Audio Sentiment Analysis: Techniques, Workflow, Challenges, Applications and Literature Review

The rapid growth of Internet-based applications, such as social media platforms and blogs, has resulted in comments and reviews concerning day-to-day activities. Sentiment analysis is the process of gathering and analyzing people’s opinions, thoughts, and impressions regarding various topics, products, subjects, and services. People’s opinions can be beneficial to corporations, governments, and individuals for collecting information and making decisions based on opinion. However, the sentiment analysis and evaluation procedure face numerous challenges. These challenges create impediments to accurately interpreting sentiments and determining the appropriate sentiment polarity. Sentiment analysis identifies and extracts subjective information from the text using natural language processing and text mining. This article discusses a complete overview of the method for completing this task as well as the applications of sentiment analysis. Then, it evaluates, compares, and investigates the approaches used to gain a comprehensive understanding of their advantages and disadvantages. Finally, the challenges of sentiment analysis are examined in order to define future directions.

Everyone in this rapid evolution generation makes use of online resources. There is a huge amount of textual content available online from several sources, including social media apps, e-commerce sites, movie recommendation system, etc. Everyone in the modern society provides a variety of reviews for a specific product or item. An effective and smart technique is required that can analyze and provide the polarity of this textual data. since it is impossible to manually review such a vast volume of user-generated data. For this user-generated data, automatic sentiment classification is possible using a variety of tools and methods. Opinion mining and sentiment classification benefit from the dependable and accuracy of machine learning. Moreover, the sentiment analysis and evaluation process are fraught with difficulties. These complexities make it difficult to interpret sentiments accurately and figure out the right sentiment polarity. This article describes an overview on sentiment analysis(SA) applications, challenges, and issues encountered by researchers, with the goal of providing a systematic review on sentiment analysis and related areas for future research.

Sentiment analysis, a critical task in natural language processing, aims to automatically identify and classify the sentiment expressed in textual data. Aspect-level sentiment analysis focuses on determining sentiment at a more granular level, targeting specific aspects or features within a piece of text. In this paper, we explore various techniques for sentiment analysis, including traditional machine learning approaches and state-of-the-art deep learning models. Additionally, deep learning techniques has been utilized to identifying and extracting specific aspects from text, addressing aspect-level ambiguity, and capturing nuanced sentiments for each aspect. These datasets are valuable for conducting aspect-level sentiment analysis. In this article, we explore a language model based on pre-trained deep neural networks. This model can analyze sequences of text to classify sentiments as positive, negative, or neutral without explicit human labeling. To evaluate these models, data from Twitter's US airlines sentiment database was utilized. Experiments on this dataset reveal that the BERT, RoBERTA and DistilBERT model outperforms than the ML based model in accuracy and is more efficient in terms of training time. Notably, our findings showcase significant advancements over previous state-of-the-art methods that rely on supervised feature learning, bridging existing gaps in sentiment analysis methodologies. Our findings shed light on the advancements and challenges in sentiment analysis, offering insights for future research directions and practical applications in areas such as customer feedback analysis, social media monitoring, and opinion mining.

An Intelligent Cognitive-Inspired Computing with Big Data Analytics Framework for Sentiment Analysis and Classification

Sentiment analysis has become a powerful tool in processing and analysing expressed opinions on a large scale. While the application of sentiment analysis on English-language content has been widely examined, the applications on the Russian language remains not as well-studied. In this survey, we comprehensively reviewed the applications of sentiment analysis of Russian-language content and identified current challenges and future research directions. In contrast with previous surveys, we targeted the applications of sentiment analysis rather than existing sentiment analysis approaches and their classification quality. We synthesised and systematically characterised existing applied sentiment analysis studies by their source of analysed data, purpose, employed sentiment analysis approach, and primary outcomes and limitations. We presented a research agenda to improve the quality of the applied sentiment analysis studies and to expand the existing research base to new directions. Additionally, to help scholars selecting an appropriate training dataset, we performed an additional literature review and identified publicly available sentiment datasets of Russian-language texts.

Modality translation-based multimodal sentiment analysis under uncertain missing modalities

Arabic language suffers from the lack of available large datasets for machine learning and sentiment analysis applications. This work adds to the recently reported large dataset BRAD, which is the largest Book Reviews in Arabic Dataset. In this paper, we introduce HARD (Hotel Arabic-Reviews Dataset), the largest Book Reviews in Arabic Dataset for subjective sentiment analysis and machine language applications. HARD comprises of 490587 hotel reviews collected from the Booking.com website. Each record contains the review text in the Arabic language, the reviewer’s rating on a scale of 1 to 10 stars, and other attributes about the hotel/reviewer. We make available the full unbalanced dataset as well as a balanced subset. To examine the datasets, we implement six popular classifiers using Modern Standard Arabic (MSA) as well as Dialectal Arabic (DA). We test the sentiment analyzers for polarity and rating classifications. Furthermore, we implement a polarity lexicon-based sentiment analyzer. The findings confirm the effectiveness of the classifiers and the datasets. Our core contribution is to make this benchmark-dataset available and accessible to the research community on Arabic language.

