Artificial Intelligence in Criminal Justice: Balancing Technological Innovation and Personal Data Protection Rights – A Comparative Legal Study between the European Union and Vietnam

Purpose This article aims to examine the tension between freedom of expression and personal data protection, focusing on criminal conviction and offence data under the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR). It analyses how legal frameworks, particularly Article 85 of the GDPR, attempt to reconcile public access to information with individual data privacy rights harmoniously. Design/methodology/approach Using a legal doctrinal approach primarily, this study examines GDPR provisions, especially Article 85, alongside relevant case law. The principle of proportionality serves as a key analytical tool to assess the necessity and justification of legal restrictions on data processing. Findings The research underscores the delicate balance between freedom of expression and data protection concerning criminal records. Article 85 plays a crucial role in establishing journalistic exemptions while ensuring data privacy. The principle of proportionality is vital in preventing disproportionate restrictions, requiring case-by-case evaluations. The study highlights the evolving nature of privacy-publicity conflicts, with the right to be forgotten serving as a safeguard against undue harm from outdated or minor convictions. Research limitations/implications This study has limitations, including its reliance on case-specific analyses, which overlook the broader impacts of the evolving digital media landscape, particularly social media and user-generated content. The focus on European legal frameworks (e.g. GDPR) restricts generalisability to non-EU jurisdictions with differing standards. Additionally, the analysis emphasises journalistic exemptions, neglecting other forms of expression – such as academic, artistic and literary – that also require balancing against personal data protection rights. Practical implications The research provides practical guidance for balancing data protection and freedom of expression, particularly under GDPR Article 85. It underscores the need for case-by-case assessments, ensuring proportionality and necessity when handling criminal conviction data. Policymakers and legal practitioners can use these insights to refine journalistic exemptions and prevent data misuse, especially in digital media contexts. Organisations, including media platforms, are encouraged to adopt responsible data-handling practices to safeguard privacy while enabling public interest reporting. Finally, the findings stress the importance of dynamic frameworks that adapt to evolving societal and technological contexts, supporting fair outcomes for both data protection and expression rights. Social implications This research highlights the delicate balance between individual data protection rights and freedom of expression, particularly regarding criminal conviction data. Its implications extend to societal concerns over data privacy, the potential misuse of personal information and the long-term impact on individuals, especially those with minor or outdated offences. As digital media evolves, these issues become more pressing, with the rise of social media and user-generated content complicating the legal landscape. Ensuring that privacy is upheld without stifling public access to essential information is crucial for maintaining both rights and societal transparency in an increasingly interconnected world. Originality/value This study enriches the debate on data protection and freedom of expression in crime-related data processing. By addressing journalistic exemptions and the evolving media landscape, it provides a nuanced perspective on safeguarding privacy while maintaining transparency in an era of digital accessibility.

The enactment of Law Number 27 of 2022 on Personal Data Protection (PDP Law) marks a significant milestone in safeguarding individual human rights in the digital sphere in Indonesia. This law responds to the urgent need for a comprehensive and unified regulatory framework to replace the previously fragmented sectoral approach that lacked standardization and legal certainty. The PDP Law establishes clear principles for data processing, defines the rights of data subjects, imposes obligations on data controllers and processors, and outlines systematic mechanisms for supervision and law enforcement. This legal framework provides legal certainty not only for individuals as data owners but also for institutions managing personal data, emphasizing transparency, accountability, and data security. However, the implementation of the PDP Law still faces several challenges, including the formation of an independent supervisory authority, institutional readiness, and the public’s limited awareness of data protection rights. Therefore, synergy among the government, private sector, and civil society is essential to ensure effective enforcement. The PDP Law is not merely a normative instrument but also reflects the state’s commitment to upholding citizens' privacy rights as part of broader human rights protection in the digital era.

Personal data leak cases in Indonesia are becoming an increasingly pressing issue in the digital era. This study aims to analyze the legal responsibility of companies in cases of personal data leaks, identify the main factors causing the incident, and evaluate weaknesses in the existing regulatory and supervisory systems. A normative legal approach is used by reviewing Law Number 27 of 2022 concerning Personal Data Protection and other related regulations. The results of the study indicate that data leaks are caused by weak security infrastructure, low employee awareness, and lack of compliance with data protection standards. Regulatory disharmony and weak supervision are major obstacles in ensuring company compliance with legal obligations. This study recommends improving data security through advanced technology, regulatory harmonization, strengthening supervisory mechanisms, and educating the public about personal data protection rights. Thus, this study is expected to provide practical and theoretical contributions to the development of a more effective personal data protection system in Indonesia.

