Attribution theory, judgmental biases, and cognitive behavior modification: Prospects and problems

Past research is consistent with the idea that socioeconomic deprivation leads individuals to be more religious in certain ways. The related perspectives of exchange theory and cognitive behaviorism imply that such deprivation also leads people to place more importance on religion a virtually unexplored issue. This study examines the effects of education, occupational prestige and income on religious salience” among residents of the Raleigh, North Carolina, metropolitan area Oc cupational prestige and among respondents who were not church members education are found to have the hypothesized negative effects on salience. However, income has no effects when education and occupation are controlled, and an argument by Rodney Stark that these effects would hold true only for church members is contradicted.

So-called 'third wave' cognitive and behavioural therapies represent a new generation of psychological therapies that are increasingly being used in the treatment of psychological problems. However, the effectiveness and acceptability of third-wave cognitive and behavioural therapy (CBT) approaches as treatment for acute depression remain unclear. 1. To examine the effects of all third wave CBT approaches compared with treatment as usual/waiting list/attention placebo/psychological placebo control conditions for acute depression.2. To examine the effects of different third wave CBT approaches (ACT, compassionate mind training, functional analytic psychotherapy, dialectical behaviour therapy, MBCT, extended behavioural activation and metacognitive therapy) compared with treatment as usual/waiting list/attention placebo/psychological placebo control conditions for acute depression.3. To examine the effects of all third wave CBT approaches compared with different types of comparators (treatment as usual, no treatment, waiting list, attention placebo, psychological placebo) for acute depression. We searched the Cochrane Depression Anxiety and Neurosis Group Trials Specialised Register (CCDANCTR to 01/01/12), which includes relevant randomised controlled trials from The Cochrane Library (all years), EMBASE, (1974-), MEDLINE (1950-) and PsycINFO (1967-). We also searched CINAHL (May 2010) and PSYNDEX (June 2010) and reference lists of the included studies and relevant reviews for additional published and unpublished studies. An updated search of CCDANCTR restricted to search terms relevant to third wave CBT therapies was conducted in March 2013 (CCDANCTR to 01/02/13). Randomised controlled trials that compared third wave CBT therapies with control conditions for acute depression in adults. Two review authors independently identified studies, assessed trial quality and extracted data. Study authors were contacted for additional information when required. We rated the quality of evidence using GRADE methods. Four small studies (224 participants) were included in the review. Little information was provided about the process of allocating participants to groups. None of the studies used independent outcome assessors, and evidence suggested researcher allegiance towards the active treatments. The four studies examined a diversity of third wave CBT approaches (extended behavioural activation, acceptance and commitment therapy and competitive memory training) and control conditions. None of the studies conducted follow-up assessments. The results showed a significant difference in clinical response rates in favour of third wave CBT when compared with treatment as usual (TAU) conditions (three studies, 170 participants, risk ratio (RR) 0.51, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.27 to 0.95; very low quality). No significant difference in treatment acceptability based on dropout rates was found between third wave CBT approaches and TAU (four studies, 224 participants, RR 1.01, 95% CI 0.08 to 12.30; very low quality). Both analyses showed substantial statistical heterogeneity. Very low quality evidence suggests that third wave CBT approaches appear to be more effective than treatment as usual in the treatment of acute depression. The very small number of available studies and the diverse types of interventions and control comparators, together with methodological limitations, limit the ability to draw any conclusions on their effect in the short term or over a longer term. The increasing popularity of third wave CBT approaches in clinical practice underscores the importance of completing further studies of third wave CBT approaches in the treatment of acute depression, on a short- and long-term basis, to provide evidence of their effectiveness to policy-makers, clinicians and users of services.

On August 6, 2007 Friedrich Forsterling died at the age of 54, a year after receiving a terminal diagnosis. It was one of his core beliefs that it is logically not possible to make a global overall evaluation of a human being, because any person consists of literally millions of different deeds and traits. We agree with him that even after the death of a person it is not possible to do such a final evaluation. Therefore, in the following we try to simply describe his professional life, his belief in rationality, his persistence in his scientific work, and his humorous equanimity. Friedrich Forsterling was born in Braunschweig, Germany on January 25, 1953. He studied psychology at the Universities of Graz and Salzburg in Austria, where he received his Ph.D. in 1977. During this period, he developed his interests in attribution theory and cognitive behavior modification. To develop his expertise in these areas, he pursued advanced training as a Postdoctoral Scholar for two years, first in 1977 at the University of California, Los Angeles, where he studied with Bernard Weiner and subsequently at the Institute for Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT) in New York, NY, where he received clinical supervision from Albert Ellis. These experiences provided the foundation for his conviction that attribution theory could be a key element in cognitive behavior modification. When he returned to Germany in 1979, he acquired a position as lecturer in the Department of Psychology at the University of Bielefeld, under the direction of Wulf–Uwe Meyer, where he Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, Vol. 27, No. 2, 2008, pp. i–iv

