Archival Silence and Forensic Memory: Contesting Truth in Anil’s Ghost within Postcolonial Sri Lanka

Legal regulations and literary sources on the issues of forensic expert activity and the science of psychology have been analyzed. The paper substantiates grounds for differentiating the principles of forensic expert activity and psychology and their influence on the performance of forensic psychological examination tasks. While preparing the article, the author used general, individual, and special methods of cognition. Since the Fundamental Law of Ukraine proclaims the recognition and operation of the rule of law principle in the State, it is proposed to supplement Article 3 of the Law of Ukraine “On Judicial Examination” with this principle. The author proves that the principle of legitimacy is enforced in various ways: the legislation envisages liability for both a forensic expert’ offenses as well as for offenses against a forensic expert. Researchers have been supported on the need to amend the Criminal Code of Ukraine in the aspect of increasing liability for exerting unlawful pressure on a forensic expert. It is emphasized that the principle of independence is one of the key principles underpinning the effective execution of forensic expert activity. Moreover, guarantees ensuring the independence of forensic experts have been considered. The research paper discusses controversial issues of implementing the principles of objectivity and research completeness. The author analyzes the main groups of psychological science principles: derived from philosophy, general psychological and specific scientific (sectoral) principles. Emphasis is made on the fact that the principles of forensic expert activity along with the basic principles of psychology form a strong foundation for a forensic psychological examination (provided that scientifically sound and proven methods and techniques that have been certified and registered by the State and are essential for conducting forensic examinations in this field have been used).

The research goal is (1) to increase the efficiency of collecting and studying the materials of forensic expert practice created by law school students, scientists, and law enforcement officers, and (2) to ensure the information reliability and exhaustiveness. We propose several algorithms for searching relevant documents, but there are limitations in obtaining their electronic versions. These algorithms have digital (online) and traditional, analog components (offline search). We conducted a comparative analysis of forensic examinations in different countries—Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Vietnam, and Russia. It showed that the development of this direction is impossible without a fundamental change in scientific, methodological, organizational, and legal approaches to the study of production and the improvement of forensic expertise. We consider that it is necessary to activate scientific research and didactic technologies to properly study the primary source of science and the academic discipline “forensic expertise.” Besides, we detail potential capabilities and algorithms to study forensic examinations conducted in state and non-state forensic expert organizations. In order to improve the technical efficiency and effectiveness of scientific research in forensic expertise, we make proposals to digitalize expert opinions and automate the recording of their study results. We suggest ways to improve the legal regulation of maintaining a unified reporting form for state and non-state forensic organizations.

In a trial examination of a criminal case, the judge conducts an examination with at least two valid pieces of evidence and also pays attention to the indictment of the public prosecutor regarding what criminal act the defendant has committed. In the case of murder the judge needs a forensic expert to find out what caused the criminal incident. The forensic doctor's statement in the form of a visum et repertum plays a role in deciding / imposing a sentence for the convicted person, because the Visum Et Repertum contains information or information about the causes that resulted in a person's death or injury. The formulation of the problems in this study are: 1. What is the role of forensic experts in uncovering the crime of murder? 2. What are the obstacles faced by forensic experts in uncovering the crime of murder? This study used a normative approach, the research material was collected using document study techniques, and data analysis techniques were used qualitatively. The results of the research show that: 1. The role of a forensic specialist is very important in uncovering the crime of murder, namely being able to directly provide information in court in the form of visum et repertum. 2. The judge's consideration of the results of the forensic doctor's testimony in court in revealing the crime of murder is very helpful for the judge in taking a legal consideration.Keywords: Witness; forensic expert; Criminal act; Suspect; Murder.

At first, forensics was restricted to studying data that was stored on a system's hard disk. However, as storage capacity and data encryption increased, applying conventional digital forensic procedures became more challenging. As a result, memory forensics techniques are developed, or are frequently referred to as live forensics, because the process is quicker and more sophisticated. Volatile memory forensics, often known as live forensics, are necessary for this condition. Live forensics has flaws, specifically that some programs can fail when the computer is in active VSM (virtual secure mode). This results in the retrievable evidence being lost. Therefore, determining the cause is essential. The software-based memory acquisition tools Autopsy, Isobuster, DumpIt, and Magnet RAM Capturer are just a few examples. According to the findings of the experiments, the tools that have crashed include DumpIt v1.3.2.20110401. A dynamic code analysis using WindBg as a tool was utilized to study the impact of VSM on the memory acquisition tool. This study's goal is to identify the instances of crashes in various forensic instruments, which will be highly useful for forensic experts performing investigations.

