Veterinary anatomy is an essential course that provides a fundamental basis for various clinical specializations. Artificial intelligence (AI) is increasingly being incorporated into anatomy education, revolutionizing the field through various tools such as 3D-printed models, virtual and augmented reality systems, the Anatomage table, virtual staining techniques, and virtual laboratories. 3D printing has been promoted in the last two decades, and successfully applied in anatomy, surgery and other educational fields. AI-driven virtual dissection platforms are an invaluable resource that provide high-quality anatomical simulations, with a more interactive and immersive learning experience that ensures students receive comprehensive training regardless of their location. Augmented Reality (AR) and Virtual Reality (VR) provide immersive, interactive experiences that significantly improve comprehension of intricate anatomical concepts. Anatomage is a digital dissection table that offers comprehensive anatomy resources for veterinary science for fully segmented, detailed and dissectible dog, cat and other animal scans. Instructors and clinicians can upload their own DICOM files. 3D visualization enables the usage of 3D models in education improves the quality of teaching and the learning outcomes of students with respect to visibility, clarity and quality of the 3D neuro-anatomical models using the XYZ-3D scanner. Virtual dissection might hinder the cultivation of clinical skills in future surgeons by denying students the chance to physically feel and explore the textures of anatomical structures. These technologies can be useful tools in veterinary histology. In virtual staining, histological stains are created by training neural networks to produce stained images from an unstained tissue image, or through transferring information from one stain to another. Virtual labs are computer-based simulations that allow students to conduct laboratory experiments online. They save time, reduce costs, and offer a safer alternative to traditional physical labs. Incorporating AI into veterinary anatomy education makes learning more accessible, scalable, and effective for students. AI-driven anatomical tools enable flexible understanding, unconstrained by location or time. Additionally, these resources can accommodate larger groups of students without requiring expanded physical facilities. Moreover, gamified AI learning can lead to higher retention rates and increased student engagement. Thus, AI-based new tools and methods viz., VR, AR, Anatomage table and 3D visualization platforms are revolutionizing anatomy education and can be utilized in teaching and learning of veterinary anatomy to enhance learning experiences to complement rather than replace traditional teaching method.
42Extended-Reality Technologies: An Overview of Emerging Applications in Medical Education and Clinical Care.
Extended-Reality Technologies: An Overview of Emerging Applications in Medical Education and Clinical Care.
4Augmented and Virtual Reality in Computational Thinking: A Systematic Review of Their Individual Impacts, Advantages, Challenges, and Future Directions
Computational thinking (CT) skills are increasingly important in education to prepare students for the challenges of the digital age. Augmented Reality (AR) and Virtual Reality (VR) have been introduced as immersive technologies that have the potential to enhance CT skills through more interactive learning experiences. However, there is still a gap in understanding the effectiveness of these technologies in supporting the development of CT, particularly in different levels of education and disciplines. Although several studies have highlighted the benefits of AR and VR in education, no systematic review integrates these findings to identify advantages, challenges, and opportunities for further implementation. Therefore, this study conducted a systematic review based on the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines by analyzing 25 empirical studies (AR=17, VR=8) obtained from the Scopus database (2008-2024). The analysis addresses four key research questions: (1) the current state of AR/VR in CT development, (2) their advantages, (3) implementation challenges, and (4) future research directions. The results show that AR is more widespread than VR at various levels of education, with dominance in higher education followed by secondary and primary schools. Computer science is the main field of application of AR and VR, while AR is also widely applied in mathematics to increase interest and problem-solving. A total of 11 studies reported significant impacts of these technologies on CT, with AR being superior in increasing student motivation and engagement, as well as aiding in problem-solving and debugging. In contrast, VR provides a more immersive learning experience by strengthening concept understanding, especially in programming and recursion. However, several obstacles in the application of AR and VR, such as hardware limitations, costs, and user skills, affect the effectiveness of these technologies in the learning environment. This study also identified potential future research, including the exploration of VR in primary and kindergarten education, the application of VR in non-computer science fields, and the efficient use of these technologies in supporting the CT process. This study provides more precise insights into the optimal ways of utilizing AR and VR in developing CT skills. It is a reference for educators, policymakers, and researchers in supporting CT learning.
