Artifacts in Micro-CT

The paper presents an overview of the existing and actually applied techniques for the investigation of concrete structures by ultrasound backscattering. Comparing the progress of ultrasound application in the field of medicine and in civil engineering since the last 40 years it is obvious that the capabilities of the technique developed quite different. Reasons for that will be discussed. During the last decade new approaches in civil engineering had been tried out successfully with very promising results. Some of them will be displayed in the paper. It should be pointed out clearly that ultrasound application in civil engineering must not be regarded primarily as a method for the detection of imperfections of a structure after its completion, but also as a tool to improve the quality and the reliability – in the ideal case during the construction of a building. Therefore the nondestructive testing and the construction should be performed in close cooperation. The regulations of ISO 9000 suggest such a strategy.

Engineering and environmental properties of foamed recycled glass as a lightweight engineering material

It is our honor to present the Proceedings of the 2024 3rd International Conference on Mechanical, Aerospace Technology and Materials Application (MATMA 2024). MATMA 2024 is an event that brings together the world’s leading experts and scholars in the field of mechanical and aerospace technology, and is also an excellent platform for sharing the latest research results and discussing the application of cutting-edge technologies in related domains. The conference aims to discuss the latest progress and challenges in mechanical engineering, aerospace technology and materials applications, and to promote the innovation of related theories and technological breakthroughs. By building this international exchange platform, we expect to promote extensive cooperation among academics, strengthen the integration of industry, academia and research between universities and enterprises, jointly address the key issues of industry development, and promote the sustained and healthy development of relevant fields. MATMA 2024 brought together top scholars and researchers from all over the world, who shared their latest research results and practical experiences in mechanical engineering, aerospace technology and materials applications during this conference. It is worth mentioning that the conference specially invited Duc Truong Pham (Professor from University of Birmingham, UK and Member of the Royal Academy of Engineering), Eckart Meiburg (Professor from University of California Santa Barbara, US), Alam Md. Mahbub (Professor from Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), China), Yufei Gao (Professor from Shandong University, China), Caixu Yue (Professor from Harbin University of Science and Technology, China), Taimoor Asim (Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen, UK), etc., to give the keynote speeches. In-depth exchanges and discussions around aerodynamics and aeroelasticity, aerospace design, testing and performance, numerical control technology, noise vibration and harshness, combustion and emission control, advanced manufacturing technology, as well as deformation and fracture of materials, materials processing, high-performance materials, etc. were carried out during the conference. Through these communications, we have jointly explored the current and future development direction of mechanical engineering, aerospace technology and materials applications, stimulated innovative thinking, and promoted academic exchanges and cooperation. This Proceedings of MATMA 2024 contains excellent academic papers submitted from all around the world, which not only cover the basic theories, structure design and analysis, and operation and evaluation systems of aerospace, but also discuss in depth the applications and innovations of mechanical technologies and high-performance materials. Each paper has been strictly reviewed and screened to ensure its academic value and practical application value. We would like to express our sincere thanks to all the participants for their enthusiastic participation and active contributions, to the organizers and committee members for their careful organization and thoughtful arrangements, and to all the experts and scholars who took the time out of their busy schedules to attend the conference and bring us wonderful speeches and profound insights. We believe that with the joint efforts of all of you, MATMA 2024 will become an important milestone in promoting the development of mechanical and aerospace technology and materials applications. The Committee of MATMA 2024 List of Committee Member is available in this pdf.

The class, characteristics, and possible applications of nanotechnology in medicine are covered in the article below. In order to determine its significance and guide its evolution, it highlights the necessity of collaboration between scientists, governments, civil society sections, and the general public. As a result of their ability to readily penetrate human cells at the nanoscale, makes them valuable for cell target therapy, efficient drug delivery, and disease diagnostics, nanotechnology and medicine are significant disciplines. Additionally, pharmaceuticals are protected from degradation by the shield-like characteristics of nanoparticles. The intention of this study review is to present the next generation of medical scientists with a compilation of well-known attributes of nanomedicine and to highlight established techniques for medical research. The application of nanotechnology in sensitive medical procedures has been the subject of extensive research that have incorporated the most recent data from reliable sources. The possible applications of medically relevant nanotechnology in targeted drug delivery, gene therapy, cancer treatment, and inherited disorder treatment is looked at in this review article. It draws attention to the fact that additional effort is necessary to realize the great potential of nanotechnology in the healthcare sector. With an emphasis on nanomaterials and nanomedicines, this chapter explores the implementation of nanotechnology in clinical research. Their application in drug delivery, optometry, tissue engineering, immunology, neurological treatment, gene therapy, chemotherapy, diagnostic methods, surgical dentistry, wound care, visualization, and molecular repair are all investigated. The multilayer taxonomies of nanoparticles, biosensors, nanotechnology, and nanozymes are discussed in this article, with an emphasis on the internet of nano things (IoBNT) and its possible applications in medicine. It explores the potential to strengthen IoBNT's compatibility with the human body as well as the challenges to its successful deployment.

