Association between gender equality and climate adaptation across the globe: an ecological study

This research aims at a comparative analysis of the constitutional and legal foundations of gender equality in Ukraine and other countries, as well as the study of the constitutional and legal provision influence on the indicator of Global Gender Gap Index. The research uses the method of analysis, synthesis, comparison, generalization, systematization, cluster analysis. Research results on the influence of constitutional and legal provision on the Global Gender Gap Index, there are three groups among the EU members: countries with a higher level of gender equality (Global Gender Gap Index between 0.784-0.861: Ireland, Finland, France, Germany, Spain, and Sweden); countries with a more or less high level of gender equality (Global Gender Gap Index between 0.762-0.778: Latvia, Netherlands, and Portugal), and countries with an average level of gender equality (Global Gender Gap Index between 0.688 and 0.726: Greece, Cyprus, Luxembourg, Malta, Romania, Slovakia, Hungary, Czech Republic). The first group of countries has a more advanced constitutional and legal provision for gender equality. In the second group – the principles of constitutional and legal provision for gender equality are not fully implemented. In the third group – the constitutional and legal provision needs reviewing and improvement. Ukraine is characterized by gender inequality, violence against women, low level of the legal protection of women, limitation of their access to participation in public, political and economic life. It has been established that to ensure gender equality in countries, it is not enough to establish the principle of gender equality on the basis of constitutional and legal regulation. The Constitution of Ukraine (1996) and most of the basic laws of foreign countries establish the principle of equal rights and opportunities for men and women, and subordinate normative and legal acts detail them. However, the presence of significant stereotypes and non-recognition of the problem of gender inequality in society, restrictions on the rights, freedoms and opportunities of women lead to the deformation of the mechanism for combating gender inequality and protecting women's rights in socio-political and economic life.

This paper explores the exemplary success stories of Nordic countries in achieving gender equality as can be seen in their high-ranking positions in the global gender gap index delineated by the World Economic Forum. This paper gives an understanding of the hugely successful gender equality model of Nordic countries of Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden wherein they are considered as leaders in gender equality, discussing its key aspects and its resultant impact. These Nordic countries exemplify the concept of the welfare state where gender equality stands as a fundamental pillar. The Nordic gender equality policies such as enforcement of quotas in electoral systems and on corporate boards, equal pay legislation and parental leave regulations have been instrumental in advancing gender equality. These policies have helped improve the representation of women in parliament, corporate boards and in leadership positions. The availing of fully paid parental for both parents ensures that both parents are involved in child care responsibilities thereby ensuring that women do not experience work-family conflict and this facilitates women to return to the workforce more easily. The equal pay legislation ensures wage parity and is legally mandated. All these policies have led to greater gender equality and has contributed to the high- ranking positions of these countries in the global gender gap index. The position of Mauritius situated in Sub-Saharan Africa is not favorable with regard to the global gender gap index and also in comparison to its peers in Sub-Saharan Africa such as Namibia, Botswana and Tanzania. Gender equality remain an unfinished business in Mauritius despite the gender equal status achieved in education. The country grapples with cultural norms, entrenched patriarchal structures, burden of invisible work, lack of adequate child care infrastructure and the expensive cost of childcare, long working hours, work-family conflict, lack of availability of enhanced maternity leave, social role stereotypes & a dearth of women in key positions emblematic of challenges faced by small island states. Thus, Mauritius has a lot to learn from the Nordic model of equality by implementing and adapting some of their strategies to address specific areas of disparity and achieve substantial progress towards achieving true gender parity that can help improve its ranking in the global gender gap index in the long run.

This longitudinal evaluation of gender inequalities and economic growth addresses key questions in the evolving debate over the character of gender differentiation and the goals of womens empowerment. These questions include: 1) whether the impact of strategies of economic growth served to enhance or undermine the status of women; 2) whether changes in the status of women were accompanied by significant changes in gender inequality; and 3) the implications for existing debates. Section I reviews several sets of literature pertinent to the questions using three general approaches: modernization-neoclassical women in development and gender and development. Section II presents the data and methods used in the evaluation. The research assessed the contending interpretations reviewed in the first section by combining another set of cross-sectional and longitudinal data on womens status and inequalities between men and women with other existing indicators. Section III discusses the results in the following order: 1) cross-sectional patterns in womens status; 2) trends in womens status; 3) cross-sectional patterns in inequality between men and women; 4) trends in inequality between men and women; and 5) conclusion. Finally section IV presents an overall discussion of the findings of the whole longitudinal evaluation.

This study explores the existence of relationships between gender inequalities –represented by the components of the World Economic Forum (WEF) Global Gender Gap Index– and the major macroeconomic indicators. The relationships within gender inequalities in education, the labour market, health and the political arena, and between gender inequalities and gross macroeconomic aggregates were modelled with the Bayesian Causal Map, an effective tool that is used to analyze cause-effect relations and conditional dependencies between variables. A data set of 128 countries during the period 2007–2011 is used. Findings reveal that some inequalities have high levels of interaction with each other. In addition, eradicating gender inequalities is found to be associated with better economic performance, mainly in the form of higher gross domestic product growth, investment, and competitiveness.