Read more46A systematic review of virtual reality for the assessment of technical skills in neurosurgery.
Virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR) systems are increasingly available to neurosurgeons. These systems may provide opportunities for technical rehearsal and assessments of surgeon performance. The assessment of neurosurgeon skill in VR and AR environments and the validity of VR and AR feedback has not been systematically reviewed. A systematic review following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines was conducted through MEDLINE and PubMed. Studies published in English between January 1990 and February 2021 describing the use of VR or AR to quantify surgical technical performance of neurosurgeons without the use of human raters were included. The types and categories of automated performance metrics (APMs) from each of these studies were recorded. Thirty-three VR studies were included in the review; no AR studies met inclusion criteria. VR APMs were categorized as either distance to target, force, kinematics, time, blood loss, or volume of resection. Distance and time were the most well-studied APM domains, although all domains were effective at differentiating surgeon experience levels. Distance was successfully used to track improvements with practice. Examining volume of resection demonstrated that attending surgeons removed less simulated tumor but preserved more normal tissue than trainees. More recently, APMs have been used in machine learning algorithms to predict level of training with a high degree of accuracy. Key limitations to enhanced-reality systems include limited AR usage for automated surgical assessment and lack of external and longitudinal validation of VR systems. VR has been used to assess surgeon performance across a wide spectrum of domains. The VR environment can be used to quantify surgeon performance, assess surgeon proficiency, and track training progression. AR systems have not yet been used to provide metrics for surgeon performance assessment despite potential for intraoperative integration. VR-based APMs may be especially useful for metrics that are difficult to assess intraoperatively, including blood loss and extent of resection.
Read more8Develop a Virtual and Augmented Reality System to Enhance Learning and Training Assembly
Teaching, learning and training in assembly or disassembly as well as maintenance operation to new users, employees, engineers or technicians is important for various education sector and industries for them to acquire new skills. However to train those users to efficiently perform new skills is become challenging. It is important to reduce the user's training and working times to avoid cost issues in training, material, unavailable expertise and avoid actual part damage. Therefore, this study is conducted to design and develop a Virtual Reality (VR) and Augmented Reality (AR) system for learning and training platform. The valve assembly system was selected as a task for mechanical assembly system. This study was designed to find the influence of interactive learning method using AR system. The outcome from this study showed that learning and training in AR and VR system resulted in better to user skill performance. User learn and trained in a ARVR group gives positive feedback; very easy, practical and as a solution of the training process without using the actual one. While learning using interactive learning method such as AR resulted with better knowledge with less assembly error.
Read more3Transforming Online Retail: The Impact of Augmented and Virtual Reality on Consumer Engagement and Experience in E-Commerce
Purpose: This study investigates the transformative role of augmented reality (AR) and virtual reality (VR) technologies in e-commerce and digital marketing. It aims to understand how these immersive technologies enhance consumer experiences by addressing challenges such as product visualization, consumer trust, and engagement while fostering higher purchase intent and customer satisfaction. Design/Method/Approach: A systematic literature review synthesizes findings from empirical and theoretical studies published between 2011 and 2024. The methodologies analyzed include experimental designs, market analyses, and conceptual frameworks assessing the integration of AR and VR technologies in online retail. Findings: The findings indicate that AR enhances online shopping through features such as virtual try-ons and spatial placement visualization, reducing return rates and increasing purchase confidence. VR, on the other hand, provides immersive environments that simulate physical shopping experiences, strengthening consumer-brand connections. While AR demonstrates broader applicability in fostering interactive and personalized experiences, VR remains limited by accessibility and cost constraints. Both technologies exhibit immediate costs but offer long-term benefits, positively influencing conversion rates and customer loyalty. Theoretical Implications: This study contributes to consumer behavior research by applying value perception models, immersive technology frameworks, and engagement metrics to the e-commerce landscape. It refines existing theoretical perspectives on technological adoption by highlighting the interplay between sensory engagement, emotional connection, and consumer decision-making. Practical Implications: The research underscores the strategic importance of integrating AR and VR into digital marketing and e-commerce platforms. It suggests leveraging AR for product categories requiring spatial interaction and using VR for high-detail product exploration. The study provides actionable insights for businesses looking to enhance online shopping experiences through immersive technologies. Originality/Value: This study offers a comprehensive synthesis of AR and VR applications in e-commerce, highlighting their potential to reshape online shopping. By bridging the gap between physical and digital retail experiences, it provides a fresh perspective on how immersive technologies can drive engagement, accessibility, and personalized consumer interactions. Research Limitations/Future Research: While this study synthesizes existing literature, empirical validation through longitudinal studies and cross-industry applications is necessary. Future research should explore the long-term effects of AR and VR adoption on consumer trust, loyalty, and behavioral changes. Additionally, further exploration is encouraged into gamification, artificial intelligence (AI) integration, and demographic-specific implementations to drive sustainable engagement.