Tissue engineering (TE) is a modern approach to improve or restore tissues that has been diseased or damaged by combining the factors in growth signaling and appropriate cells to form compatible biomaterial scaffold. Bone repair has been a major global health challenge in recent decades. Bone transplantation is widely used as an effective clinical treatment for this purpose. However, there are several serious issues with transplantation, including a shortage of autologous bone, immune rejection, the risk of virus transmission with allogeneic bone, and postoperative complications. In recent years, scaffolds for bone tissue engineering have emerged as a promising alternative for bone repair. These scaffolds have porous structures that mimic the extracellular matrix, which can enhance the migration, proliferation, and differentiation of osteoblasts. This process accelerates the repair of bone defects.The usage of bioactive materials has become important tool in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine application as they are to mimic tissues mechanically, chemically, and physically. Polymeric scaffold provides numerous advantageous for tissue engineering since the physicochemical properties such as porosity, pore size, solubility and biocompatibility can be controlled. Therefore, research works were carried out to explore the potential of various materials in producing bone scaffolds in tissue engineering technology. As for both newcomers and experts, this review paper will help them to find information on various types of biomaterials in imparting or enhancing their biological properties such as biocompatibility, bacterial inhibition, tissue regeneration and cell growth, bio inertness, bioactive and resorbability for bone scaffold tissue engineering application.

Recent research in the vaccine and immunotherapy fields has revealed that biomaterials have the ability to activate immune pathways, even in the absence of other immune‐stimulating signals. Intriguingly, new studies reveal these responses are influenced by the physicochemical properties of the material. Nearly all of this work has been done in the vaccine and immunotherapy fields, but there is tremendous opportunity to apply this same knowledge to tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. This review discusses recent findings that reveal how material properties—size, shape, chemical functionality—impact immune response, and links these changes to emerging opportunities in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. We begin by discussing what has been learned from studies conducted in the contexts of vaccines and immunotherapies. Next, research is highlighted that elucidates the properties of materials that polarize innate immune cells, including macrophages and dendritic cells, toward either inflammatory or wound healing phenotypes. We also discuss recent studies demonstrating that scaffolds used in tissue engineering applications can influence cells of the adaptive immune system—B and T cell lymphocytes—to promote regenerative tissue microenvironments. Through greater study of the intrinsic immunogenic features of implantable materials and scaffolds, new translational opportunities will arise to better control tissue engineering and regenerative medicine applications.

Research on tissue engineering has been actuated for want of improved treatments and has now come out as a likely alternative to organ transplantation. The two indispensable components for regeneration of tissues are cells and scaffolds. Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that have proliferative capacity and the ability to differentiate into specific mature lineages, which is called plasticity. The physical and chemical signals from the surrounding microenvironment can influence the proliferation as well as the differentiation of stem cells into more specialized cell types and thus play an important role regulating the fate of the stem cells. Over decades, scientists have revealed that the stem cells' growth and differentiation can be stimulated and regulated by scaffold properties. Silk fibroin has been used in both in vitro and in vivo tissue engineering applications and has shown promising results, particularly for bone tissue engineering applications. For successful application of stem cells in tissue engineering, directed differentiation of stem cells will have to include approaches that not only regulate cell-fate specification but also cell maturation to access a complete range of cell types and stages. One of the ways of achieving this is by modifying the surface properties of the scaffold to have control over the stem cell behavior and final product. In this spotlight on application, we recapitulate the current developments of silk-based materials and their surface modifications for patterning of cells and stem cell differentiation with a focus on bone tissue engineering.

ABSTRACTIntroduction: The applications of naturally obtained polymers are tremendously increased due to them being biocompatible, biodegradable, environmentally friendly and renewable in nature. Among them, polyhydroxyalkanoates are widely studied and they can be utilized in many areas of human life research such as drug delivery, tissue engineering, and other medical applications.Areas covered: This review provides an overview of the polyhydroxyalkanoates biosynthesis and their possible applications in drug delivery in the range of micro- and nano-size. Moreover, the possible applications in tissue engineering are covered considering macro- and microporous scaffolds and extracellular matrix analogs.Expert commentary: The majority of synthetic plastics are non-biodegradable so, in the last years, a renewed interest is growing to develop alternative processes to produce biologically derived polymers. Among them, PHAs present good properties such as high immunotolerance, low toxicity, biodegradability, so, they are promisingly using as biomaterials in biomedical applications.

