Artificial intelligence methods for identification of ADHD in children based on EEG signals

Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and Juvenile Mania: An Overlooked Comorbidity?

Diagnosis of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder by Using MR Imaging and Radiomics: A Potential Tool for Clinicians.

The synchronization phenomenon is one of the crucial collective behaviors of the brain network, with its abnormal patterns in the brain networks of individuals with mental disorders like attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) capturing the interest of researchers. ADHD is a prevalent disorder among children, which is linked to adverse outcomes such as impaired recognition of others' emotional facial expressions, leading to awkward social interactions. Despite numerous studies focusing on the synchronization analysis of brain networks in ADHD children while observing emotional facial expressions, the path to synchronization in these networks has been overlooked. For this reason, this research aims to investigate the differences in the synchronization transition of brain networks between healthy and ADHD children while processing emotional facial expressions based on their electroencephalogram signals. The analysis of synchronization cluster sequences in children's brain networks reveals that the formation and progression of synchronization clusters toward complete synchronization follow a more organized and goal-directed pattern in the healthy group than in the ADHD group. Furthermore, examining synchronization clusters with significant differences in stability (P-values < 0.05) during the clustering sequence between the two groups highlights abnormal synchronization in the frontal brain region during the early stages of neural processing in the ADHD group. This finding may contribute to deficits in attentional control and emotional regulation observed in ADHD children. Moreover, the classification results indicate the high potential of synchronization transition-based features to distinguish between ADHD and healthy children, with maximum accuracy, precision, and sensitivity of 82%, 77%, and 90%, respectively.

This study aimed to retrospectively investigate the factors related to pediatric obstructive sleep apnea–hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS) with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children younger than 6 years and those older than 6 years.A total of 437 children who were hospitalized due to OSAHS between January 2014 and December 2014 were retrospectively reviewed. The children were further divided into OSAHS group and OSAHS + ADHD group. The general characteristics, OSA-18 quality of life, intention-hyperactivity score, and polysomnographic parameters (apnea–hypopnea index and the lowest oxygen saturation) were collected and compared between groups.There were 298 boys and 139 girls with the male to female ratio of 2.14:1. ADHD was found in 146 children including 105 boys and 41 girls with the male to female ratio of 2.56:1. Of these children, 31.62% and 35.46% had concomitant ADHD in children aged 4 to 5 years and those aged 6 to 11 years, respectively. In children aged 4 to 5 years, the incidence of allergic rhinitis was significantly higher (P = .016) and the adenoid hypertrophy was more severe (P = .001) in those with concomitant ADHD. In children aged 6 to 11 years, the tonsil hypertrophy was more severe in those with concomitant ADHD (P = .019). In children with concomitant ADHD, OSA-18 score was higher than in those with OSAHS alone (P < .001). Higher frequency of respiratory events (P < .001) and more severe hypoxia (P < .001) were found in children with concomitant ADHD than in those with OSAHS alone.As high as 30% of OSAHS children have concomitant ADHD, and the incidence of ADHD in OSAHS children is increasing over age. Boys are more likely to develop OSAHS and incidence of ADHD in OSAHS boys is higher than in OSAHS girls. In addition, risk factors of ADHD also vary between age groups. The ADHD is related to the severity of allergic rhinitis and adenoid hypertrophy in children aged 4 to 5 years, and to the severity of tonsil hypertrophy in children aged 6 to 11 years. Hypoxia may be an important factor causing ADHD. OSAHS should be treated as early as possible to reduce the incidence of ADHD in children.

The relationship between childhood Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and conduct problems and adult psychopathy in male inmates

Background:In the current era, the use of electronic media in the form of Internet has increased exponentially, particularly among children, and has led to their excessive involvement in Internet. In this context, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) children were found to have increased tendency for this addiction.Aims and Objectives:The aim is to study and compare Internet addiction between ADHD and normal children and the relation of demographic profile to Internet addiction.Materials and Methods:This was a cross-sectional study including 100 children (50 ADHD cases and 50 normal children without any psychiatric illness as controls) between the ages of 8 and 16 years. A semi-structured pro forma for demographic profile and Internet usage using Young's Internet Addiction Test (YIAT) was used. Statistical analysis was done using SPSS 20.Results:Internet addiction among ADHD children was 56% (54% having “probable Internet addiction” and 2% having “definite Internet addiction”). This was statistically significant (P < 0.05) in comparison with normal children where only 12% had Internet addiction (all 12% had “probable Internet addiction”). ADHD children were 9.3 times more prone to the development of Internet addiction as compared to normal (odds ratio – 9.3). Significant increase in average duration of Internet usage in ADHD children with increasing score of YIAT (P < 0.05) was seen. The incidence of Internet addiction was more in male ADHD children as compared to normal (P < 0.05).Conclusions:ADHD children are more prone to Internet addiction as compared to normal children and thus require preventive strategies.