The Quest for Information Privacy in Africa: A Review Essay

Seiring dengan perkembangan digital, warganet sering kali ikut serta membagikan informasi kecelakaan lalu lintas. Sayangnya, foto dan video yang disebar tanpa sensor justru menimbulkan polemik baru karena meciderai hak atas privasi korban dan keluarga korban. Penelitian ini akan meninjau Tinjauan Hukum Pidana atas Hak Perlindungan Data Pribadi Korban Kecelakaan Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui perlindungan data pribadi pasien korban kecelakaan lalu lintas saat foto dan atau videonya diambil dan disebarkan. Perlindungan data pribadi korban kecelakaan lalu lintas akan dianalisis berdasarkan Undang-Undang No.17 Tahun 2023 tentang Kesehatan dan Undang-Undang No.27 Tahun 2022 tentang Perlindungan Data Pribadi. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian hukum normatif. Metodologi penelitian yang dipilih oleh penulis adalah penelitian kepustakaan. Metode pendekatan yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah pendekatan perundang-undangan dan pendekatan konsep, yang berkaitan dengan hukum pidana, hak atas privasi, data pribadi dan korban kecelakaan lalu lintas Hasil dari penelitian ini yaitu bahwa Undang-Undang No.17 Tahun 2023 tentang Kesehatan dirasa belum cukup memberikan perlindungan terkait privasi dan data pribadi korban kecelakaan dengan belum adanya peraturan pemerintah yang mengatur sanksi pidana. Perlindungan data pribadi pasien korban kecelakaaan lalu lintas telah diatur secara komprehensif oleh Undang-Undang No.27 Tahun 2022 tentang Perlindungan Data Pribadi. Undang-Undang No.27 Tahun 2022 tentang Perlindungan Data Pribadi dapat mengisi kekosongan hukum berkaitan dengan sanksi pidana hak atas privasi korban kecelakaan yang belum diatur oleh oleh Undang-Undang No. 17 Tahun 2023 tentang Kesehatan.

In general, there are judicial and extrajudicial ways to protect human rights in the EU. Judicial protection of human rights from violations by international institutions falls within the jurisdiction of the Court of Justice. Extrajudicial institutions that protect the rights of the individual include the following: the Ombudsman of the European Union, the EU Agency for Fundamental Rights, and EU bodies such as the European Commission and the Council of the EU. It should be noted that the functions of these bodies in the field of individual rights are to protect the rights of the individual from violations by the bodies of the European Union and not the EU Member States. Extrajudicial bodies responsible for the protection of individual rights should be distinguished as follows. Depending on the purpose of education: specialized institutions for the protection of individual rights: the Agency for Fundamental Rights of the European Union, the Ombudsman of the European Union, and bodies of general competence: the European Commission or the Council of the EU. According to the subject of the appeal to the Institute for Protection of Rights: the Ombudsman of the European Union, for appeals of individuals, the Agency for Fundamental Rights of the European Union, which provides for appeals of certain bodies of the European Union and the Council of the EU. The Council of the European Union is the main body of the EU in terms of performing various functions. It is considered the main rule-making body of the EU. It is important to note that the issue of protection of individual rights is not a priority, but only one of the functions of this EU body. The main executive body of the EU is the Commission of the European Union, which performs the function of investigating illegal actions and can impose penalties on violators. The object of illegal actions may be an offense by a Member State of the requirements imposed on it by the EU's founding treaties, including human rights offenses. The basis in this process, within the framework of the investigation, is the right of both natural and legal persons to apply to the Commission for illegal actions committed by a Member State. The human rights procedures used by the Commission should be considered quite effective, as they combine both information and representation. Since the entry into force of the Maastricht Treaty, the EU has established a mechanism for the protection of human rights, namely the Ombudsman of the European Union.

The paper explores current legal regulations regarding AI-based automation (full or partial) of the European Small Claims Procedure (ESCP). It analyzes European-level legislation, focusing on personal data protection (specifically Article 22 of the GDPR) and human rights (mainly Article 47 of the Charter of Fundamental Rights), while also mentioning the possibility of establishing a legal basis for ESCP automation in the national legal orders of EU Member States’ legal systems.

