Association between maternal overprotection and premenstrual disorder: a machine learning based exploratory study

Background and Aims: Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) and Premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) are two premenstrual disorders that have been reported in many countries and have gradually become predominant concerns The study aimed to determine potential risk factors associated with PMS and PMDD Method: Three hundred two female student participants who were 18 – 45 years old completed a questionnaire including demographic characteristics, lifestyle factors, and a Vietnamese Premenstrual Syndrome Screening Tool (PSST). We then followed up participants during at least two menstrual cycles using the Daily Record of Severity of Problems (DRSP). The PMS and PMDD diagnosis were established using The Carolina Premenstrual Assessment Scoring System (C-PASS), based on the American College of Obstetrics and Gynecology (ACOG) and Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5). Results: According to the C-PASS, 35 out of 302 students (11.6%; 95%CI: 8.2-15.7%) met the diagnosis of PMS (31 students) or PMDD (4 students). We found that age at menarche (PR = 0.77, 95%CI: 0.63 - 0.96), having negative Rh blood type (PR=4.43, 95%CI: 1.95 to 10.08), being moderately depressed or higher (PR=2.81, 95%CI: 1.24 to 6.36), and consuming caffeine more than three times per week were statistically associated with having PMS/PMDD after adjusting for other variables. Conclusion: The prominent risk factors for PMS and PMDD were negative Rhesus blood type, menarche age, caffeine consumption, and self-reported depression.

Abstract: CONTEXT: Premenstrual disorders, including premenstrual syndrome (PMS) and premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD), pose significant challenges to women’s well-being. In India, the prevalence estimates of PMS have ranged from 14.3% to 74.4%, whereas reports of PMDD prevalence vary from 3.7% to 65.7%. AIMS: The study aims to determine the prevalence of PMDD and PMS among teenage girls and explore their correlations with demographic characteristics in the Dadri region. SETTINGS AND DESIGNS: This study adopts a cross-sectional design conducted among teenage girls aged 12–18 from various schools in the Dadri region of Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Participants were selected using cluster sampling and completed a questionnaire assessing premenstrual symptoms based on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition criteria for PMDD and PMS. Demographic data and anthropometric measures were collected. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS USED: SPSS was utilized, with descriptive statistics calculated for demographic variables and Pearson correlation employed to explore relationships between variables. RESULTS: The study found a significant prevalence of PMDD, with 14.5% of schoolgirls affected, whereas 54.5% reported experiencing PMS symptoms. Significant associations were observed between age, height, weight, and class. In addition, a strong positive correlation was found between age and various premenstrual symptoms, including hypersomnia, physical symptoms, and social life activities. CONCLUSIONS: The study underscores the importance of addressing PMDD among schoolgirls and highlights the significant correlation between PMDD prevalence and demographic parameters. These findings can inform the development of tailored supportive health programs aimed at managing premenstrual symptoms in teenage girls.

To assess the background, psychosocial, and menstrual factors associated with premenstrual syndrome (PMS) and premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) in a community-based cohort. A prospective cohort study was conducted using data from users of a menstrual tracking application. Participants were classified into control, PMS, or PMDD groups based on responses to the Japanese version of the premenstrual symptoms screening tool (PSST). Primary outcomes included background factors (e.g., healthcare literacy, stress coping), psychosocial measures (psychological distress, sleep quality, and work-home balance), and menstrual characteristics (average cycle length [CL], CL variability, abnormal cycle length, and menstrual symptoms). Age-adjusted multinomial logistic regression models were used to examine associations. A total of 7227 individuals were included; 23% met criteria for PMS and 10% for PMDD. Both PMS and PMDD were associated with younger age, smoking history (current and past), more adverse childhood experiences, lower healthcare literacy, and higher maladaptive coping scores. PMDD was additionally linked to being married and co-residing with children, while PMS was associated with alcohol consumption. Both groups reported higher levels of psychological distress, poor sleep quality, and negative work-home balance. Although the prevalence of abnormal cycle length did not differ between groups, menstrual symptom burden was greater in both PMS and PMDD. Premenstrual disorders are associated with a wide range of sociodemographic and psychosocial difficulties. Although menstrual irregularities were similar across groups, menstrual symptom burden was markedly higher. These findings underscore the need for targeted, multidisciplinary support.