We prepared 3D poly (ε-caprolactone) (PCL) nanofibre scaffolds and tested their use for seeding, proliferation, differentiation and migration of mesenchymal stem cell (MSCs). 3D nanofibres were prepared using a special collector for common electrospinning; simultaneously, a 2D PCL nanofibre layer was prepared using a classic plain collector. Both scaffolds were seeded with MSCs and biologically tested. MSC adhesion, migration, proliferation and osteogenic differentiation were investigated. The 3D PCL scaffold was characterized by having better biomechanical properties, namely greater elasticity and resistance against stress and strain, thus this scaffold will be able to find broad applications in tissue engineering. Clearly, while nanofibre layers of the 2D scaffold prevented MSCs from migrating through the conformation, cells infiltrated freely through the 3D scaffold. MSC adhesion to the 3D nanofibre PCL layer was also statistically more common than to the 2D scaffold (P < 0.05), and proliferation and viability of MSCs 2 or 3 weeks post-seeding, were also greater on the 3D scaffold. In addition, the 3D PCL scaffold was also characterized by displaying enhanced MSC osteogenic differentiation. We draw the conclusion that all positive effects observed using the 3D PCL nanofibre scaffold are related to the larger fibre surface area available to the cells. Thus, the proposed 3D structure of the nanofibre layer will find a wide array of applications in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine.

In recent years, smart materials have piqued the interest of scientists and physicians in the biomedical community owing to their ability to modify their properties in response to an external stimulation or changes in their surroundings. Biocompatible piezoelectric materials are an interesting group of smart materials due to their ability to produce electrical charges without an external power source. Electric signals produced by piezoelectric scaffolds can renew and regenerate tissues through special pathways like that found in the extracellular matrix. This review summarizes the piezoelectric phenomenon, piezoelectric effects generated within biological tissues, piezoelectric biomaterials, and their applications in tissue engineering and their use as biosensors.

In situ and ex situ modifications of bacterial cellulose for applications in tissue engineering

Summary Ultrasound or a high-frequency (20 kHz to 100 kHz) pressure wave has been used in diagnosis and treatments in different areas, such as: medicine, dentistry, civil engineering, and many other industrial applications. In the oil industry, there are applications (i.e., pipeline inspections, fluid velocity measurements, etc.), but to the present, these applications in formation stimulation have been incipient, and only a few lab and field test experiences have been reported. Stimulation with ultrasound is not a common operation offered by oil service companies. To visualize the real potential of ultrasound in oil well stimulation, it is necessary to understand the wave phenomenon, its properties, the parameters that define its behavior, and its interaction with the propagation media. This basic knowledge and the understanding of the different formation damage mechanisms are the keys to comprehend the real potential and application window of the ultrasound in oil well stimulation. This paper presents the theoretical basis of ultrasound and wave phenomena that must be considered when considering stimulation with ultrasound. Finally, some suggestions about the application window of this technology are given.

Differently to most chemically synthesized medical materials, polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) are intracellular carbon and energy storage granules, which is a family of natural bio‐polymers synthesized by microorganism's materials. Due to excellent biocompatibility reasonable biodegradability and versatile material difference, PHAs are well medical biomaterials candidates for applications in tissue engineering and drug delivery, including commercial PHB, PHBV, PHBHHx, PHBVHHx, P34HB and few uncommercial PHAs. Electrospinning nanofibers with the size of 10–10,000 nm can improve the mechanical properties and decrease the crystallinity of PHA, meanwhile simulate the structure and function of native extracellular matrix of cells. Hence, PHAs electrospinning nanofibers as engineered scaffolds have been widely used for tissue engineering scaffolds in cardiovascular, vascular, nerve, bone, cartilage and skin; also, as carriers for application in drug delivery system. In this review, we highlight the extraction and properties of medical PHAs from natural or engineered microorganism, and microstructure, current manufacturing techniques and medical applications of electrospinning nanofibers of PHAs. Moreover, the current challenges and prospects of PHAs electrospinning nanofibers are discussed rationally, providing an insight into developing vibrant fields of PHAs electrospinning nanofibers‐based biomedicine.

Hydrothermal aging of carbon fiber reinforced polymer rods intended for cable applications in civil engineering

Biostabilization techniques and applications in Civil Engineering: State-of-the-Art