important solution to reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Dr Edward Gryspeerdt followed this saying that geologists can develop such solutions at economic cost, with the key being to find a way where it is cheaper not to emit, but to leave the CO2 in the ground. Magnus Johansson (SGU) was the last panellist in the group and highlighted that there also needs to be resilience built into everyday life, as well as a push for mitigation measures. At present, Magnus Johansson said, there is a disconnect between those planning climate mitigation and resilience measures and those applying it on the ground. The session was then opened up for general input, where carbon capture and storage (CCS) was heavily discussed. Highlighted as a sustainable opportunity, CCS needs to be implemented as soon as possible to ensure CO2 is utilised, not wasted (Martin-Roberts et al., 2021). Yves highlights that, due to the cost of implementation, oil and gas companies might be in a unique position to spearhead the transition over to CCS by converting their assets (infrastructure, knowledge and workforce) over. The breakout room concluded on discussions around the importance of investigating other energy sources and alternate forms of carbon storage. Renewable and thermal energy are important clean energy options but must also be discussed alongside a candid conversation about their accompanying issues, such as raw material supply. Forest restoration is hugely valuable in tackling both the biosphere crisis, as well as providing a nature-based solution to the carbon issue (Seddon et al., 2020). The event was concluded with a large discussion of all three sectors and the key points that were brought up in the breakout rooms. Melina Mehra clarified that one overarching message that came through was the need to be clear with messages that are being communicated, ensuring those messages are accessible in terms of the capabilities of that person, group or industry. There needs to be clarity on questions such as: What is being asked to be done? How is the success of it measured? Katrina Ramage highlighted how societal tolerance of climate injustice has reduced and that works in favour of better communication, but it does not lessen the complexity of the issue being communicated. COVID-19, as a potentially climate-induced zoonotic 66 An infectious disease which has spread from animals to humans. pandemic, and the rise in extreme weather events, has made it clear that the impacts of climate change are happening now. Glen Burridge summarised that clear communication of complex issues alongside de-biased and practically analysed decisions will allow these issues to be addressed effectively, in the present rather than in the future.

Climate change is a worldwide issue that can influence the way of life of all living beings. This study aims to perform a bibliometric analysis of climate crisis and climate change scientific studies. Bibliometric analyses give an in-depth assessment of the literature's publications on the subject, the identification of scientific research trends on the subject, the evaluation of researcher collaboration, and the evaluation of significant issues. The study is qualitative research, and a bibliometric research method was used. The research data was first accessed on 04 August 2022 (Time: 14:34) from the "Web of Science" database as an online search. However, some data were revised on 18 July 2023 (Time: 15:00) using the same database in order to include up-to-date data in the study. The obtained data were transferred to VOSviewer software and analyzed. According to the survey, climate-related articles most used keywords include climate change, climate crisis, sustainability, environment, climate justice, and Anthropocene. Most of the studied papers are from many disciplines, such as environmental sciences, meteorology atmospheric studies, ecology, geosciences multidisciplinary, and environmental studies. When the publications on climate catastrophe are examined by country, the most cited countries are England, Canada, United States, Sweden, and Norway. As a result, international scientific collaboration and data exchange are critical for a successful battle against climate change and the climate crisis. Collaboration and information exchange between disciplines can result in more effective and inclusive solutions. Encouraging studies in other languages and knowing common terminology can help to promote global collaboration. The examination and assessment of scientific findings are vital in enhancing societal awareness and resilience, as well as in developing long-term policy

Objective Socially-relevant and controversial topics, such as the climate crisis, are subject to differences in the explanations that scientists and the public find plausible. Scaffolds can help students be evaluative of the validity of explanations based on evidence when addressing such topics and support knowledge gains. Method This study compared two scaffolds in which students weighed connections between lines of evidence and explanations for the topics of climate change and extreme weather events. Results A Wilcoxon-signed rank test showed that students’ plausibility judgements shifted towards scientifically accepted explanations and that students increased their knowledge about climate crisis topics after completing both activities. A structural equation model suggested that students’ shifts in plausibility judgements drive their knowledge gains for the extreme weather activity, but the climate change activity demonstrated a possible ceiling effect in its usefulness for learning. Conclusions When students choose their lines of evidence and explanatory models, their plausibility reappraisals result in greater levels of post-instructional knowledge. Although effect sizes were modest, the results of this study demonstrate that students’ explicit reappraisal of plausibility judgements can support deeper learning of climate crisis issues.