The right to private life is one of the fundamental human rights, protected in particular by the constitution and international human rights mechanisms. This paper analyzes the concept, importance and challenges of the protection of this right in the constitutional practice and that of the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR). Within the framework of the Constitution, the right to private life means the protection of personal data, family life, home and communications of the individual against unauthorized interference by the state or third parties. The protection of this right has been extended in a number of provisions of the Constitution, namely Article 35 (protection of personal data), Article 36 (freedom and secrecy of correspondence) and Article 37 (inviolability of residence). Meanwhile, in the practice of the ECHR, this right is closely linked to the principles of the protection of privacy and the right of the individual to personal freedom. However, key challenges include balancing the right to privacy and state security needs, technological developments that increase the risk of privacy breaches, and differing court positions in different cases. In this paper we aim to analyze the role of courts in guaranteeing this right, as well as the impact of ECtHR practice on domestic legislation and international standards. Finally, the need for a careful balance between the right to private life and public interests is emphasized, ensuring effective protection of individual rights in the digital and global age.

The article examines the current state of legislation governing the protection of personal data, the challenges arising in its implementation, and the prospects for improving the protection mechanism through the use of blockchain technology. Frequent cases of unlawful dissemination of personal data in Kazakhstan are directly linked to unresolved issue of cybersecurity and the need to address vulnerabilities in the existing legislation, which underscores the relevance of the chosen research topic. The purpose of this study is to establish a legal framework for the protection and security of personal data through the use of digital technologies. The scientific novelty of this work lies in the fact that, for the first time since the formation of the legislative framework governing personal data in the Republic of Kazakhstan, legal norms regarding personal data have been defined, as well as areas of legal regulation for the circulation of certain types of personal data. Measures to improve existing legislation governing the circulation of personal data have been proposed. The above constitutes a national scientific doctrine in the field of personal data protection. New practical conclusions have been summarized, allowing for the improvement of existing national legislation and, consequently, their application in legislative activity. The research methods used include a general logical approach (induction, deduction), systematization, analysis, formulation, scientific methods, and empirical methods. Ensuring the security of personal data is a state obligation arising from the duty to protect individual human rights; therefore, the authors emphasize the particular importance of strengthening control over digital threats and introducing a procedure for assessing their impact on human rights in accordance with international standards. The study concludes that the Republic of Kazakhstan should accede to international instruments establishing standards for the protection of personal data. A potential pathway for strengthening the legal framework on personal data protection lies in establishing systemic safeguards that restrict unauthorized access to information. Such mechanisms should operate across all levels of data governance, ensuring consistent compliance among data holders, processors and supervisory entities. Based on the results of the research, it is proposed to adopt a legal norm regulating continuous control and monitoring by data owners, operators, and persons responsible for organizing the processing and storage of personal data.

This study examines the implications of international law on digital data ownership disputes between states and global corporations, focusing on the interaction among state sovereignty, multinational corporate responsibility, and the protection of individual digital rights. In the era of global digital integration, data has become a strategic asset that transcends national jurisdictions. The disparity between national regulations centered on data sovereignty and cross-border corporate operations has created a legal lacuna that weakens the position of states in protecting citizens’ data. Using a literature review method and a normative-comparative approach, this research explores several legal instruments such as the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), OECD Privacy Guidelines, and Indonesia’s Law No. 27 of 2022 on Personal Data Protection (PDP Law). The findings reveal the absence of a comprehensive international convention governing digital data ownership, resulting in overlapping jurisdictions, weak corporate accountability, and limited cross-border law enforcement. Moreover, technological developments that outpace legal adaptation have intensified digital human rights issues, particularly concerning the right to privacy and personal data control. The study emphasizes the importance of establishing harmonized international legal frameworks that balance the interests of states, corporations, and individuals through the principles of digital sovereignty, accountability by design, and cross-border cooperation mechanisms to ensure the protection of rights and data sovereignty in the era of global digitalization.