The Article Purpose is to enhance the understanding of error minimization strategies in forensic expert activity through an in-depth analysis of the most frequent errors and the development of new approaches to avoid them; to emphasize the classification of errors in order to identify key factors of their occurrence; to focus on the impact of cognitive biases, inadequate training of forensic experts and the lack of uniform standards; to develop recommendations for improving the system of training and certification of forensic experts; to address ethical aspects for the work of forensic experts. General scientific and special methods have been used to achieve this goal. The paper outlines strategies for minimizing errors in forensic expert activity; the impact of cognitive biases; issues of introducing state-of-the-art technologies, improving the system of forensic experts’ training and certification, as well as ethical dimensions of work. The author develops the main strategies for minimizing errors in forensic expert activity, which are of paramount theoretical and practical importance. A comprehensive approach to minimizing errors has been developed. Different aspects of the problem have been brought together to create a comprehensive approach to its resolution. Emphasis has been made on cognitive biases, insufficient training of forensic experts, and the lack of uniform standards. The impact of modern technologies on reducing the number of errors has been assessed. Recommendations have been proposed to improve the system of training and certification of forensic experts, as well as to adhere to high ethical standards.

The present paper arises from wider research which focused on various manifestations of destructive and malicious speech behavior in spontaneous oral or written dialogs, related to the processes of information concealment and falsification in police interviews and court testimonies. A number of analytical methods were used to generate this paper: a retrospective analysis of scientific literature, comparative legal and logical analysis, extrapolation methods, and content analysis. Despite numerous experimental researches devoted to acoustic-phonetic or psycholinguistic features of lies, their results are not sufficiently reliable for forensic purposes as the expert report should not rely on assumptions. The author disputes the evidence admissibility of experts’ conclusions about utterances implying speech parameters correlating with lies detected via psycholinguistic examination in oral speech audio or video recording of a police interview or a court testimony. Forensic psycholinguistic methods and comprehensive algorithms used in some forensic experts’ reports to detect speech signs of lying demonstrate a great variety that contradicts with the principals of evidence admissibility. The insufficient development of the currently used expert approach and the lack of a unified methodology for solving expert tasks on a strictly scientific basis creates a demand for developing comprehensive methods for studying lies on the basis of forensic speech science and cognitive theory.

Scientific and social scientific evidence has informed judicial decisions and the making of constitutional law for decades, but for much of U.S. history it has also served as a rhetorical device to justify inequality. It is only in recent years that scientific and statistical research has helped redress discrimination—but not without controversy. Scientific Evidence and Equal Protection of the Law provides unique insights into the judicial process and scientific inquiry by examining major decisions of the U.S. Supreme Court, civil rights advocacy, and the nature of science itself. Angelo Ancheta discusses leading equal protection cases such as Brown v. Board of Education and recent litigation involving race-related affirmative action, gender inequality, and discrimination based on sexual orientation. He also examines less prominent, but equally compelling cases, including McCleskey v. Kemp, which involved statistical evidence that a state’s death penalty was disproportionately used when victims were white and defendants were black, and Castaneda v. Partida, which established key standards of evidence in addressing the exclusion of Latinos from grand jury service. For each case, Ancheta explores the tensions between scientific findings and constitutional values

In his everyday court activities a judge has to consult a forensic psychiatry court expert very often nowadays. There is a shortage in the current law regulations, however, in that field, according to law processing solutions. The relationship between a judge and a forensic psychiatry court experts is not defined completely according to problems because of different concepts concerning scientific approaches, and the low and psychiatric terminology - thus there is need for a further education in order to gain a better understanding. Discussing various questions and dilemmas that have emerged from such relationship, the author suggest a greater affirmation of a forensic psychiatry court expert sub-specialist that is the one of a neuropsychiatrist (psychiatrist) in the court, as well as introducing of private testifying which should be done at a participant's demand, which would improve the quality of testifying in general, by its corrective role. The authors also discuss the dangers of trial expertise, the question of conscious and unconscious manipulation, psychodynamic interaction between participants in the trial, of some illogical phenomenon according to premises needed for pronouncing security measures by No 63 and No 64 paragraph of OKZ SRJ as well as the question of testifying to an individual as a morally and guilt responsible person for the work, except in some extremely complicated cases or in imperative applications of complex diagnostic methods which require participation of other experts as well, including a medical board and institutional processing.