Extreme weather events and their resulting impacts threaten all levels of society. Climate change can amplify the frequency and intensity of associated hazards. One of the key-challenges for decision-makers in civil protection is adapting to the changing landscape of weather-induced impacts driven by climate change. It is therefore essential to assess and estimate the changing conditions for extreme weather events under climate change.This study investigates the changing landscape of regional extreme weather events in the Alpine region by utilizing weather circulation type classification through its relationship with weather-induced potential extreme events. Therein, large-scale weather types take the role of relevant precursors for regional extreme events. The local-scale potential impact events that are associated with prevailing weather types are derived by using percentile-based methods on high-resolution, gridded precipitation data. ERA5 mean sea level pressure and the classification scheme GWT ('Gross-Wetter-Typen') are used to derive 18 classes of cyclonic and anti-cyclonic weather types, representing a prevailing circulation on a daily basis for the whole Alpine region. Subsequently, unsupervised hierarchical clustering (Agglomerative clustering) is used to evaluate overlaps between cluster families in order to derive a subset of 'high-impact' weather types. The relationship between those weather types and local-scale extreme events is further characterized by analyzing percentile-based indicators from station data and high-resolution observational data. Finally, we extend our analysis by applying found relationships to state-of-the-art climate models from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project 6 (CMIP6) to investigate the changing landscape for extreme weather events under different climate change scenarios.Our findings indicate that a subset of weather types, related to specific cyclonic circulation patterns, is mostly responsible as precursor for extreme precipitation events. Those patterns furthermore show increases in frequency under the scenario SSP3-7.0, that are consistent across the climate model ensemble. Associated changes of precipitation totals suggest increases in intensity, however these intensity changes are not as conclusive due to large inter-model spread.

The climate crisis is one of the most pressing issues of our time, and communication around it has evolved into a “booming industry” over recent decades (Nerlich et al., “Theory and Language” 97). Language, in particular, influences how individuals perceive and respond to environmental challenges. Specific linguistic constructions– such as temporal framing – shape perceptions of urgency, responsibility, and impact, particularly as they relate to the climate crisis (see Weinrich). Thus, this chapter explores the complex relationship between climate change communication, language, and temporal perspectives, focusing on representations of the concept of futurity in media coverage surrounding the 2022 United Nations Climate Change Conference (COP27) and the 2023 United Nations Climate Change Conference (COP28). Through an analysis of English-language media outlets across diverse regions, this study seeks to uncover patterns in how language, particularly with respect to futurity, may shape public perceptions of the ongoing climate crisis. Despite its relevance, the topic of how the climate crisis is represented has only recently attracted attention within ecolinguistic research, a field traditionally centered on human-nature relationships within language (Fill and Penz). Therefore, this chapter aims to bridge that gap by examining the role of future-oriented discourse in climate communication. By investigating how temporal language is used to frame climate issues in media, this study contributes to a deeper understanding of how ecological and linguistic perspectives intersect. This analysis is crucial not only for advancing climate change communication within ecolinguistics but also for enhancing public understanding of environmental issues. By examining how language frames climate discourse, this interdisciplinary approach demonstrates how strategic linguistic choices in media can encourage a more informed and proactive public response to the climate crisis.

The article is aimed at identifying, firstly, the features and the ways in which climate change influences the profile of financial business, and secondly, financial risks modification while taking into account climate change risks. Climate change is global, it causes new challenges for corporations, financial institutions and central banks, and for economy, as a whole. Statistics on the scale of the threatening impact produced by climate-re;ated risks on economy and its financial sector are presented. It is noted that the aggregate impact of climate change risks significantly exceeds the losses from the financial markets collapse. In particular, due to the natural disasters in 2020, the world economy suffered losses of about US$ 200 billion. The properties of climate-related risks are systematized and generalized, including the following: unpredictability, radical uncertainty, complex dynamics, chain effect, irreversibility, nonlinearity. Due to the high level of uncertainty, the problem of integrating climate change risks into the risk management system of financial institutions remains particularly complex. The ways in which risks generated by global climate change transform into financial risks are determined. It is noted that, despite the threatening impact of damage caused by extreme weather events and climate catastrophes, the management of these risks is still characterized by a low level of penetration into the system of risk-oriented management of financial institutions. In order for the financial business to effectively manage risks taking into account climate change, innovative approaches of strategic importance have been suggested, namely, green bonds and disaster bonds. The financial stability and sustainable dynamic development of economy will depend on the performance of financial institutions in implementing their policies in this area

According to the World Health Organization, the change in climate stands as the foremost health risk confronting humanity. In addition to endanger the accessibility of clean drinking water and clean air, it also entails the capability to negate centuries of progress in public health and advancement. Given the urgency of the circumstance, enlightened media sources have incorporated the phrase ‘climate crisis’ to underscore the existential risk posed by this critical issue.The provision of healthcare services needs significant resources. The acute healthcare system is identified as the sector with the second-highest carbon intensity, following closely behind food service setups. It entails the consumption of considerable resources, encompassing disposable items and medical apparatus, necessitating substantial energy input for their manufacture. Healthcare operations independently responsible for 8% of United States-based Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions. Particularly, surgical theatres used 3 to 6 times the energy than the entirety of hospitals.The administration of anaesthesia acts a significant component in climate change, attributed not only to the pharmaceuticals used, but also the significant amount of waste generated in our professional environment daily. As healthcare practitioners, we are dedicated to the principle of prioritizing the safety and health of patients; yet, by producing excessive waste in our clinical endeavours, we have inadvertently influenced the overall health of the public. Estimates recommend that life-cycle Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions associated with the healthcare and medical in the US will result in up to 381,000 extra disability-adjusted lifespan yearly.In our roles as anaesthesiologists, we are entrusted with welfare and safety of the patients; similarly, we also carry ethical commitments towards environmental preservation, as it impacts the well-being of the general public. It is fundamental to highlight that climate emergency is not limited to “safeguarding the earth” but rather capability for healthy human cohabitation.