Purpose ”“ Considering the relevance of personal data protection, this article focuses on the identification of the criteria used by Colombian Courts regarding the rights to access, modification and erasure personal data within the context of information made available through search engines. This framework will expose the different cases ruled by the Colombian Constitutional Court as it attempts to highlight which were the criteria used by the courts that brought them to rule that search engines are mere intermediaries between the content makers and data subjects. Finally, this study aims to contribute not only to the data protection legal literature in Colombia, but also, to improve the possibilities to effectively implement user´s rights of online search engines in Colombia. Methodology ”“In order to achieve the purpose of this research project, the following methodological strategies will be employed: (i) Legal-analytical study, by way of reviewing the Colombian regulatory framework in order to map out main rules regarding the fundamental rights to access, modification and erasure of personal data, and determining which ones are the aspects hindering the effective implementation of the rights; (ii) Legal-theoretical study, where it reviews the issues identified by legal scholars as hampering the implementation of data protection rights in general; (iii) Legal-empirical study that aims to raise awareness regarding the incidence of the activities carried out by search engines in the life of data subjects. Findings ”“ The Colombian Constitutional Court has seen search engines as mere intermediaries, meaning they do not have to rectify, correct, eliminate or complete the information listed in the results they provide. This approach demands that the Judiciary enforces the existence of a right to request the erasure of links and the need of procedures provided by them to do it effectively without erasing or altering the content of the website. This delisting process should not be arbitrary based on conditions that allow data subjects to ask the erasure of links associated with their names. In the European Union, the conditions to get those results delisted are inadequacy, irrelevance, or excessiveness in relation to the processing purposes. The current position of the Constitutional Court about the search engines role and their responsibilities has not protected the user’s fundamental rights to privacy, reputation, and honor. Therefore, a more committed study on behalf of the Court is required. Practical Implications ”“ In the Muebles Caquetá Case, the Court must point out the importance of the activities carried out by online search engines, and force them to face the implications of being a “controller” of the processing of personal data that takes place within their services. I suggest that the Court itself should draft clear delisting guidelines considering the opinions of a group of impartial experts, civil society representatives and the local Data Protection Authority. Originality ”“ Considering the implications posed by personal data and data mining, this article identifies the legal and regulatory framework surrounding those activities and in way contribute to create a data protection culture in Latin America, raise awareness regarding the incidence of search engines in the life of data rights holders, identify possible disconnections between the existent regulatory framework for personal data rights, and facilitate the cooperation between Courts and stakeholders of the telecommunication and media sectors, based on the common goal of fulfilling the public interests of ensuring data protection rights.

Subject of the research. The article considers two levels in the mechanism of protection of human rights and freedoms: national and supranational. National includes both judicial and non-judicial methods of protection. The supranational level is represented by universal (global) and regional ways. The purpose of the research is to identify an effective mechanism for the protection of human rights that can replace the mechanism of protection provided by the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms of 1950, which has ceased to be valid for citizens of the Russian Federation. Research methods are the formal-legal method, analysis, synthesis, formallogical method.The main results. Theoretically, a particular citizen can use any of the national and supranational mechanisms for the protection of human rights. However, the nature of their action and the procedure for gaining access to these mechanisms are different, which affects their effectiveness and the readiness of a person to turn to one or another method of protection. Among supranational mechanisms, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights of 1948 has a unique status: on the one hand, this document is “a symbol of the moral consensus of all states, the starting point for the creation of a modern human rights regime”; on the other hand, it is an act-declaration, the application of which in specific legal relations and the protection of human rights with its help are problematic. The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights of 12/16/1966 provides for the establishment of a Human Rights Committee that exercises control over the provisions of the Covenant through a system of reports. Reports on measures taken to implement the rights provided for by the Covenant, as well as on non-fulfillment of their obligations under the Covenant by other States Parties, are submitted by States Parties. The mechanism of reports, however, is not reliable enough - there are states that ignore it.Regional Conventions are rightly considered the most effective means of protecting human rights. The implementation of the provisions of the Conventions is ensured by the activities of supranational judicial bodies, to which the applicant can file a complaint. The conditions for applying to such a court, its territorial proximity, the possibility of executing court decisions make this method of protection as accessible as possible. Among the national remedies, first of all, it should be noted the activity of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation to protect the constitutional rights of citizens. The provisions of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms and the Constitution of the Russian Federation in the section on human rights are almost identical, often written in the same phrases. But, despite the number of coincidences in the designation of human rights and freedoms, the main thing is not the designation (this is a declaration) of a specific right or freedom, but how they are applied and what is the practice of their protection (interpretation) by the Constitutional Court at the national level and the Convention on the supranational. It is here that the understanding of “identical” formulations can differ, and the question of who is better: a national or supranational body protects a particular human right, becomes debatable. It should also be remembered about the very meaning of supranational protection as an opportunity to receive protection from one's own state, albeit a subsidiary one. Therefore, it would be wrong to assume that in the absence of the possibility of applying to the ECHR, a citizen will be able to receive protection in the Constitutional Court without prejudice to the outcome of such protection.Considering that the protection of human rights is, first of all, the activity of national courts of first instance, consideration by the courts of administrative, civil and criminal cases, in cases where it is carried out in full compliance with the norms of procedural legislation, is able to fully ensure the protection of the rights and human freedoms. To do this, the courts have all the necessary tools, you just need the ability and desire to use them.Among the internal structures for monitoring the observance of human rights, a number of state and public bodies can be distinguished - the Commissioner for Human Rights in the Russian Federation, the Council under the President of the Russian Federation for the Development of Civil Society and Human Rights, the Public Chamber of the Russian Federation, the police, the prosecutor's office and others. However, it is not possible to attribute them to the effective bodies for the protection of human rights.Conclusions. The existing national and supranational mechanisms for the protection of human rights, in their effectiveness, are not able to fully compensate for the loss of the opportunity for citizens of the Russian Federation to file a complaint with the European Court of Human Rights.