<em>This research will shed light on the role of women in political parties in Japan. Japanis still in 125th position out of 146 countries in the World Economic Forum's Global Gender Gap Index (GGI) Report 2023. This puts Japan at the bottom among developed countries. Even though various policies related to gender equality have been taken by the Japanese government. Politics as an instrument of democracy should ideally play a role in the promotion and campaign of gender equality in Japan. The ruling LDP (Liberal Democratic Party) and the opposition CDP (Constitutional Democratic Party) also played the issue of gender equality as part of efforts to respond to women's public. The response of political parties can certainly be traced to how political parties recruit and place women in party and parliamentary structures. This is the purpose of this study, to find out how the LDP and CDP recruit and candidacy women in their respective parties as an effort to realize gender equality. Using qualitative methods and party recruitment perspectives, it was found that both LDP and CDP provide space for women's involvement in their political parties. Although the LDP in the recruitment of women still uses a conservative and exclusive approach, the CDP is more progressive and inclusive. And also both, the LDP and CDP both consider the capital and political motivations of each female candidate. However, neither of them has made the affirmative quota policy effective within his party</em>

Culture and Gender Allocation of Tasks: Source Country Characteristics and the Division of Non-Market Work among US Immigrants

Purpose This study will look at the relationship between norms on gender equality on the one hand and the level of gender equality in the political and socioeconomic sphere, the presence or absence of armed conflict, and general peacefulness on the other. Design/methodology/approach Data on gender equality norms from the World Values Surveys, political and socioeconomic gender equality from the Global Gender Gap Index, armed conflict from the Uppsala Conflict Data Base, and general peacefulness from the Global Peace Index are analyzed in a bivariate correlation. Findings The results show a significant association between norms on and attitudes toward gender equality and levels of political and socioeconomic gender equality, absence or presence of armed conflict, and level of general peacefulness. Research limitations There is no data base on norms on and attitudes toward the use of violence which is why only levels of violence are included in the study. Social implications The study shows that governments, aid agencies, NGOs and others working on conflict prevention and peace building need to focus on improving gender equality in order to achieve a sustainable decrease in conflict levels and an improvement in general levels of peacefulness. Originality/value This study is original in that it looks at norms on gender equality on the individual level on the one hand and actual levels of both gender equality and violence in the society, including armed conflict on the other.

This systematic review sought to evaluate the impact of gender equality on the health of both women and men in high-income countries. A range of health outcomes arose across the 48 studies included. Gender equality was measured in various ways, including employment characteristics, political representation, access to services, and with standard indicators (such as the Global Gender Gap Index and the Gender Empowerment Measure). The effects of gender equality varied depending on the health outcome examined, and the context in which gender equality was examined (i.e. employment or domestic domain). Overall, evidence suggests that greater gender equality has a mostly positive effect on the health of males and females. We found utility in the convergence model, which postulates that gender equality will be associated with a convergence in the health outcomes of men and women, but unless there is encouragement and support for men to assume more non-traditional roles, further health gains will be stymied.

Climate change is one of the greatest challenges to humanity, with carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions being the primary driver. This study examined the relationship between gender equality, measured using the Global Gender Gap Index (GGGI), and CO2 emissions per capita across 49 countries over a 14-year period (2006–2020). Using a fixed-effects regression model, we controlled for structural, economic, and policy variables including population density, GDP per capita, urbanization rate, energy use, the stability of democratic institutions, and environmental policy stringency. Multiple imputations were applied to address missing data, and robustness checks were performed to confirm the validity of the findings. The results indicated that the GGGI is significantly negatively associated with CO2 emissions per capita (β = −0.1403, p < 0.001), suggesting that a 1% improvement in the GGGI corresponds to a reduction of 0.14 metric tons in CO2 emissions per capita. Population density and energy use were also significant predictors, whereas GDP per capita, urbanization rate, and environmental policy stringency showed weaker or non-significant associations. These findings underscore the potential of gender equality to enhance environmental sustainability by improving decision-making processes and policy implementation.

Gender inequity is proposed as a societal-level risk factor for child maltreatment. However, most cross-national research examining this association is limited to developing countries and has used limited measures of gender inequity and child homicides as a proxy for child maltreatment. To examine the relationship between gender inequity and child maltreatment, we used caregivers' reported use of severe physical punishment (proxy for physical abuse) and children under 5 left alone or under the care of another child younger than 10 years of age (supervisory neglect) and three indices of gender inequity (the Social and Institutional Gender Index, the Gender Inequality Index, and the Gender Gap Index) from 57 countries, over half of which were developing countries. We found all three gender inequity indices to be significantly associated with physical abuse and two of the three to be significantly associated with neglect, after controlling for country-level development. Based on these findings, efforts to prevent child abuse and neglect might benefit from reducing gender inequity.