Cognitive behavioral treatment of men who batter their partners

The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of using the Cognitive Behaviour Modification (CBM) technique on the subtraction skills of third grade hearing and deaf/hard-of-hearing students. The results indicated that the CBM deaf/hard-of-hearing students and the CBM and non-CBM hearing students made more progress in solving the subtraction problems than the non-CBM deaf/hard-of-hearing students. The results also showed that there were no significant differences between the CBM deaf/hard-of-hearing and the non-CBM hearing students; and there were no significant differences between the CBM and non-CBM hearing students. The results revealed that the CBM hearing students achieved significantly higher post-test scores than the CBM deaf/hard-of-hearing students. However, the CBM deaf/hard-of-hearing students obtained a significantly higher gain score compared to the CBM and non-CBM hearing students. Implications for teachers and suggestions for future research are discussed in this paper.

This chapter reviews the research literature on biofeedback, relaxation training, and cognitive behavior modification treatment approaches for a range of functional gastrointestinal (GI) disorders. Biofeedback, relaxation training, and cognitive behavior modification are all plausible treatment strategies for functional GI disorders in which stress plays an important role in inducing or exacerbating symptoms. Thus, definitive support for the efficacy of this multicomponent cognitive behavior-modification treatment program in irritable bowel syndrome is lacking, although earlier studies comparing progressive muscle-relaxation training to medical management provide persuasive evidence of the efficacy of this approach to stress management. Relaxation training and cognitive behavior modification would be expected to reduce the number and/or intensity of pain episodes in patients who report that stress precipitates or exacerbates the condition. To date, no controlled studies of the efficacy of relaxation training, biofeedback, or cognitive behavior modification for levator ani syndrome or proctalgia fugax have been reported in the literature.

Purpose: The purpose of the present study was to decrease burnout and intention to resign by practicing cognitive behavioral approach to nurses of the 3 years nursing clinical experience. Methods: Nurses (N = 180) who worked at acute-care hospitals and whose clinical experience was 3 years were requested. Nurses (n = 95, male 5, female 90) who were able to do participation at all the sessions were objects. The program was created and carried out for a nurse’s burnout with reference to cognitive behavior therapy. Evaluation of intervention was asked to complete a questionnaire that measured burnout (MBI), job stressors (NJSS), automatic thoughts (the shorter version of Japanese version ATQ-R), Irrational Belief Test for Nurses (IBTN), coping measure and whether or not they had an intention to resign. Measurement was performed 3 times of a baseline, after the end of session and follow-up. Analysis of covariance which adjusted the baseline level was performed. Result: According to the results, “helplessness”, “positive thinking” and “personal accomplishment” were significant (p < 0.01). According to the results of Friedman test, significant difference was observed in “emotional exhaustion” in the group with low degree of irrational belief (p < 0.10 ) and in the group with high degree (p < 0.05). With regard to the intention to leave the job, “wants to continue working as a nurse” was significant in the group in 3 months after intervention (p < 0.05). Conclusion: It is suggested that cognitive behavioral approach appears to be effective for reducing nurse’s burnout or intention to resign in nurses of the 3 years nursing clinical experience.

This paper emerged from the author’s concern that mental health commissioners may interpret NICE recommendations as meaning that cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) is a panacea. It documents the case of an individual for whom CBT may have been an appropriate but not necessarily optimal intervention. IThe case outline is followed by a critical analysis of cognitive behavioural and Kleinian approaches, concluding that the Kleinian approach offered long-term advantages to this client.

Counseling Cognitive Behavior Therapy is an emotional activity that perceives someone else's feelings about that person's point of view. of the person without knowing their identity. Behavior therapy also introduces group counseling with cognitive restructuring techniques. Not only is it that teenagers also experience developmental periods especially in the ability to choose careers for their future. Cognitive Behavior Therapy also helps to solve career problems of students.nThe role of guidance and counseling to help students is with a cognitive behavioral approach. Toxic Relationships have a negative impact on others well being of every individual. Toxic relationships affect adolescent mental health . Toxic relationships can be avoided through increased knowledge. Not a few teenagers engage in the environment of friendship, which causes teenagers to experience social life problems such as the negative impact of friends who socialize with others and people who are friendly with them. Cognitive behavior counseling is also an approach between counseling by focusing on unpleasant or adverse events. The aim of this study was to explain how counselor approaches in cognitive behavioral therapy wants to approach the counselor so that it can be more confident and focus on not having bad thoughts that make him uncomfortable. Such events occur so often that adolescents are not offended by the solutions given and help adolescents solve their individual problems.