<p>Imagine, a global climate crisis is happening – but nobody cares! With this presentation I want to take you on a journey into the heads of those people who will probably never be with us in academia, who will never enter university. To these people, climate change is not plausible – and they are right: Climate change is a systemic risk, and as such it is crossing borders, complex, stochastic, and there are tipping points, all of which leads to a general implausibility for those who are not quite into science. And I want to take you on a journey through 100 years of scientists failing to make people understand. <br>With this presentation I want to contribute to a better general understanding of what went wrong in our communication efforts and how we can improve. This reflection takes place on two levels:</p><ul><li>The level of communication: (Geo-)science communication has to be very clear about the difference between the right and the almost right word. Furthermore, it has to be very clear about the difference between informing people and making people understand.</li> <li>The level of the characteristics of climate change: The first level is even more important whenever we are dealing with systemic risks like climate change. In our communication efforts, we will have to pay more attention to the pitfalls and paradoxes of systemic risks than we have done so far. Probably the greatest paradox is that we are simply fearing the wrong: We are afraid of things that are highly unlikely (like getting robbed) whilst underestimating risks that are highly probable (like climate change) but not plausible on first sight.</li> </ul><p>Imagine, a global climate crisis is happening – and our communication is effective, thus the majority of people understands what is at stake. However, doing more of the same will not bring us to this stage. We might have to change the way we communicate and reach out.</p>

People experiencing poverty and inequality will be affected first and worst by the impacts of climate change to infrastructure and human settlements, including those caused by increasingly frequent and intense extreme weather events and natural disasters. They have the least capacity to cope, to adapt, to move and to recover. Community service organisations (CSOs) play a critical role in supporting individuals, families and communities experiencing poverty and inequality to build resilience and respond to adverse changes in circumstances. As such, the services they provide comprise a critical component of social infrastructure in human settlements. However, very little is understood about CSOs own vulnerability to – or their role in managing and mitigating risks to their clients and the community from – climate change impacts to physical infrastructure. The Extreme Weather, Climate Change and the Community Sector – Risks and Adaptations project examined the relationship between physical and social infrastructure (in the form of CSO service provision). Specifically, the ways in which the climate-driven failure of CSO service delivery worsens risks to the individuals and communities they serve and, on the other hand, how preparedness may reduce vulnerability to climate change and extreme weather impacts to human settlements and infrastructure. The research comprised a comprehensive and critical scoping, examination and review of existing research findings and an audit, examination and judgment-based evaluation of the current vulnerabilities and capacities of CSOs under projected climate change scenarios. It employed three key methods of consultation and data collection. A literature review examined research conducted to date in Australia and comparative countries internationally on the vulnerability and climate change adaptation needs of CSOs. A program of 10 Community Sector Professional Climate Workshops consulted over 150 CSO representatives to develop a qualitative record of extreme event and climate change risks and corresponding adaptation strategies specific to CSOs. A national survey of CSOs, which resulted in the participation of approximately 500 organisations, produced a quantitative data set about the nature of CSO vulnerability to climate change and extreme weather impacts to infrastructure, whether and how CSOs are approaching the adaptation task and key barriers to adaptation. While the methods employed and the absence of empirical data sets quantifying CSO vulnerability to climate change impacts create limitations to the evidence-base produced, findings from the research suggest that CSOs are highly vulnerable and not well prepared to respond to climate change and extreme weather impacts to physical infrastructure and that this underlying organisational vulnerability worsens the vulnerability of people experiencing poverty and inequality to climate change. However, the project results indicate that if well adapted, CSOs have the willingness, specialist skills, assets and capacity to make a major contribution to the resilience and adaptive capacity of their clients and the community more broadly (sections of which will be plunged into adversity by extreme events). Despite this willingness, the evidence presented shows that few CSOs have undertaken significant action to prepare for climate change and worsening extreme weather events. Key barriers to adaptation identified through the research are inadequate financial resources, lack of institutionalised knowledge and skills for adaptation and the belief that climate change adaptation is beyond the scope of CSOs core business. On the other hand, key indicators of organisational resilience to climate change and extreme weather impacts include: level of knowledge about extreme weather risks, past experience of an extreme weather event and organisational size. Given its size, scope and the critical role the Australian community sector plays in building client and community resilience and in assisting communities to respond to and recover from the devastating impacts of extreme weather events and natural disasters, the research identifies serious gaps in both the policy frameworks and the research base required to ensure the sector’s resilience and adaptive capacity – gaps which appear to have already had serious consequences. To address these gaps, a series of recommendations has been prepared to enable the development and implementation of a comprehensive, sector-specific adaptation and preparedness program, which includes mechanisms to institutionalise knowledge and skills, streamlined tools appropriate to the needs and capacity of a diverse range of organisations and a benchmarking system to allow progress towards resilience and preparedness to be monitored. Future research priorities for adaptation in this sector have also been identified.