Introduction: Premenstrual disorders are a wide range of physical, behavioral, and psychological symptoms which emergence before menstruation and in the first initial days of menstruation which repeat in several cycle. This study aimed to evaluate the Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) and Premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) incidence and its related factors among Iranian medical students. Materials and Methods: In a is cross sectional study 264 students of Qom university of Medical Sciences were selected by stratified proportional to size and simple random sampling method. Demographic form, Premenstrual Symptoms Screening Tool (PSST) and Daily Record of Severity of Problems (DRSP) questionnaires were used for data collection and evaluation of subjects for PMS and PMMD according to the DSM-IV criteria. Data analysis conducted using SPSS version 20 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) by Chi square, independent t-test and multivariable logistic regression. P value lower 0.05 was considered as significant. Results: The mean age of subjects was 21.05±2.20 years and 102 students (38.6%) were diagnosed as PMS that 8% (21 subjects) were labeled as PMMD. Decreased interest in daily activities (60.6%), depressed mood (60.2%), fatigue/lack of energy (52.3%), physical symptoms and difficulty concentrating (51.1%) were the most common PMS symptoms. Bivariate analysis showed that BMI, marital status, chronic disease history, and continuous use of medication have significant relationship with PMS morbidity. Marriage 2.1 (OR=2.1, 95% CI: 1.12-4.42) and stress in the last 3 months (OR=2.38, 95% CI: 1.23-4.63) were two most important predictors of PMS in medical students based on multivariate logistic regression. Conclusion: Decreasing the students stress, especially in students with chronic disease history that have continuous medication consumption could be effective factors for control the PMS symptoms. Moreover, educational stress beside higher familial stress in married students due to socioeconomic and cultural factors, are the related predictive determinants of PMS. Change in life style by rest taking and enough sleeping, and counseling could be help the affected subjects.

BackgroundPremenstrual disorders, including premenstrual syndrome and premenstrual dysphoric disorder, are suggested to be correlated with suicidal behavior and accidents in cross-sectional and retrospective studies. However, prospective data are still lacking.MethodsWe performed a population-based cohort study including 1,472,379 Swedish women of reproductive age who were followed from 2001 to 2012. Within the cohort, we also performed a sibling analysis where we compared the rates of injury between full sisters. By linking to the Patient and the Prescribed Drug Registers, we identified 18,628 women with any clinical indications for premenstrual disorders in the cohort (population analysis) and 7674 women in the sibling analysis. Any injury, primarily suicidal behavior (completed suicide and suicide attempt) or accidents (e.g., fall and transportation accidents), was identified through the Patient and Causes of Death Registers as the primary outcome. We estimated hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of these outcomes among women with premenstrual disorders in both population and sibling analyses using multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression.ResultsDuring a maximal follow-up of 12 years (mean 9.55 years), we identified 2390 women with premenstrual disorders with any injury; 216 through suicidal behavior and 2191 through accidents. Compared to women without premenstrual disorders, women with premenstrual disorders were at increased risk of any injury (HR 1.37, 95% CI 1.31–1.42), particularly suicidal behavior (HR 2.26, 95% CI 1.97–2.59) and accidents (HR 1.32, 95% CI 1.27–1.38). Such associations somewhat attenuated yet remained significant in the sibling analysis (HRs: 1.31 for any injury, 1.86 for suicidal behavior, and 1.29 for accidents). Additional adjustment for psychiatric comorbidities minimally altered the associations with any injury and accidents in both population and sibling analyses, whereas the association with suicidal behavior was considerably attenuated to non-significance in the sibling analysis. Such risks were particularly strong within 2 years after receiving the diagnosis of premenstrual disorders and were evident among women with premenstrual disorders with and without psychiatric comorbidities.ConclusionsOur findings suggest that women with a clinical indication of premenstrual disorders are at increased subsequent risk of injury, particularly accidents within the first 2 years after diagnosis.

This is a protocol for a Cochrane Review (Intervention). The objectives are as follows: To evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of GnRH agonists and antagonists in the management of PMS and PMDD.

Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS) and Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD), collectively known as Premenstrual Disorders (PMDs), cause significant distress and functional impairment, and premenstrual exacerbation (PME) affects a large proportion of women with psychiatric diagnoses. Childhood trauma is one factor that may contribute to PMD/PME risk. This study examines the relationship between childhood trauma and PMDs, PME, and non-PMD psychiatric illness. This study is a secondary analysis of data from a prospective cohort. Participants completed self-assessments on childhood trauma using the Childhood Traumatic Event Scale (CTE-S) and on premenstrual symptoms using the Premenstrual Symptoms Screening Tool (PSST). Psychiatric diagnoses were assessed through structured clinical interviews. Participants were divided into four groups based on their PSST scores and psychiatric illness status: (1) Premenstrual Disorders (PMDs; moderate to severe PMS and PMDD), (2) PME, (3) psychiatric controls (PC; individuals with psychiatric illness but no significant premenstrual symptoms), and (4) healthy controls (HC; individuals with no psychiatric illness and no significant premenstrual symptoms). Statistical analyses, including ANOVA, Tukey's HSD test, Fisher's exact test, and logistic regression, were conducted to examine differences among the groups. Data from 391 participants were analyzed. Participants with PME and PC reported a higher quantity and severity of childhood traumatic events compared to HCs (p <.05). There was a weak but significant correlation between childhood trauma and premenstrual symptom burden across all groups (R = .18, p <.001). Within-group analysis revealed moderate correlations between childhood trauma and premenstrual symptoms driven by the PMD group (R = .42, p = .01). The findings underscore the impact of childhood traumatic events on mental health and premenstrual symptoms and highlight the need for additional research to explore the underlying mechanisms linking childhood trauma to the continuum of premenstrual disorders, to improve the efficacy of trauma-focused interventions for affected individuals.

Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) and premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) are common disorders of the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle and are characterized by moderate to severe physical, affective, or behavioral symptoms that impair daily activities and quality of life. PMS and PMDD have recently raised great interest in the research community for their considerable global prevalence. The etiology of PMS/PMDD is complex. Ovarian reproductive steroids (estradiol and progesterone) are considered pathogenetic effectors, but the key feature seems to be an altered sensitivity of the GABAergic central inhibitory system to allopregnanolone, a neurosteroid derived from progesterone produced after ovulation. Also, a reduced availability of serotonin seems to be involved. New insights point to a role for genetic and epigenetic modifications of hormonal and neurotransmitter pathways, and inflammation is the potential link between peripheral and neurological integrated responses to stressors. Thus, new therapeutic approaches to PMS/PMDD include inhibition of progesterone receptors in the brain (i.e., with ulipristal acetate), reduced conversion of progesterone to its metabolite allopregnanolone with dutasteride, and possible modulation of the action of allopregnanolone on the brain GABAergic system with sepranolone. Further research is needed to better understand the interaction between peripheral inflammatory molecules (cytokines, interleukins, C-reactive protein, and reactive oxygen species) and the brain neurotransmitter systems in women with PMS/PMDD. If confirmed, neuroinflammation could lead both to develop targeted anti-inflammatory therapies and to define prevention strategies for the associated chronic inflammatory risk in PMS/PMDD. Finally, the observed association between premenstrual disorders and psychological diseases may guide prompt and adequate interventions to achieve a better quality of life.

Background: Psychiatric disorders are usually found to be associated with thyroid dysfunction. Although thyroid dysfunction's relevance to psychiatric disorders is recognized, few studies have estimated the prevalence of subclinical hypothyroidism in subjects with the premenstrual dysphoric disorder in the Indian population. Method: A hospital-based cross-sectional study conducted in a tertiary care centre in central Kerala, enrolled 70 subjects diagnosed with Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD) who presented to the psychiatry and gynaecology Out Patient Departments (OPD). Sociodemographic and clinical data were collected followed by administration of PMDD rating scale. Mini International Psychiatric Interview was done to rule out other psychiatric disorders. TSH was done for all subjects after two months during follow up. Results: 63.33 % of subjects with PMDD were found to have thyroid dysfunction. A significant association was established between PMDD score and subclinical hypothyroidism. Conclusion: Subclinical hypothyroidism is common in premenstrual disorder and is closely associated with the same.

Background:Premenstrual disorders represent a constellation of incapacitating gynecological disorders with numerous coexisting conditions. The identification and comprehension of disease-related comorbidities are of paramount importance in the medical field. This study aims to systematically review existing research and identify potential focus areas through bibliometric analysis.Methods:One hundred forty-nine publications on comorbidity in psychotic mood disorders between 1999 and 2023 were retrieved from the Web of Science Core Collection. The data was analyzed using bibliometric tools such as CiteSpace 6.1.R2 and VOSviewer. Specifically, the study examined the annual publication count, contributions by country and institution and details on journals, authors, citation counts, and keywords.Results:The data were retrieved on August 3, 2023. The annual number of publications showed an upward trend from 1999 to 2023. Globally, the US and Canada presented the highest publication counts and served as core research regions. Meanwhile, McMaster University and Harward University exhibited the highest output and influence by institution. In terms of author, Frey BN (McMaster University, Canada) was the most prolific with leading academic influence, while Lieb R (University of Basel, Switzerland) and Wittchen HU (Technical University Dresden, Germany) were the most cited authors. The American Journal of Psychiatry (impact factor = 17.7, 2023) was the most frequently cited journal. Furthermore, significant overlapping between premenstrual syndrome and premenstrual dysphoric disorder warrants further investigation, and the intrinsic connection between premenstrual dysphoric disorder and bipolar disorder is a rising focus. Temporally, research shifted from prevalence surveys to diagnostic and mechanistic studies.Conclusions:This bibliometric study comprehensively analyzes the current state of research on physical and mental health comorbidities. North America became a prominent leader in contributions from countries, institutions, authors, and journals. Additionally, the study underscores the potential for further exploration of comorbidity between physiological and psychiatric conditions, suggesting a promising avenue for future research efforts.

