Applying Blockchain Security for Agricultural Supply Chain Management

The problem of minimizing the number of intermediaries in the supply chain is long overdue in the logistics industry. How to carry out logistics operations without the participation of a large number of intermediaries, whose main task is to guarantee the transaction and document flow? Is this possible with Blockchain technology? While this technology is still evolving, there are still many challenges that remain to be addressed. One of the main challenges in implementing this technology in logistics is to reach agreement on its use among all stakeholders. When interaction between different stakeholders in the supply chain with different interests is achieved, then the full potential of this technology to improve the efficiency of logistics processes will be revealed. This will facilitate the emergence of new business models and processes in global trade logistics and increase transparency in the supply chain. Smart contracts with embedded business rules promise not only to reduce transaction costs but to create more agile value chains that enable closer cooperation.

Blockchain technology is a distributed database, which realizes the safe trans-mission and sharing of data in a decentralized system through technical means such as consensus mechanism, encryption algorithm and smart contract. Its application in the field of agriculture can effectively solve many problems in the supply chain of agricultural products. Therefore, the application of block-chain technology to agricultural supply chain management can provide security and information sharing for agricultural supply chain management, thus im-proving the operational efficiency of agricultural supply chain. This paper fo-cuses on the problems existing in agricultural supply chain and the application of blockchain technology in agricultural supply chain.

The supply chain network is one of the most important areas of focus in the majority of business circumstances. Blockchain technology is a feasible choice for secure information sharing in a supply chain network. Despite the fact that maintaining security at all levels of the blockchain is difficult, cryptographic methods are commonly used in existing works. Effective supply chain management (SCM) offers various benefits to organizations, such as enhanced customer satisfaction, increased operational efficiency, competitive advantage, and cost reduction. Potential SCM for agricultural and food supply chains needs distributors, coordination and collaboration among farmers, retailers, and stakeholders. The use of technology like Block Chain (BC), sensors, and data analytics, can boost traceability and visibility, decrease waste, and ensure safety and quality throughout the supply chain. Therefore, this study develops a Hunger Games Search Optimization with Deep Learning Model for Sustainable agricultural and food Supply Chain Management (HGSODL-ASCM) technique. The fundamental goal of the HGSODL-ASCM technique is to improve decision-making processes for agricultural and food commodity production and storage in order to optimise revenue. In the provided HGSODL-ASCM technique, a bidirectional long short-term memory (Bi-LSTM) model is built to determine the amount of productivity and storage required to maximise profit. In order to boost the performance of the Bi-LSTM classification process, the HGSO algorithm has been utilized in this work. The presented HGSODL-ASCM technique can independently achieve the SCM policies via interaction with complicated and adaptive environments. A brief set of simulations were performed to ensure the improved performance of the HGSODL-ASCM technique. The simulation results demonstrated how superior the HGSODL-ASCM method is to other methods already in use.

Recent catastrophic events and risks which have disrupted economies and supply chains around the world create new avenues/agendas for supply chain risks and security. Researcher and practitioner are showing increasing research interest on this area. This research has an effort to identified key factors and relation in supply chain risks and security and development of research framework. Given the increasing awareness of this important topic, the purpose of this research is to study supply chain critical risks important for supply chain security perspective and to investigate the relationship between supply chain vulnerability and supply chain risk. Interpretive structural modelling (ISM) has emerged as a means to analyse the relational aspects of the variables. The objective of this paper is to identify critical enablers of supply chain security management and to establish and analyse relationships among these enables using interpretive structural modelling. This research is continuing in this direction.