Introduction: Physical violence became an important global problem in the last decades. This scenario is reflected in the increasing jurisprudence. In specific situations, perpetrators and victims of physical violence may inflict an especial patterned injury named bitemark. Knowing the case characteristics in lawsuits involving human bites and bitemarks is important to understand and encourage the role of Forensic Dentists as expert witness for bitemark analysis in Court. Objectives: The present study aimed to assess the jurisprudence to screen lawsuits that involve human bites and bitemarks in order to extract characteristics that could support research and practice of bitemark analysis. Material and methods: A systematic search was conducted in an open access jurisprudence system with the keywords “bite” and “bitemark”. Full-texts of lawsuits were selected and underwent data extraction. Results: A total of 2488 lawsuits were detected, from which 1125 were eligible in the present study. The lawsuits dated between 1997 (n=13, 1.15%) and 2015 (n=202, 17.95%). Forensic expertises were performed in 641 (56.97%) lawsuits, but the identity of suspects was investigated only in 3 (0.26%) cases. Conclusions: An increasing trend of lawsuits involving human bites and bitemarks was observed. Forensic Dentists must be aware of the current bitemark scenario as well the limitations inherent to bitemark analysis to face casework in the field. The present study provides evidence to encourage major education in bitemark analysis.

The author of the scientific article provides a scientific and practical view of forensic procedural modeling as a legal method during criminal proceedings on crimes. In this way, he makes his own contribution to the development of the science of forensics and lays new foundations in the theory and practice of criminal proceedings. All this affects the general scientific and legal, reformist policy of the state of Ukraine. At the same time, the author emphasizes that for the effective implementation of the method of forensic procedural modeling, procedural and legal cooperation of pre-trial investigation bodies and expert institutions of Ukraine is necessary in order to fully fulfill all the tasks of criminal proceedings, which are defined by the legislator in the Criminal Procedure Code of Ukraine. During the scientific research, the author analyzed and established that the methods of forensic investigation in practice of each individual case are selected individually by the person conducting the pre-trial investigation and the expert who is involved as a specialist or during the forensic examination. At the same time, the complex application of general scientific and special scientific methods can provide the opportunity to conduct a comprehensive, objective and complete study of issues that are subject to proof, and will eliminate procedural contradictions in the proceedings. For the discussion of theorists and practitioners, the author of the article presents his own position on the structure of the forensic modeling method, which is aimed at collecting and studying evidence in criminal proceedings. The significance of this structure in the system of criminology and in the criminal process of Ukraine is revealed and analyzed. As a result of the conducted scientific research, the author summarized the results of achieving the tasks that he set in the purpose of the article, provided his own (author's) wishes in terms of implementing legal norms that regulate forensic modeling during the performance of official functions by an investigator (detective) and a forensic expert who fulfill their functional duties in the direction of searching for and studying evidence of a criminal offense. The attention of scientists and practitioners of criminal process and forensics is emphasized to continue their unwavering cooperation in the study of new opportunities of modern forensics for the effective implementation of criminal proceedings and establishing the truth in the case.

Introduction. As a result of the full-scale war, many enterprises, particularly agricultural ones, suffered direct losses: the capture and destruction of production facilities and real estate objects, the theft of equipment, vehicles, stocks and raw materials. The Ukrainian «peace formula» envisages the creation of an international mechanism to compensate for all the damages caused by the war at the expense of Russian assets. The first step in this direction is assessing and recording the damage caused at the enterprise level.Purpose. The article aims to analyze the professional potential of the accountant to confirm his functional ability to timely and fully assess and document the consequences of the war (direct losses) at the agricultural enterprise.Methods. The research is based on a comparative analysis of the components (education, practical experience, size of the professional community, methodical support) of the potential of specialists whose functional duties include property valuation of legal entities. The authors use comparison, analogy, induction and deduction, abstraction, graphical, and tabular methods to prove the research hypothesis. Separate data for the study were collected by the survey method and submission of requests for obtaining public information.Conclusions. The regulatory, organizational, and methodical principles of assessing direct losses of an agricultural enterprise caused by the war were revealed. The size of the professional community of independent evaluators and forensic experts was estimated. The idea of implementing an accounting approach to assessing the direct losses of agricultural enterprises was presented. The results of the study show that the potential of the accountant’s education and practical experience and the scale of the professional accounting movement allows us to state that temporary changes to the legislation on granting a professional accountant the right to assess direct losses caused to an agricultural enterprise in connection with the armed aggression of the Russian Federation will be appropriate. The advantages of implementing an accounting approach are apparent: mass application, short deadlines, and minimal costs.Discussion. Expanding the functions of a professional accountant of an agricultural enterprise in martial law conditions can be extended to other branches of the economy, and the development of methodical support for implementing such functions is the object of new scientific research.