Read more194The effects of virtual reality, augmented reality, and motion parallax on egocentric depth perception
As the use of virtual and augmented reality applications becomes more common, the need to fully understand how observers perceive spatial relationships grows more critical. One of the key requirements in engineering a practical virtual or augmented reality system is accurately conveying depth and layout. This requirement has frequently been assessed by measuring judgments of egocentric depth. These assessments have shown that observers in virtual reality (VR) perceive virtual space as compressed relative to the real-world, resulting in systematic underestimations of egocentric depth. Previous work has indicated that similar effects may be present in augmented reality (AR) as well.This paper reports an experiment that directly measured egocentric depth perception in both VR and AR conditions; it is believed to be the first experiment to directly compare these conditions in the same experimental framework. In addition to VR and AR, two control conditions were studied: viewing real-world objects, and viewing real-world objects through a head-mounted display. Finally, the presence and absence of motion parallax was crossed with all conditions. Like many previous studies, this one found that depth perception was underestimated in VR, although the magnitude of the effect was surprisingly low. The most interesting finding was that no underestimation was observed in AR.
Read more291Applying Modern Virtual and Augmented Reality Technologies to Medical Images and Models.
Recent technological innovations have created new opportunities for the increased adoption of virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR) applications in medicine. While medical applications of VR have historically seen greater adoption from patient-as-user applications, the new era of VR/AR technology has created the conditions for wider adoption of clinician-as-user applications. Historically, adoption to clinical use has been limited in part by the ability of the technology to achieve a sufficient quality of experience. This article reviews the definitions of virtual and augmented reality and briefly covers the history of their development. Currently available options for consumer-level virtual and augmented reality systems are presented, along with a discussion of technical considerations for their adoption in the clinical environment. Finally, a brief review of the literature of medical VR/AR applications is presented prior to introducing a comprehensive conceptual framework for the viewing and manipulation of medical images in virtual and augmented reality. Using this framework, we outline considerations for placing these methods directly into a radiology-based workflow and show how it can be applied to a variety of clinical scenarios.
Read more2Technologies of Virtual and Augmented Reality in Biomedical Engineering
Technologies such as Virtual and Augmented Reality have gained popularity lately. Because of their convenience and accessibility, these technologies have been adopted in various domains. Virtual reality and augmented reality create an immersive experience, enabling 3D visualization of the content. This technology lets you visualize data from different sensors at the same time, overlaying relevant and helpful information over your environment through a headset. In this article, we give a perspective on these technologies from a biomedical engineering standpoint. In this article, we discuss the various technologies of current biomedical engineering. These technologies allow us to move beyond traditional 2D images towards 3D models that can be made visible and manipulated with Augmented and Virtual Reality. The basic applications of biomedical engineering include representation of mechanisms in space and time dimensions and three-dimensional visualizations of difficult structures in anatomy. The article is an attempt to bring the latest results on the benefits of virtual and augmented reality in biomedical engineering.