Background: Premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) is a severe mood disorder that affects ∼5% of menstruating individuals. Although symptoms are limited to the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle, PMDD causes significant distress and impairment across a range of activities. PMDD is under-recognized by health care providers, can be difficult to diagnose, and lies at the intersection of gynecology and psychiatry. Thus, many patients are misdiagnosed, or encounter challenges in seeking care. The aim of this study was to examine patients' experiences with different health care specialties when seeking care for PMDD symptoms. Methods: We examined data from the 2018 Global Survey of Premenstrual Disorders conducted by the International Association for Premenstrual Disorders (IAPMD). Patients rated their health care providers (general practitioners, psychiatrists, gynecologists, psychotherapists) in three key areas related to treatment of premenstrual mood complaints: interpersonal factors, awareness and knowledge of PMDD, and whether the patient was asked to track symptoms daily. Intraclass correlations examined between- and within-person variance. Multilevel regression models predicted ratings on each provider competency item, with ratings nested within individuals to examine the within-patient effect of provider type on outcomes. Results: The sample included 2,512 patients who reported seeking care for PMDD symptoms. Regarding interpersonal factors, psychotherapists were generally rated the highest. On awareness and knowledge of PMDD, gynecologists and psychiatrists were generally rated the highest. Gynecologists were more likely than other providers to ask patients to track symptoms daily. Conclusions: These findings suggest that different providers have different strengths in assessing and treating PMDD. Further, graduate and medical training programs may benefit from increased curricular development regarding evidence-based evaluation and treatment of PMDD.

Premenstrual exacerbation of mood disorders has received little attention, despite the recent interest in premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) and premenstrual syndrome (PMS). Differentiating between PMDD/PMS and other disorders, which worsen premenstrually, is a poorly understood diagnostic challenge. Controversy also focuses on a possible coexistence of PMDD and other mood disorders. This review discusses the differences between mood-disorder exacerbations and premenstrual disorders, evidence for premenstrual magnification of mood disorders, and possible mechanisms for these variations as well as clinical implications. Psychopharmacology Bulletin 2001; 35(3):135–149

Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) is a disorder in which a set of physical, emotional, and behavioral symptoms, mostly seen in the late luteal phase of the menstrual cycle, disappear with the onset of menstruation. It has a high incidence in society, and it causes problems in a person's daily life. Premenstrual dysphoric disorder is diagnosed when symptoms are clinically or socially more severe. Although the exact cause of these disorders is unknown, numerous theories have been proposed, including gonadal hormones, neurotransmitters, central nervous system (CNS) abnormalities, diet, genetic factors, and environmental factors. In this study, current studies on premenstrual disorders and the brain were compiled to shed light on the etiology of PMS. In the light of the literature, a summary of recent studies on the role of neurotransmitters related to PMS, functioning in the CNS, hormonal changes, gray matter, brain resting state, abnormalities in the limbic system, emotion processing and regulation, genetic explanations, nutrition, and alternative medicine has been presented.

Bipolar disorder (BD) is commonly comorbid with premenstrual syndrome (PMS) or premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD). However, little is known about their relationship. This study aimed to assess the impact of comorbid PMS or PMDD on the clinical characteristics of BD. A cross-sectional study was conducted on 262 women with BD. PMS and PMDD were screened with the Premenstrual Symptoms Screening Tool (PSST). Symptomatic features were assessed with Hamilton Depression Scale (HAMD), Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS), and atypical features by the depressive episode section of SCID-I/P. The rates of PMS and PMDD among BD were 57.6% and 20.6% according to PSST. No significant difference in the rates of PMS and PMDD was found between BD I, BD II, and BD-NOS. Compared to BD patients without PMS or PMDD, patients with comorbid BD and PMS or PMDD were younger, more educated, had a higher risk of OCD, had an earlier age of onset, scored higher on HAMD-17 and its sub-scale of anxiety/somatization, cognitive deficit, psychomotor retardation, and were more likely to have increased appetite and leaden paralysis. In addition, patients with comorbid BD and PMDD were less likely to experience traumatic life events, more likely to have family history of mental disorders and have inflammatory or autoimmune disease, scored higher on HMAD-17, particularly in its sub-scale of anxiety/somatization, cognitive deficit, psychomotor retardation, and sleep disturbance. Compared with BD without PMS or PMDD, BD with PMS or PMDD might be a specific subtype of BD characterized with earlier onset age, heavier genetic load, increased symptom severity, and atypical features.

Can animal models resemble a premenstrual dysphoric condition?