Objetivo: Analisar o perfil das vítimas e agressores, segundo as variáveis sociodemográficas e manifestações clínicas orofaciais em Feira de Santana-Bahia, no período de 2007-2009. Materiais e Métodos: Estudo epidemiológico do tipo descritivo utilizando dados secundários coletados no Instituto Médico Legal de Feira de Santana, nos anos de 2007 a 2009. Foram consultadas as características sócio-demográficas da vítima; vínculo da mesma com o agressor; caracterização do instrumento; descrição das lesões quanto aotipo e localização; avaliação do dano causado. Após a tabulação dos dados, realizou-se a análise estatística dos mesmos através do programa SPSS, versão 15.0. Resultados: A maioria das vítimas pertenceu ao sexomasculino, eram solteiras, faiodermas e apresentaram idade entre 18 e 35 anos. Quanto ao tipo de lesão, houve destaque para o edema (14,8%), a fratura dentária (14,8%) e a luxação dentária (11,2%). As estruturasintra-orais mais afetadas foram os dentes e a mucosa labial, com 54,6% e 30,9%, respectivamente. No exame extra-oral as regiões bucal (39%) e malar (10,3%) apresentaram um comprometimento maior. O emprego doinstrumento contundente foi mais comum, na maioria das agressões. Conclusão: Houve um maior número de vítimas do sexo masculino, solteiro, estudante, faioderma e com idade entre 18 e 35 anos. Na maioria doslaudos não havia informações sobre o agressor. O instrumento contudente foi o mais utilizado no momento da agressão. O edema e a fratura dentária foram os principais tipos de lesões resultantes da violência. Osresultados desta pesquisa denotam a necessidade de implementação de programas preventivos da violência nas áreas de saúde e de segurança pública.Descritores: Odontologia Legal. Violência. Epidemiologia.

INTRODUCTION: The criminal evidence stands out among others in the prosecution for providing an impartial analysis of criminal evidence, based on scientific methodology and, therefore, with the characteristic of reproducibility of its results, thus strengthening the procedural processing of contradiction. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This article presents the Center for Storage and Custody of Remains (CGCV) of the Federal District Civil Police (PCDF) and its actions carried out to comply with the Anti-Crime Package or Law 13.964/2019, concerning the chain of custody, marking the pioneering spirit of the PCDF in Brazil in this context. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: Procedural implementation was put in place expediently, however structural changes are still under analysis or in execution. CONCLUSION: If the chain of custody is not properly constituted, the material evidence may be totally or partially invalidated and, consequently, so may the resulting expert examination. Keywords: chain of custody, Law 13.964/2019, anti-crime package, criminal evidence.

Introduction: the paper discusses the procedure for familiarizing the accused with the materials of the criminal case. The paper identifies the main problems that arise in the practice of resolving petitions filed after the familiarization with the materials of the criminal case. In the paper, the author analyzes the procedure for familiarizing the accused and his defense lawyer with the materials of the criminal case, which is one of the important stages in the pre-trial proceedings. In the course of the study, it was found that the accused has more opportunities to exercise their right to submit petitions than other participants in the criminal proceedings. In the course of the research, the author investigated the theoretical and practical problems that arise when familiarizing the accused with the materials of the criminal case. In this paper, the author sets the goal of the study: to analyze the procedural order for familiarizing the accused with the materials of the criminal case. Methods: the methodological framework for the research is the general scientific system method, which examines the issues related to the activities of the investigator at the stage of familiarization of participants in the criminal proceedings with the materials of the criminal case. It is necessary to emphasize the use of some specific scientific methods in the research, such as the comparative legal and formal logical methods. Results: the need to introduce a separate rule in the Criminal Procedure Code of the Russian Federation related to the issue of the procedure for filing a petition by the accused and his defense lawyer. Conclusions: the study revealed that it is necessary to improve the process for filing petitions, the rules for their consideration by the investigator, and ensuring that the parties to criminal proceedings guarantee the protection of their rights and legitimate interests. In particular, it is necessary to make additions to Article 217 of the Criminal Procedure Code of the Russian Federation in the paragraph on the need to fix the reasons for the inability to get acquainted with the material evidence and their further specification in the investigator’s decision.

Philip of Macedon was one of the extraordinary figures of antiquity. Inheriting a kingdom near collapse, he left to his son Alexander the strongest state in Eastern Europe. He developed new military technology and made Macedonia the greatest power in the Western world. He created a united, multiracial kingdom based on liberal principles and added to it the resources of a Balkan empire. Most importantly, he inspired the city-states of the Greek peninsula to form a unified community, ensuring peace among its members, the rule of law in internal politics, and collective security in the face of agressors. No statesman in Europe had ever achieved so much. This book presents a narrative history of Hellenistic Macedonia from the state's rise out of obscurity under Philip to the accession of Alexander. Focusing on the character and career of Philip, Hammond discusses developments in military technology and strategy, the social composition and geography of northern Greece, and the region's political developments. He also examines the world of the city-states, the nature of their democracies, their propensity for interstate warfare, and their development of capitalism, scientific methods, and philosophical ideas. With close analysis of the literary and material evidence, including interpretations of recent archaeological discoveries, Hammond offers a portrait of Philip as a Macedonian. Including illustrations of the frescoes and artifacts found in the Royal Tombs at Vergina in 1977, the book also reveals the culture and artistry of the Macedonian people who made Philip's success possible.