Gender equality is a key focus of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), as stated in Goal 5, which aims to end discrimination against ‎women and ensure that women can participate and have equal opportunities to become leaders. According to the Global Gender Gap Report ‎‎2022, Indonesia ranks 92nd out of 146 countries, with a Global Gender Gap Index (GGGI) score of 69.7%. This study aims to: (1) Evaluating glass ceiling perception towards women’s career advancement for accounting profession through survey; (2) Providing empirical evidence whether women experience glass ceiling perception in the workplace; and (3) Providing empirical evidence confirming whether the ‎perception of glass ceiling towards women in the workplace are recognized by men. The method used in this study was quantitative, utilizing ‎primary data collected through a questionnaire distributed to respondents. Hypothesis testing was conducted using logistic regression analysis. Four variables tested were bias, marital status, parenthood, and external. Based on the results, it was found that bias, ‎marital status, parenthood, and external variables had a significant influence on the perception of the glass ceiling towards women’s career advancement for the accounting profession in Indonesia. This conclusion has been drawn according to data collected from 106 respondents, who are ‎currently working in the accounting field in Indonesia‎.

Gender discrimination has been persistent across globe and it is more identified in terms of wage differential. Such discrimination is more striking in developing countries and further more among social groups. Though many countries have passed minimum wage laws and laws mandating equal treatment of women at workplace, gender wage differential remains a perennial feature of labor markets across globe. Among BRIC nation India depicts highest wage discrimination between sexes (Rema Nagarajan TNN March 2011). This fact was reveled also in the Global Gender Gap Report of 2010 as well. The recent survey by the World Economic Forum (WEF) points out the Indian situation, ranking India among the bottom 10 countries in the world in terms of women’s participation in the economy. The World Economic Forum’s Global Gender Gap Report 2020 says Of the 153 countries studied in the report, India ranks 112th on the overall Global Gender Gap Index with the index value of (0.068). The overall gender gap as though has narrowed the pay gaps have widen and it will take 257 more years i.e by year 2257 pay equity will be established. India has shown disappointing performance in women work participation rate (WPR), pushing the country among the bottom 10 countries on the WEF list. The country ranks 149th among 153 countries in economic participation. Overall, in terms of gender equality India achieves a score of 59.4%, but in terms of economic participation and opportunity, it scores 39.8% which is dismal. The present study is an attempt to analyze the wage differential across selected states of India. The wages for agriculture and non agriculture workers for sexes is considered. The attempt has been made to evaluate wage differential across selected states of India and inequality therein has been calculated. The descriptive statistical tools like arithmetic mean and standard deviation has been used to ameliorate understanding. The pay parity Index has also been calculated The overall observation from the study widens understanding about pay pattern in India – and discriminating dimension therein. Across occupation unequal pay prevails in regards to sexes with males being paid more than women for the equal jobs. Disparity among agricultural Towards Excellence: An Indexed, Refereed & Peer Reviewed Journal of Higher Education / Dr. Hitesh Jagani & Dr. Nasheman Bandookwala / Page 399-410 March, 2021. VOL.13. ISSUE NO. 1 https://hrdc.gujaratuniversity.ac.in/Publication Page | 400 workers is highest at Kerala- female agricultural workers are paid 29% less than males. On other hand in Himachal Pradesh male agricultural worker is paid 5% less than females. For non agricultural workers Tamil Nadu exhibits high incidence of inequality with female workers being paid 32% less than males. Gujarat comparatively depicts a better scenario with average female payments being more in non agricultural sector as though in agriculture sector disparity prevails.

An influential explanation for gender differences in mating strategies is that the sex-specific reproductive constraints faced by human ancestors shaped these differences. Other theorists have emphasized the role of societal factors, hypothesizing, for example, that gender differences in mate preferences should wane in gender-equal societies. However, findings have been ambiguous. Using recent data and a novel measure of gender equality, we revisited the role of gender parity in gender differentiation for mate preferences. In the first study, 3,177 participants from 10 nations with a gradually decreasing Global Gender Gap Index (GGI) provided online ratings of the desirability of mate attributes with reportedly evolutionary origins. In the second study, GGI scores were related to gender differences in mate preferences previously reported for 8,953 participants from 31 nations (Buss, 1989). Both studies show that gender differences in mate preferences with presumed evolutionary roots decline proportionally to increases in nations’ gender parity.

The recent remarks by Yoshiro Mori, the ex-president of the Tokyo Organizing Committee for the Olympic and Paralympic Games, have drawn international scrutiny on issues of gender discrimination in Japan, given Japan’s dismal ranking in the Global Gender Gap Index. In this context, I examine the issue of gender discrimination in Japanese society, focusing on sports in Japan. Additionally, I provide three glaring examples of discrimination in sports that need to be addressed. The contempt for women in sports has been glorified in the guise of practicing ‘tradition’ and ‘culture’ and is justified through outdated rules. Thus, it is imperative to tackle this issue to achieve gender equality and the social advancement of women against the backdrop of rapid globalization. Hopefully, the consciousness of being in the global spotlight in the Olympic Games would act as a catalyst for Japan to usher in gender equality.

Uniform Civil Code: An Instrument for Gender Justice