The purpose of this research is to find out the arrangements in electronic law enforcement efforts (E-law enforcement). The research method used is normative legal research, by identifying the legal framework governing E-Law Enforcement and analyzing its impact on human rights, especially in the context of privacy, freedom of expression, and access to justice. The data sources used are: 1945 Constitution, Law No. 39 of 1999 on Human Rights, Law No. 19 of 2016 Amendment to Law No. 11 of 2008 on Electronic Information and Transactions and other legal regulations related to electronic law enforcement. The data analysis technique used is a qualitative method. The results of research and data analysis can be concluded that first: Electronic law enforcement in Indonesia still has several challenges that must be faced and solutions are needed to overcome matters relating to the problems that arise. It is necessary to improve regulations to improve legal protection and security. In addition to improving regulations, international cooperation is also an important agenda in dealing with cybercrime that is transnational in nature. Second: Indonesia already has several laws and regulations governing activities in cyberspace, including electronic law enforcement. However, the existing regulations are still not comprehensive enough and do not fully accommodate the latest technological developments. The ITE Law is the main legal umbrella, but it still has weaknesses and needs to be improved. KUHAP as a criminal law enforcement guideline also does not specifically regulate electronic law enforcement. Government Regulation No. 71/2019 and the Personal Data Protection Bill are expected to strengthen aspects of personal data protection and privacy in the digital context. In addition, Indonesia needs to continue to increase the capacity and digital literacy of law enforcement officials and the general public so that electronic law enforcement can be carried out effectively and still ensure the protection of rights for its citizens. Keywords: Electronic law enforcement, Human rights protection, normative juridical analysis Abstrak Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pengaturan dalam upaya penegakan hukum elektronik (E-law enforcement). Serta untuk mengetahui perlindungan HAM dalam upaya penegakan hukum elektronik (E-law enforcement).Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah penelitian hukum normatif, dengan mengidentifikasi kerangka hukum yang mengatur E-Law Enforcement serta menganalisis dampaknya terhadap hak asasi manusia, terutama dalam konteks privasi, kebebasan berpendapat, dan akses keadilan. Sumber data yang digunakan yakni: Undang-Undang Dasar 1945, Undang-Undang Nomor 39 Tahun 1999 tentang HAM, UU No. 19 Tahun 2016 Perubahan Atas UU No. 11 Tahun 2008 tentang Informasi dan Transaksi Elektronik dan peraturan hukum lainnya yang berkanaan dengan penegakan hukum elektronik. Teknik analisis data yang digunakan adalah metode kualitatif. Hasil penelitian dan analisis data dapat disimpulkan bahwa pertama: Penegakan hukum elekronik di Indonesia masih terdapat beberapa tantangan yang harus dihadapi serta diperlukan solusi untuk mengatasi hal-hal yang berkenaan dengan permasalahan yang timbul. Perlu adanya perbaikan regulasi untuk meningkatkan perlindungan hukum dan keamanan. Selain penyempurnaan regulasi, kerjasama internasional juga menjadi agenda penting dalam menghadapi kejahatan siber yang bersifat lintas negara. Kedua: Indonesia telah memiliki beberapa peraturan perundang-undangan yang mengatur tentang kegiatan di dunia maya, termasuk penegakan hukum elektronik. Namun, peraturan yang ada masih belum cukup komprehensif dan belum sepenuhnya mengakomodir perkembangan teknologi terkini. UU ITE merupakan payung hukum utama, tetapi masih memiliki kelemahan dan perlu disempurnakan. KUHAP sebagai pedoman penegakan hukum pidana juga belum secara spesifik mengatur tentang penegakan hukum elektronik. Peraturan Pemerintah No. 71 Tahun 2019 dan RUU Perlindungan Data Pribadi diharapkan dapat memperkuat aspek perlindungan data pribadi dan privasi dalam konteks digital. Selain itu, Indonesia perlu terus meningkatkan kapasitas dan literasi digital bagi aparat penegak hukum serta masyarakat umum agar penegakan hukum elektronik dapat dilakukan secara efektif dan tetap menjamin perlindungan hak-hak bagi warga negaranya. Kata Kunci: Penegakan hukum elektronik, Perlindungan HAM, Analisis Yuridis Normatif