This study explores the legal frameworks governing digital transactions, with a specific focus on the transformative impact of blockchain technology. The primary aim is to elucidate the complexities and challenges posed by blockchain while examining the diverse regulatory approaches adopted internationally. Through a comprehensive literature review and comparative analysis, the research addresses key aspects such as the conceptual framework of digital transactions, the unique characteristics of blockchain, and the regulatory strategies implemented across different jurisdictions. The findings reveal that blockchain technology, characterized by its decentralized, immutable, and transparent nature, significantly disrupts traditional regulatory models. Identified challenges include jurisdictional ambiguities, enforcement difficulties, and privacy concerns. The comparative analysis shows divergent regulatory approaches: supportive frameworks in Japan and Switzerland contrast sharply with restrictive measures in China, highlighting the necessity for international cooperation and harmonization of regulations. The study concludes that effective regulation of blockchain technology requires innovative and flexible legal frameworks capable of adapting to rapid technological advancements. Policymakers must balance fostering innovation and protecting public interests, emphasizing the need for privacy-preserving technologies and international standards. Recommendations include developing global regulatory standards, enhancing privacy measures, and creating legal frameworks that accommodate the decentralized nature of blockchain systems. This research provides valuable insights for regulators, policymakers, and stakeholders, offering a pathway towards a secure, transparent, and innovative digital economy. Continuous adaptation and international collaboration are imperative to address emerging challenges and fully harness the potential of blockchain technology. The study advocates for proactive engagement and cooperation among nations to create a cohesive regulatory environment that promotes innovation while safeguarding public interests, enabling the global community to navigate the complexities of blockchain technology and unlock its full potential for economic and social advancement. Keywords: Blockchain Technology, Digital Transactions, Legal Frameworks, Regulatory Challenges, International Cooperation, Privacy Concerns.

The purpose of this paper is to present our proposal to use blockchain technology to create a secure, efficient, and smart voting system in the USA. The first section of this paper presents the current equipment and technology used in the current voting process in the USA. Next, an analysis of the technological challenges of our voting system is presented. Recommendations are proposed to remedy these challenges with the implementation of blockchain and biometric technologies. Next, the paper discusses the features, benefits, and uses of blockchain technology. Finally, arguments are presented both for and against the use of blockchain and biometric technologies for voting purposes.

Blockchain technology has become one of the most popular technologies for maintaining digital transactions. From the foundation of Bitcoin to the now-predominant smart contract, blockchain technology promises to induce a shift in thought-about digital transactions in many fields, such as energy, healthcare, Internet of Things, cybersecurity, financial services, and the supply chain. Despite blockchain technology offering many cryptography advantages such as immutability, digital signature, and hashing, it has suffered from several critical cybersecurity threats and vulnerabilities. In this chapter, we build upon the previous studies on vulnerabilities and investigate over 60 real cybersecurity incidents that have been happening on the blockchain networks between 2009 and 2019. We categorize those incidents against the key cybersecurity vulnerabilities in blockchain technologies and have developed a taxonomy that captures five types of cybersecurity threats and vulnerabilities based on five main players in blockchain. The outcome of this research prompted concerns and research direction in developing countermeasures to alleviate these risks. Blockchain; Cybersecurity; Attack; Threat; Vulnerability; Taxonomy.

In most of the administrative sections of the government, the enormous amount of digital data is generated. As expected, there will be continuous data insecurity in different forms like tinkering university marks of students, making up of certificates which are bogus, changing or erasing the digital ledger of land records. We need a reliable method that makes this digital data immutable to generate trust between administrative sections of the government and the citizens. To do this, we can materialize the “Block chain, a peer-to-peer software technology” which is an inherent concept from “Bitcoin” crypto currency (Heng in The Application of Block chain Technology in E-government in China, 2017) [1]. To hedge the digital records insecurity, block chain supports a distributed database which clasps encrypted ledger in a decentralized fashion. Upon the occurrence of a transaction, the transaction should be verified and then placed inside distributed encrypted ledger. Afterward, a set of “N” digital transactions are taken into account to calculate hash and kept in a block along with the timestamp. If the hash, timestamp along with transactions placed in a block, it is challenging to change or expunge transactions inside the block, considering that cryptographic block hash is irretrievable. The recently validated block is then connected and appended after the earlier block of block chain using earlier cryptographic block hash value. We have introduced the different schemes for materializing block chain technology in administrative sections of the government, e.g., in the department stamp and registration duties.