Purpose: This paper provides a comprehensive review of current methods, progress, and open challenges in Sentiment Analysis (SA)—a computational discipline for extracting and interpreting opinions, sentiments, and emotions from text. It aims to identify the limitations of existing approaches and explore pathways toward more generalizable, explainable, and ethically robust sentiment analysis models. Design/Methodology/Approach: The study synthesizes insights from a tertiary review (Lighart et al., 2021), which aggregates findings from 14 systematic literature reviews and mapping studies, and a domain-specific review (Sweta, 2024) focusing on SA in educational contexts. A thematic analysis integrates methodological evolution, major challenges, and emerging trends to produce a consolidated overview of the field’s trajectory. Findings: Results indicate a clear shift from lexicon-based and traditional machine learning approaches to deep learning and transformer-based architectures (e.g., LSTM, CNN, BERT, GPT). Despite significant progress, persistent issues remain—such as domain and language dependency, contextual subtlety (sarcasm, irony), data imbalance, lack of explainability, and ethical concerns regarding privacy. New trends, including cross-domain transfer learning, explainable AI (XAI), multimodal sentiment analysis, and real-time processing, hold promise for overcoming these barriers. Research Limitations/Implications: The review highlights the need for standardized datasets, cross-lingual benchmarks, and interdisciplinary collaboration between NLP researchers and domain experts to enhance model robustness and ethical compliance. Originality/Value: By integrating high-level evidence from tertiary research with practical insights from domain-specific studies, this paper outlines the current landscape and future directions for building generalizable, transparent, and ethically grounded sentiment analysis systems.

A comprehensive survey on sentiment analysis: Approaches, challenges and trends

This study addresses challenges in sentiment analysis for low-resource educational contexts by proposing a framework that integrates Few-Shot Learning (FSL) with Transformer-based ensemble models and boosting techniques. Sentiment analysis of student feedback is crucial for improving teaching quality, yet traditional methods struggle with data scarcity and computational inefficiency. The proposed framework leverages self-attention mechanisms in Transformers and combines models through Gradient Boosting to enhance performance and generalization with minimal labeled data. Evaluated on the UIT-VSFC dataset, comprising Vietnamese student feedback, the framework achieved superior F1-scores in sentiment and topic classification tasks, outperforming individual models. Results demonstrate their potential for extracting actionable insights to enhance educational experiences. Despite its effectiveness, the approach faces limitations such as reliance on pre-trained models and computational complexity. Future work could optimize lightweight models and explore applications in other domains like healthcare and finance.

Documents with complex sentiment expressions generally pose great challenges in sentiment analysis. This paper proposes a statistical framework to improve sentiment classification within multiscale sentences or paragraphs. A Set of Sentiment Parts (SSP) is first introduced to express sentiment features in different contexts of varying scales. A statistic combination is then determined by analyzing canonical correlations on Riemannian manifolds. A metric learning method is designed to keep the orthogonality within Riemannian point pairs. The nearest neighbor (NN) method is finally used to classify sentiments of SSP. Promising results on various sentiment analysis data sets demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.

Nowadays, with the rapid development of social networks, community-oriented Web sentiment analysis technology has gradually become a hot topic in the field of data mining. Being concise and flexible, Chinese microblog poses new challenges for sentiment analysis. This paper proposes an approach to classify Chinese microblog sentiments into positive and negative by the plain Naive Bayes (NB) and Support Vector Machine (SVM). Based on data preprocessing, sentiment lexicon construction, combining element of users’ comments, this research posit this Comments-attached Microblog Sentiment Classification, which is a novel method of attaching microblog users’ comments to the target microblog in order to improve the accuracy of sentiment classification. The experiment proves the vitality of this method and the advancement of the indecency from the way of language expressions.KeywordsChinese Microblogsentiment classificationmachine learninguser’s comments

Twitter sentiment analysis is an application of sentiment analysis on data from Twitter (tweets) for sentiment extraction. It automatically identifies whether a tweet expresses positive, negative or neutral opinion about and individual or an entity. The aim of this paper is to give detail explanation about the process of Crime mitigation by analyzing sentiment over the data generated by a social platform twitter using machine learning. This study focuses on a comparison done between, two classifier models, for data streamed from twitter. The paper then uses the comparative study for crime mitigation. Classification of sentiment can be done at various level. In our paper, the focus is on Feature level classification. [2]Risk analysis and profiling is then done on the predicted classes.

Sentiment analysis is becoming a popular area of research and social media analysis, especially around user reviews and tweets. It is a special case of text mining generally focused on identifying opinion polarity, People are usually interested to seek positive and negative opinions containing likes and dislikes, shared by users. Therefore reviews or product features have got significant role in sentiment analysis. In addition to sufficient work being performed in text analytics, feature extraction in sentiment analysis is now becoming an active area of research. Feature based sentiment analysis include feature extraction, sentiment classification and finally the sentiment evaluation. In this paper, explored the machine learning classification approaches with different feature selection schemes to obtain a sentiment analysis model for the movie review dataset and the results obtained are compared to identify the best possible approach.

Even though sociolinguistic and psycholinguistic studies demonstrate that the qualities of the speaker and the intended audience have an impact on the message that is transmitted, the majority of NLP models used today assume language as universal. The difficulty of sentiment analysis, often known as opinion mining, in natural language processing (NLP) is one that is currently being faced. It’s also challenging for people to share their ideas on websites like Facebook, Twitter, and Yelp since innovation has grown dramatically. Social media’s widespread use has resulted in a huge volume of data generation, including evaluations, comments, and opinions. Researchers claim that the phrase, document, aspect, and user levels are the foundations for sentiment analysis. This data requires more time to analyse and is challenging to process. In order to categorize or determine positive, negative, and neutral opinions, an intelligent system must be developed.