Back to table of contents Previous article Next article Letter to the EditorFull AccessCognitive Behavior Therapy for Weight GainDANIEL UMBRICHT, M.D., HEIDI FLURY, M.A., and RENÉ BRIDLER, M.D., DANIEL UMBRICHTSearch for more papers by this author, M.D., HEIDI FLURYSearch for more papers by this author, M.A., and RENÉ BRIDLERSearch for more papers by this author, M.D., Zurich, SwitzerlandPublished Online:1 Jun 2001https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.158.6.971AboutSectionsView EPUB ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack Citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InEmail To the Editor: Some evidence has suggested that atypical antipsychotics offer a more comprehensive treatment for schizophrenia than typical antipsychotics. However, these drugs often lead to considerable weight gain (1, 2), resulting in poor compliance and a greater risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. To our knowledge, effective treatments of this side effect have not been identified. Here we report on the successful treatment of weight gain due to atypical antipsychotics with an approach that included elements of behavior therapy and counseling.Six patients with chronic schizophrenia and a patient with bipolar disorder were referred to a treatment group for medication-associated weight gain. Three additional schizophrenic patients signed up for individual treatment. In both group and individual sessions, a therapist trained as a psychologist and a dietician provided a treatment that included detailed counseling and a cognitive behavior approach. Treatment sessions focused on causes of weight gain, healthy low-calorie nutrition, specific recommendations for weight loss, and instructions about physical exercise and relaxation. In addition, problems with weight reduction were discussed, and behavioral and cognitive remedies were explored. Individual treatment spanned seven to nine sessions; in the group setting, 10 biweekly sessions focused on weight reduction, followed by six sessions focusing on weight maintenance.We evaluated the outcome of the treatment with a retrospective analysis of the weight data recorded in the charts of the patients and the notes of the dietician. Three patients dropped out of group treatment within two sessions. No data were recorded for these patients. For one patient who completed treatment, no data were available retrospectively. Thus, data were analyzed for six patients, all with a diagnosis of schizophrenia (two men and four women; age: mean=37.3 years, SD=14.7). Four patients were treated with clozapine (dose range: 25–250 mg/day) and two with 10 mg/day of olanzapine. Before treatment the mean body mass index was 29.6 kg/m2 (SD=2.5, range=26.6–34.0). After treatment, the body mass indexes ranged from 22.28 to 30.12 kg/m2 with a mean of 25.1 (SD=3.0); the difference between pre-and posttreatment was significant according to a paired t test (t=3.97, df=5, p<0.02). Actual weight loss ranged from 0 to 21 kg. Five of these six patients showed a posttreatment body mass index of less than 25 kg/m2, the upper limit of the recommended range.Our results suggest that cognitive behavior treatment may be a successful approach to control of an important side effect of atypical antipsychotics. Prospective controlled trials should be conducted to confirm these encouraging results.

Process Versus Content in the Study of Judgmental Accuracy

The exposure of pornography among adolescents is increasingly worrying because it has a negative impact on psychological, social, academic, and moral aspects. This study aims to test the effectiveness of Cognitive Behavior Modification (CBM)-based group counseling services using cognitive restructuring techniques in preventing exposure to pornography among students. The method used was a quasi-experiment with a non-equivalent control group design. The research subjects were 17 students from Senior High Schools in Sarolangun , selected via cluster random sampling: 9 in the experimental group and 8 in the control group. The research instrument contained 34 valid and reliable items that measured sound, reading, images, and actions. Data analysis used the Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test and the Mann-Whitney U Test. The results showed that the experimental group experienced a significant decrease in pornography exposure scores from high to low, with an N-Gain of 34.8. In contrast, the control group only had an N-Gain of 15.5. The Mann-Whitney U test resulted in p = 0.048 (&lt; 0.05). These findings confirm that CBM is effective as a preventive strategy and can be implemented by guidance and counseling teachers to help students deal with the challenges of pornography exposure. Keywords: group counseling, cognitive behavior modification, cognitive restructuring, pornography exposure