PurposeThe purpose of this research is to assess the tax stakeholders’ intention towards the adoption of blockchain technology (BT) for a transparent and effective taxing system in Bangladesh. It examines the factors influencing the behavioural intention of the users to adopt BT with a blended model built on the technology acceptance model (TAM) and self-determination theory (SDT). This research develops a prescriptive model to demonstrate how the stakeholders are interested in adopting BT for the taxing system.Design/methodology/approachData were obtained through a structured questionnaire from the stakeholders of the taxing system, including tax policymakers, tax commissioners, tax officers, lawyers, tax consultants and the taxpayers. Statistical analyses were performed using partial least square-structural equation modelling.FindingsResults reveal that out of the two primary TAM antecedents known as usefulness (PU) and ease of use (PEU), PU has a significant influence on the BT adoption intention. The only cognitive variable called autonomous motivation picked from SDT has a positive and significant impact on BT adoption for tax purpose as well. Finally, trust is found to be another important determinant for explaining stakeholders’ intention to adopt BT for an efficient taxing system where transparency can be ensured.Research limitations/implicationsThe proposed model does not include any moderator though there might be a moderating effect in this regard. The variation described in the behavioural intention to adopt BT by the predictors is half of the total possible variations. Hence, the inclusion of variables such as social influence and controlled motivation could be interesting.Practical implicationsThis study is expected to provide valuable insights into policymaking for tax administrations to enhance the tax collection net and maintain transparency and efficiency in the taxing system.Social implicationsThis research has social consequences for a recently graduated developing economy such as Bangladesh, where transparency and efficiency are a matter of question. Because BT adoption can assure a convenient and favourable environment for the taxpayers upholding the principles of taxation, it can play a significant role by ensuring social justice and equity through a transparent and effective taxing system.Originality/valueThis research is among the first few studies to address the issue of implementing a modern technology such as BT for an efficient taxing system from a developing country perspective. Furthermore, it combined TAM and SDT to propose a hybrid model for explaining behavioural intention to adopt an emerging technology such as blockchain, which is a new phenomenon.

This article explores the transformative potential of blockchain technology in revolutionizing data management and enhancing transparency across various industries. As a decentralized, immutable ledger system, blockchain offers a secure and efficient way to record, share, and verify information, eliminating the need for intermediaries and reducing the risk of fraud. The article reviews the fundamental principles of blockchain, including distributed consensus, cryptographic security, and smart contracts, to highlight how these features improve data integrity and trust in digital transactions. Through case studies in sectors such as finance, supply chain management, healthcare, and government services, the article demonstrates how blockchain can streamline operations, reduce costs, and promote accountability. Particular attention is given to the role of blockchain in improving transparency by providing an auditable and tamper-proof record of transactions, which is especially valuable in industries prone to corruption and data manipulation. The article also addresses the challenges facing blockchain adoption, including scalability issues, regulatory concerns, and the need for standardization. Additionally, the potential of blockchain in emerging applications, such as decentralized finance (DeFi) and non-fungible tokens (NFTs), is discussed, highlighting the technology’s expanding role in reshaping digital economies. The article concludes by emphasizing that while blockchain is still in its developmental stages, its ability to foster greater transparency and more secure data management systems positions it as a key driver of innovation in the digital age. Future research is recommended to explore further integration strategies and address challenges in widespread blockchain adoption.

This chapter explores the application of blockchain technology in achieving secure and transparent supply chains. With globalization and increasing complexities in supply chain networks, ensuring the integrity and visibility of products throughout their lifecycle has become a critical challenge for organizations. Blockchain technology offers a promising solution by providing a decentralized and immutable ledger to record and verify transactions, making it an ideal platform for enhancing supply chain transparency and security. The chapter begins by examining the key challenges faced by modern supply chains, including counterfeiting, lack of traceability, inefficient record-keeping, and trust issues among stakeholders. It highlights how these challenges can be addressed through the implementation of blockchain technology, leveraging its key features such as transparency, immutability, and decentralized consensus.