Read moreDiffusion of technology in the teaching of neuroanatomy in times of pandemic
Introduction The millenary pragmatism of using corpses in the teaching of human anatomy has slowly been weakened. The study of anatomy has been enhanced, specially during the current pandemic, with virtual reality to supplement medical education, which was previously limited to cadavers. Objective To explore the literature on Medicine and Teaching in articles found in databases about the diffusion of technology in the teaching of neuroanatomy during the pandemic. Methods Databases used were PubMed, Virtual Health Library, and Google Scholar. The search for articles obeyed the following keywords: Covid-19, 2019-nCOV, SARS-CoV-2, Medical Students, Neuroanatomy, Anatomy, Virtual Reality, Technology. Boolean operators “OR” and “AND” were accurately applied to optimize the search. Results Students are limited to studying cadavers in class, which limits their resources when it comes to learning. However, the pandemic,was responsible for an abysmal change in the anatomy teaching. To compensate for the reduction of student contact with anatomical parts in laboratories, medical universities have adopted several technological mechanisms. Although cadavers are necessary for the study of anatomy, particularly the nervous system, new teaching techniques are essential for a holistic and comprehensive understanding of organs and systems. Besides the difficulties of handling cadavers and human organs in the teaching of so-called modern neuroanatomy, the technological environment in the field of teaching makes teaching easier. One of the technologies in consolidation in the era of computerization of medical education is the use of printers in 3 dimensions since it produces low-cost pieces but with high reproducibility of the anatomical characteristics of real cadaveric parts. Anatomage Table is a fully segmented 3d human anatomy application. The Anatomage Table is a system that promotes a deeper study of anatomy and is therefore being adopted by many medical schools worldwide. Its technology is advanced and combines several other – X-ray, ultrasound, CT scan, magnetic resonance – to build images. Conclusion The use of 3D images, anatomage and virtual reality emerges as an alternative and tool to add to the learning of neuroanatomy, as it is believed, as published studies point out, that their use is an effective option for the consolidation of learning in neuroanatomy. Keywords: Covid-19, Teaching-learning, Neuroanatomy, Technology, Virtual reality.
Read more22Liquid crystal lens set in augmented reality systems and virtual reality systems for rapidly varifocal images and vision correction.
The major challenges of augmented reality (AR) systems and virtual reality (VR) systems are varifocal images for vergence-accommodation conflict (VAC) and vision corrections. In this paper, we design a liquid crystal (LC) lens set consisting of three LC lenses for varifocal images and vision corrections in AR and VR. Four operating modes of such a LC lens set present three electrically tunable lens powers: 0, -0.79 diopters, -2 diopters, and -3.06 diopters by means of manipulation of polarization of incident light using electrically tunable half-wave-plates. The response time is fast(< 50 ms). We also demonstrate AR and VR systems by adopting the LC lens set to exhibit functions of varifocal images and vision corrections which enable to solve VAC as well as vision problem in AR and VR.
Read more44Virtual, augmented, and mixed reality as a versatile tool in food consumer behavior evaluation: Recent advances in aroma, taste, and texture incorporation.
The perceptual behavior of consumers on a product displayed in the market has a vital role in analyzing the importance given to that product. Therefore, various strategies have been developed to understand this consumer behavior in the selection of products. Immersive technologies like virtual, augmented, and mixed reality are among them. With the foremost feature of immersion in the virtual world and interaction of users with virtual objects, virtual reality, and augmented reality have unlocked their potential in research and a user-friendly tool for analyzing consumer behavior. In addition to these technologies, mixed reality also has a significant role in investigating consumer behavior. Studies on immersive technologies in food applications are vast, hence this review focuses on the applications of virtual, augmented, and mixed reality in the food selection behavior of consumers. The behavioral studies are elicited to develop new products based on consumer needs, to understand the shopping behavior in supermarkets for real-time usage, and to know the influence of emotions in a selection of products. The findings suggest that virtual, augmented, and mixed reality induce immersion of the users in food selection behavioral studies. Information on the technological advancements in the tools used for bringing immersion and interaction are discussed for its futuristic applications in food. Though immersive technology gives users a realistic virtual environment experience, its application in food systems is in the budding stage. More research on human response studies would contribute to its innovative and inevitable application in the future.
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5Virtual and Augmented Reality in school context: A literature review
Virtual and Augmented reality has established itself in many sectors including education. The virtual is progressively entering the classrooms. MOOCs (Massive Open Online Course), those online interactive lessons available for all, are useful tools to complete the traditional school system. There are also more and more e-learning platforms that propose online lessons and follow-up for any student. Immersive contents appear as playful alternatives to traditional lectures. But, the integration of VR/AR equipment in classrooms raises questions. What is the place of augmented and virtual reality in education and teaching? In order to be able to answer this important question, our article takes place as the result of a literature review on the field of virtual and augmented reality in education. Our objective, first of all, to deepen our knowledge domain in order to provide the necessary answers to « the question », and, secondly, to identify principles that can guide the design of educational artefacts in virtual and augmented reality. The methodology of the literature review is based on the EPPI method (Evidence for Policy and Practice Information and Co-ordinating). Results will be presented by themes such as motivation, immersion, collaboration, and design.