&lt;p&gt;This research is focused on the discussion of (1) integration between traditional and conventional medicine in the RSJ (Mental Hospital) of Bali, (2) the form of a combination of traditional medicine with conventional medicine for mental disorder patients at Mental Hospital of Bali, (3) the impact of integrating traditional medicine and conventional in mental patients at Mental Hospital of Bali. The theory used in analyzing the three problem formulations in this study, namely: (1) psychoanalytic theory, (2) ethnomedicine theory, and (3) perception theory. This research uses the method of documentation, literature study, observation and interviews. The results of this study indicate the following points. First, the factors that cause psychiatric rehabilitation patients at RSJ Bali integrate traditional and conventional medicine consisting of internal factors, e.g., beliefs, needs for holistic nursing care, religion, social, and culture, and also external factors, e.g., state legitimacy towards traditional medicine and western biomedical weakness. Second, the form of traditional medicine for mental illness patients at RSJ Bali Province consists of traditional forms, e.g., diagnosis (nengerin), peruwatan (bhuta Yajna) and spells, speech, dharma wacana (spiritual ceremony), prayer, and text-based handling (manuscripts) of medicine and a combination of traditional and modern techniques, and also conventional forms of treatment for psychoanalysis, cognitive behavioral approaches (cognitive behavior), humanistic approaches, and other types of therapy. The form of combining traditional and modern techniques consists of diagnosis, improvement of mental development, the use of drugs, and treatment by spiritual means. Third, traditional and conventional treatments for mental patients at RSJ Bali have an individual impact, social impact, psychological impact on patients, the impact of power, and the impact of community culture.&lt;/p&gt;

This thesis is concerned with a cognitive-behavioural approach toward location theory. Specifically it deals with the 'site characteristics' of medical practice sites and their relationships to the 'Degree of Specialism' and 'Need Constructs' of the physicians operant from the sites. The 'Need Construct' of physicians is seen to vary between actors as a result of the different temporal and functional practice characteristics found within the Medical Community. The practice site location decisions of specialist physicians are seen to be dependent on the actor's 'internal needs' for complex functional linkages with other specialist physicians and with medical facilities such as hospitals and diagnostic radiology and laboratory sites. Primary care physicians in contrast are seen as making practice site location decisions in response to the 'external needs' of their patients and hence, adopt sites minimizing inconvenience to this group. Physicians are thus seen, through function and functioning as adopting sites possessing those characteristics that will satisfy their dominant set of needs. Hence, physicians with a high 'Degree of Specialism' adopt sites with a high degree of linkage with other physicians and ancilliary medical facilities, whereas physicians with a low 'Degree of Specialism' adopt sites to minimize inconvenience to their patients. In order to test the hypotheses derived from the above conceptual structure, an interview survey was conducted in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. Instruments were developed and pre-tested using standard psychometric techniques to measure the 'Degree of Specialism' and the 'Need Construct' of a physician actor. The 'site characteristics' of a medical practice site were measured on nine variables falling into two groups. Group one comprised those variables measuring the relative-locational aspects of a practice site to other physician practice sites, diagnostic facilities, hospitals, etc., whereas group two comprised variables measuring intrinsic qualities of the site such as the number of physicians practicing from the site. A random sample of twenty primary care physicians and twenty specialist physicians were interviewed to provide the data for the study. A hypothesis testing and correlation analysis was performed on the data to test the study hypotheses. These analyses confirmed that statistically significant relationships existed between the 'Degree of Specialism' and the 'Need Construct' of an actor, between the 'Need Construct' and the 'Practice Site Characteristics' of an actor and between the 'Degree of Specialism' and the 'practice Site Characteristics' of an actor. It was also shown that there existed statistically significant differences between the 'site characteristics' of Specialist and Primary Care physicians. This was also the case for the "Need Constructs' of the two groups. On the basis of the analyses conducted it was concluded that the conceptual structure of the study provided useful insights into the processes of physician site adoption. Recommendations for further research suggest that two fruitful areas of study would be to investigate, over time, changes in the spatial pattern of the medical community relating this to changes in the functional structure of the profession and to investigate explicitly the relationships between the 'Degree of Specialism', 'Need Constructs', and, 'Time Budgets' of physician actors.

REDUCING STUDENTS’ ANXIETY THROUGH COGNITIVE BEHAVIORAL COUNSELING. Anxiety experienced by students at school can later affect their academic success at school. For this reason, this study tries to describe students' anxiety and efforts to reduce them through cognitive behavioral counseling. Anxiety in students can be interpreted as a condition that is full of worries and fears, feeling depressed, not calm, feeling guilty, feeling insecure and chaotic-minded accompanied by physical tension to certain situations. The characteristics of students who experience anxiety are divided into three parts, namely physical, behavioral and cognitive. The steps to reduce student anxiety through cognitive behavioral counseling are 1) identifying and knowing the level of student anxiety, 2) carrying out cognitive behavioral counseling, namely: initiating counseling, discussing content in the session, checking the events of the previous week, Core counseling , assigning tasks for the next meeting, and evaluating the session. Then, 3) Follow up. This article is expected to contribute as a scientific literature in the field of guidance and counseling, especially for school counselor in dealing with student anxiety through counseling services using a cognitive behavioral approach at school.