Crop tracking and traceability are crucial aspects of the modern agriculture supply chain, ensuring the safety and authenticity of products for consumers while improving efficiency and reducing waste. This paper presents a secure and efficient solution for crop tracking in agriculture by leveraging blockchain technology. The proposed system employs distributed ledger technology to record and verify the journey of crops from the field to the consumer, enhancing transparency and accountability. We explore the integration of smart contracts to automate key supply chain processes, such as quality assessment and payment settlement. Our solution not only strengthens the security of crop data but also streamlines the supply chain, reducing administrative overhead. We demonstrate the feasibility of our approach through a practical implementation, highlighting the benefits of blockchain in agriculture supply chain management.

Modern businesses are significantly reliant on integrated technologies to enhance the performance of their supply chains, operational efficiency, and decision-making capabilities. To manage client relationships, finances, inventory, procurement, and other tasks, businesses require Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) systems. But in complicated and dispersed supply chains, typical ERP systems struggle with transparency, security, and scalability. A new answer has arisen: blockchain technology. It provides immutability, decentralization, and safe data interchange. Smart contracts built on the blockchain enable automated processes, enforce compliance, and foster improved confidence among stakeholders. Cloud computing has revolutionized ERP implementation with its scalable, affordable, and real-time accessible solutions. However, it does come with some new integration and security problems. The convergence of blockchain, cloud computing, and ERP systems provides a framework for secure, transparent, and adaptable supply chain processes, enhancing procurement, logistics, financial management, and cross-organizational collaboration. This paper presents a systematic survey of blockchain-enabled ERP systems, examining technology foundations, integration architectures, application domains, and critical challenges such as interoperability, scalability, and user adoption. By synthesizing recent literature, this study highlights research gaps, offers insights into practical implementation, and identifies opportunities for future research, including the integration of AI and IoT to further enhance automation, predictive analytics, and trust in supply chain ecosystems.

<title>Abstract</title> Brain tumors, complex and potentially devastating, demand precise classification for effective patient prognosis and treatment planning. This paper introduces a novel approach to automate brain tumor classification using deep learning techniques, particularly convolutional neural networks (CNNs). However, conventional centralized methods compromise patient privacy and data security. To address this issue, federated learning (FL), a collaborative paradigm enabling model training across multiple institutions and aggregating models at a central server while preserving the confidentiality of sensitive medical data, is proposed. Moreover, an aggregation function at the central server is modified to identify the effect of aggregation on global model training. In addition to that, Blockchain technology is also integrated with FL architecture to enhance privacy preservation and trust, to ensure the integrity and immutability of patient data. By synergistically integrating modified FL, CNNs, and Blockchain technology, the proposed approach achieves accuracy (98%) and security in brain tumor classification. Through this, it aims to advance the field of medical imaging while prioritizing patient privacy and data security (through Blockchain technology) in brain tumor diagnosis and treatment.

Blockchain technology has the promise of transforming security and trust in digital transactions. However, concerns about technical complexity and the benefits of deployment have blunted its adoption. We examine factors that influence managerial intention to adopt blockchain technology. We extend the fit-viability model (FVM) and develop a value-based technology adoption model through an empirical study of 242 managers mostly in medical and financial industries. Managers in such organizations are likely to consider fit and viability in adopting blockchain technology to store and protect data. Drawing upon Fit-Viability and Task-Technology Fit models, and the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT), we test a model with Partial Least Squares (PLS) to assess managers’ intention to adopt blockchain technology. Our findings indicate that functional and symbolic benefits have positive impact on managers’ assessment of task-technology fit. Furthermore, viability is an important criterion in adopting blockchain technology.