To observe the serum levels of 25 hydroxyvitamin D [25 (OH) D] in healthy school-age children and children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and to analyze the effects of serum 25 (OH) D on the symptoms of attention deficit and hyperactivity in school-age children with ADHD. According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders DSM-IV diagnostic criteria for ADHD in children, 80 healthy children aged 6 years or less than 10 years old and children diagnosed with ADHD in the Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Department of Pediatrics and Department of Physical Examination of our hospital were randomly selected as research subjects. The serum 25 (OH) D level, attention deficit hyperactivity (Swanson, Nolan, and Pelham, version IV [SNAP-IV] parental version) score and Conners child behavior (PSQ) index were observed and compared between the 2 groups. In addition, the children with ADHD whose serum 25 (OH) D was lower than normal were treated with supplemental VitD3, and the changes in serum 25 (OH) D, SNAP-IV parental score and PSQ index of ADHD children were observed and compared. Serum 25(OH)D was insufficient or deficient in 26 healthy children, but the SNAP-IV score and PSQ index were normal. Serum 25(OH)D was lower than normal in 69 patients in the ADHD group, which was negatively correlated with SNAP-IV score (r = -0.3479, P = .0034) and negatively correlated with PSQ index (r = -0.3566, P = .0026). After vitamin D3 (VitD3) supplementation in 69 children with serum 25(OH)D levels lower than the normal ADHD group, it was found that the SNAP-IV score (r = -0.4654, P = .0037) and PSQ index (r = -0.5680, P = .0002) of 34 children with ADHD were negatively correlated with the increase in serum 25(OH)D. The SNAP-IV score and PSQ index of the other 35 children with ADHD showed no correlation with the increase in serum 25 (OH) D (P > .05). Serum 25(OH)D levels lower than normal are more common in school-age children, and levels lower than normal are not the key pathogenic factor of ADHD in school-age children, but serum 25(OH)D levels lower than normal may be the upregulation factor of attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder expression in some school-age children with ADHD. The lower level of serum 25(OH)D may be closely related to the severity of ADHD symptoms in some children.

Few studies have examined the impact of childhood attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms on adult ADHD functional outcomes. To address this issue dimensionally, ADHD symptoms in childhood and adulthood and their relation to educational deficits and work disability are studied in a clinical sample of adult patients with previously untreated ADHD. About 250 adults diagnosed systematically with ADHD according to DSM-IV were prospectively recruited. Primary outcomes were high school dropout and being out of the work last year. Childhood ADHD symptoms, sex differences, comorbidities of other mental disorders, and adult ADHD symptoms were examined by historical data, clinician interviews, and questionnaires. High levels of ADHD symptom severity in childhood were related to dropping out of high school [odds ratio (OR) = 3.0], as were higher numbers of hyperactive–impulsive symptoms in childhood. Significantly, more women than men were long-term work disabled (OR = 2.0). After adjusting for age and gender, persisting high levels of ADHD inattention symptoms in adulthood (OR = 2.5), number of comorbid disorders, and particularly anxiety disorders were significantly related to long-term work disability. Childhood hyperactive–impulsive symptoms and overall severity of childhood ADHD symptoms were associated with high school dropout rates; however, persisting ADHD inattention symptoms and comorbid mental disorders in adulthood were more correlated to occupational impairment. These findings underline proposals for studies on early recognition and interventions for ADHD and psychiatric comorbidity. They further suggest that inattentive symptoms be a focus of adult ADHD treatment and that workplace interventions be considered to prevent long-term work disability.

Background: Attention decit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurobiological disorder with a prevalence of 5%-10% in the world that negatively impacts school behavior and achievement. There have been many studies reveals that attention disorders are caused by the decreased levels of dopamine and norepinephrine neurotransmitter. However, particular concern nowadays are the emotional and behavioral problems. The emotional and behavioral problem is suspected to be caused by the decrease in serotonin level. The aim of this study was to determine the dierence in serotonin level between ADHD and non-ADHD children.Method: This study was an observational case-control study design using random sampling method. Subject of this study was children in Bina Karya Elementary School Surabaya. ADHD severity was assessed using Conners Abreviated Rating Scale. Examination of serotonin levels in blood was done by ELISA method. Informed consent was signed by parents before the study. Data was analyzed using independent T-test.Results: 44 (23 ADHD and 21 non-ADHD) children from grade 1 to 6 was included in the study. Based on the gender, 13 children were girls and 31 children were boys. Serotonin level in ADHD children was signicantly higher than non-ADHD children (2.148 ± 0.94 vs 2.006 ± 0.115 μmol/L; p = 0.0001).Conclusion: Serotonin level in ADHD children was signicantly higher than non-ADHD children

Omega-3 fatty acids are related to abnormal emotion processing in adolescent boys with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

Living with symptoms of Attention Deficit-Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in adulthood: a systematic review protocol of qualitative evidence