In practice, cases of buying and selling databases containing personal data are still found. Typically, personal data is sold through dark web sites or illegal data trading forums on the internet, such as breached forums. The purpose of this research is to review and analyze personal data protection regulations in accordance with Law Number 27 of 2022; analyze misuse of personal data protection; and analyze future regulations related to personal data protection. This research is a normative juridical research type. The results show that the personal data protection regulations in accordance with Law Number 27 of 2022 concerning Personal Data Protection indicate that the legal purpose of the enactment of Law Number 27 of 2022 concerning Personal Data Protection in cases of criminal acts of personal data trading on digital platforms is to ensure that personal data collected by companies or institutions is processed fairly, securely, and in accordance with applicable law. Misuse of personal data protection includes: submitting false administrative requirements, creating fake accounts, acting as someone else, illegal data trading, bullying and sexual harassment, and information theft. Future regulations related to personal data protection can be implemented in several ways. First, tightening regulations. Second, increasing awareness and education. Third, developing technology for privacy. Fourth, increasing international cooperation; stronger international cooperation on data protection and privacy will be crucial. Fifth, ethical data use.

The significance of the topic of digital human rights in the context of artificial intelligence and globalization lies in its examination of the intricate relationships between technological innovations, global dynamics, and human rights in the digital era. With the rapid advancement of artificial intelligence, digital rights demand heightened attention and adaptation. Purpose of the Study. The study aims to conceptualize digital human rights within the framework of artificial intelligence and globalization. The objectives are: 1. To analyze digital rights in the European Union context and define their core elements and importance. 2. To examine key aspects of digital rights protection in the context of globalization. 3. To clarify digital rights in light of the development of artificial intelligence (AI) and the emerging realities of the digital world. Study Findings. The study demonstrates that globalization contributes to the international standardization of digital rights, but also introduces challenges due to regional and national disparities in legal approaches. It evaluates the impact of AI on digital rights, including issues related to automated decision-making, algorithmic bias, and personal data monitoring. The research provides an overview of fundamental digital rights concepts, such as the right to privacy, freedom of expression, access to information, and non-discrimination in the digital environment. It also explores the ethical considerations of AI in relation to digital rights and examines new legal avenues, such as enhanced personal data protection and greater transparency of algorithms. The investigation into digital rights in the context of AI and globalization reveals the complex interplay between technology, human rights, and global processes. It emphasizes both the opportunities for progress and the challenges that modern society faces. Theoretical advancements in this field could help define new rights, such as the right to digital identity, protection of personal data, access to information, and freedom on the Internet. Furthermore, in the era of globalization, there is a pressing need to harmonize approaches to regulating digital rights on an international scale. To bolster cybersecurity, practical measures could include the development of technological solutions aimed at safeguarding personal data, as well as enhancing the security of digital infrastructure at both national and international levels.