Read more4Virtual and Augmented Reality in school context: A literature review
Virtual and Augmented reality has established itself in many sectors including education. The virtual is progressively entering the classrooms. MOOCs (Massive Open Online Course), those online interactive lessons available for all, are useful tools to complete the traditional school system. There are also more and more e-learning platforms that propose online lessons and follow-up for any student. Immersive contents appear as playful alternatives to traditional lectures. However, the integration of VR/AR equipment in classrooms raises questions. What place takes the augmented (AR) and virtual reality (VR) in the modern educational and teaching system? In order to be able to answer this important question, our article takes place as the result of a literature review on the field of virtual and augmented reality in education. Our objective, first of all, to deepen our knowledge domain in order to provide the necessary answers to « the main question », and, secondly, to identify principles that can guide the design of educational artifacts in virtual and augmented reality. The methodology of the literature review is based on the EPPI method (Evidence for Policy and Practice Information and Co-ordinating). Results will be presented by themes such as motivation, immersion, collaboration, and design.
Read moreAugmented Reality and Virtual Reality: A New Way of Seeing the World
Technologies such as (AR) Augmented Reality &(VR) Virtual Reality, which provide immersive digital experiences, interactive environments, simulation, and engagement, have completely changed how we approach learning. However, in order to meet the huge demand in education, these technologies which are still in the emerging stage need to be heavily customized and heavily invested in. This thorough analysis seeks to contextualize the last few years of development of Virtual and Augmented Reality in the Education. For additional study, a total one thousand five hundred and thirty-six articles are chosen using text mining and theme analysis techniques. Based on earlier research on AR and VR in education, hypotheses were developed and are currently being processed and analysed to reveal the current development in literature via Augmented Reality and Virtual Reality, applications, benefits, and future directions. The findings show that wearable technology has contributed significantly to the exponential expansion in the use of Virtual and Augmented Reality in education in recent years. Results also highlight the need for faster adoption and customization of these technologies in educational institutions, based on secondary data. An increasing number of educational applications for the learning process are emerging as Virtual and Augmented Realityexp and quickly. It is advised that researchers stay up to date on the gaps in AR and VR’s Changeover to education &develop practical adaptation strategies to maximize the benefits of these technological development with significant developments in high-speed transmission and processing, AR &VR are developing as Display Platforms for Next Generation for more intimate human-digital interactions. Nonetheless, matching the extraordinary Human Vision Performance while keeping Near the Eye Display module tiny and lightweight presents unprecedented hurdles for optical engineering. Fortunately, new advances in Holographic Optical Elements HOEs and Lithography Enable Devices present novel approaches to overcoming these challenges in Virtual and Augmented Reality which would otherwise be problematic with traditional optics
Read moreAdvancing STEM Education with Virtual and Augmented Reality through Innovative Content Delivery and Immersive Learning Experiences: A Review
Virtual Reality (VR) and Augmented Reality (AR) are transforming education by revolutionizing content delivery and management across various education disciplines.This systematic review paper enlightens the recent surge in VR/AR adoption, driven by advancements in immersive technology, and its impact on multiple educational levels.Nevertheless, VR/AR technology has diverse applied areas, this paper primarily focuses on the utility of VR/AR-based applications in engineering, medical, and natural sciences education.In engineering education, AR facilitates the comprehension of complex concepts, while VR platforms provide immersive learning environments for manufacturing processes.Likewise, VR simulations have emerged in medical education, offering realistic practice scenarios for medical students.AR in natural sciences helps in visualizing abstract concepts and supports interactive learning.Therefore, in this review article, the main goal is to comprehend the recent advancements in the applied areas of VR/AR technology particularly within STEM fields.This review provides essential insights for educators, researchers, and policymakers aiming to leverage the transformative potential of VR/AR technologies.
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