ObjectivesTo study the prevalence of high-risk obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) children in a child and adolescent psychiatry clinic using the Thai version of the Pediatric Obstructive Sleep Apnea Screening Tool (POSAST) questionnaire. The secondary objective was to evaluate the quality of life and identify associated factors for high-risk OSA in ADHD children.Study designProspective cross-sectional study.Material and methodCaregivers of pediatric patients aged 5–18 years old and diagnosed with ADHD by child and adolescent psychiatrists were surveyed about their child's sleeping habits.ResultsTwo hundred and seventy-four subjects were included. The patients' mean age was 10.4 ± 2.6 years, and 82.8% were males. There were 30 children (10.9%) diagnosed with obesity, 46 (16.8%) with chronic rhinitis, and 9 (3.3%) with asthma. The median duration of ADHD symptoms was 22.1 months. The prevalence of high-risk OSA was 18.2% and was associated with significantly reduced quality of life (adjusted OR = 4.46, 95% CI: 2.26–8.81, P < 0.001). A significant association between high-risk OSA and obesity also emerged (adjusted OR = 2.84, 95% CI: 1.17–6.88, P = 0.021).ConclusionAn elevated prevalence of high-risk OSA is present among Thai children with ADHD, and significantly impacts quality of life. A significant association between high-risk OSA and obesity is also detected in patients with ADHD. Therefore, screening for high-risk OSA in ADHD patients may likely facilitate early detection and treatment of OSA, and potentially prevent adverse consequences.

This paper explores the co-occurring features of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) and ADHD as a risk factor for the emergence of BPD. It emphasizes the importance of clinical treatment to improve resiliency and addresses co-occurring areas of vulnerability in individuals with ADHD and those with BPD, as well as in individuals with both disorders. Although the specific developmental pathways and mediating factors remain uncertain, many investigations have identified ADHD and emotion dysregulation in childhood as risk factors for developing personality disorders, particularly BPD, in late adolescence and early adulthood. The frequent co-occurrence of ADHD with BPD in adulthood contributes to worse outcomes and continuing problems with impulsivity and regulating emotional arousal among individuals with both disorders. While the comorbidity of ADHD and BPD poses a risk, it is essential to also consider what factors may help moderate the risks and contribute to resiliency. This review highlights the gaps in the literature about resilience by reviewing existing literature that points to treatment approaches, such as compassion-focused and mentalization-focused psychotherapy, that may mediate ADHD-related risks. Long-term treatment outcome studies of emotion regulation therapies with children are needed to ascertain their effectiveness in reducing the psychological adversity associated with experiencing ADHD in childhood and reducing the emergence of BPD in adolescents and adults.

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a major challenge in pediatric neurodevelopment and one of the most common conditions in children and adolescents. Clinical diagnosis remains difficult due to symptom overlap with other disorders, increasing the need for objective tools. Electroencephalography (EEG) has emerged as a non-invasive technique that, when combined with artificial intelligence, enables more reliable diagnostic models. This study aims to review pediatric and Adolescent EEG-based ADHD studies published between 2015 and 2025, covering both traditional signal-processing and artificial intelligence approaches.Fifty studies were included in this review study.The originality of this review lies in providing a decade-long, child-focused synthesis that highlights accuracy trends, methodological progress, and challenges related to clinical translation. Reported performance varied widely: traditional spectral analyses with Support Vector Machine (SVM) and K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN) achieved 62–88%, whereas deep learning models including Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN), Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM), and attention-based hybrids,often exceeded 99%. The limitations across the literature include small sample sizes, restricted multi-center datasets, and insufficient evaluation of ADHD subtypes.

Objective To investigate the psychiatric status in their young adulthood of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).Methods This was a prospedive study.The follow-up study of a cohort of clinic-referred ADHD children was conducted.At baseline, The consecutively referred children (n = 300) with DSM-Ⅳ ADHD, aged 7.5 - 17.0 years were assessed.At the 2.0 - 13.5-year follow-up, 116 ( 38.7% ) of them were reassessed ( aged 18.0 - 23.5 years ) using the structured psychiatric interviews to make DSM-Ⅳ diagnoses by trained clinicians, including the Conners Adult ADHD Diagnostic Interview for DSM-Ⅳ (CAADID), Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-Ⅳ Axis Ⅰ Disorders, Non-Patient Version ( SCID- Ⅰ/NP), and Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-Ⅳ Personality Disorders (SCID-Ⅱ).Results In the former 116 ADHD children, 50.9% (n =59) still met the ADHD criteria, in which 15.5% (n = 18) with pure ADHD, and 35.3% (n =41 ) fulfilled both ADHD and psychiatric/ personality disorders, 14.7% ( n = 17) met the criteria of psychiatric/personality disorders, but not ADHD,34.5% (n = 40) fulfilled none of the psychiatric/personality diagnoses at follow-up.Among 116 former ADHD children, 34.5% (n=40) had at least one DSM-Ⅳ axis Ⅰ disorders, in which 18.1% comorbid mood disorders, 10.3% anxiety disorders, 5.2% abuse disorders; and 32.8% (n=38) had at least one DSM-Ⅳ axis Ⅱ personality disorders, in which 5.2% type A personality disorders, 19.8% type B ( 17.2%anti-social personality disorders), 15.5% type C, and 6.0% others.Conclusion It indicates that ADHD youth be at high risk for a wide range of adverse psychiatric outcomes, and 2/3 of them have diagnoses of adult ADHD and/or psychiatric/personality disorders. Key words: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder; Follow-up study; Adult; Prognosis