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Section I. Introduction.- 1. Introduction.- Section II. Tacit Knowledge and Apprenticeship.- 2. The Practice of the Use of Computers. A Paradoxical Encounter between Different Traditions of Knowledge.- Paradoxical Views of Knowledge in the Age of Enlightenment.- On Following Rules.- What is a Computer?.- A Boat Builder on the West Coast of Sweden.- Judging Light in Photography.- Technology and Culture.- Routine Practice and Development Practice.- Error-Location in a Computer Program.- Three Categories of Knowledge.- An Epistemological Error.- 3. The Nurse as Engineer - the Theory of Knowledge in Research in the Care Sector.- Two Irreconcilable Traditions.- Systems Theory in Medical Care.- Expert Systems.- The Theory of Knowledge for Practitioners.- The Concept of Practice.- Who Draws the Boundary between Man and Machine?.- Conclusion.- 4. Automation-Skill-Apprenticeship.- The Dream of the Automated Factory.- Practical Knowledge.- Propositional Knowledge.- Conclusions.- 5. Computerization and Skill in Local Weather Forecasting.- Method.- What is the Weather Like Today?.- Weather Forecasting and Computerization.- Working Knowledge and Skill.- The Inner Weather Picture.- Experiences of Numerical Forecasts.- Experiences of the Computerized Map-Plotting System.- Skill as a Basis for Alternatives.- Conclusion.- 6. Tacit Knowledge, Working Life and Scientific Method.- Section III. Skill and Artificial Intelligence.- 7. Can Skills be Transferable?.- The Politics of Skills Transfer.- What are Skills?.- The Strategic Significance of Skills.- Transferring Skills.- Models for the Transfer of Skills.- Preconditions for the Transfer of Skills.- Technology and Skills.- Artificial Intelligence and Skills.- The Politics of Skills.- 8. Artificial Intelligence and Social Action: Education and Training.- Nature of Expert Knowledge and Its Transfer.- Design Issues.- Social Domains: Design Criteria for AI Systems.- Human-centred Approach for Knowledge Transfer.- Participatory Model.- The Human Domain: AI Technology and its Limitations.- Towards Designing Human-Centred Learning Systems: A Research Initiative at the SEAKE Centre.- A New Initiative in Health Care Training.- The Domain of Health: Some Concerns of Automating Social Knowledge.- A Knowledge-Based Learning System for a Social Domain: A Case-Study in Adult Literacy using the Domain of Diet Planning and Health.- Designing the System: using Learning as a Social Process.- Learning through Designing the Knowledge Base.- Piloting the System with Students and Lessons Learnt.- Back to the Health Care Project: Preliminary Work.- Concluding Remarks.- 9. Skill, Education and Social Value: Some Thoughts on the Metonymy of Skill and Skill Transfer.- Introduction: Skills and Social Interaction.- The Metonymy of Skill.- Power of Knowledge Transfer.- Two Models of Knowledge Transfer Colonial and Independent.- 10. Knowledge Acquisition for Expert Systems.- Computer Knowledge.- System Development.- Understanding the Problem.- The Knowledge Acquisition Process.- Methods.- Conclusion.- 11. Knowledge-Based Computer Decision-Aids for General Practice.- Information Overload in General Practice.- How Do General Practitioners Make Decisions?.- General Practitioners as Experts?.- What Do We Mean by Knowledge?.- What Kinds of Knowledge?.- Certainty and Risk in Data and Knowledge.- Putting Knowledge to Practical Use.- The Oxford System of Medicine (OSM).- The User Interface.- Will General Practitioners Accept a Computerized Decision-Aid?.- Section IV. Artificial Intelligence and the Flexible Craftsman.- 12. Creativity, Skill and Human-Centred Systems.- Common Sense and Tacit Knowledge.- The Acquisition of Skill.- Problems of Human-Machine Interaction.- Human-Centred CIM (Computer Integrated Manufacturing).- 13. Professional Knowledge and the Limits of Automation in Administrations.- The Problem.- Learning from Experience and the Computerization of Administrative Work.- Distributive Effects of the Use of New Technology.- Substitutive Effects of the Use of New Technology.- Conclusions.- 14. The Changing Nature of the Engineering Craft Apprenticeship System in the United Kingdom.- The 1960s to the Present Day.- The Engineering Craft Job Structure.- Training for Engineering Craft Skills.- Conclusions.- 15. Delegation and Decentralization - Computer Systems as Tools for Instruction and Improved Service to Clients.- Delegation and Central Control in the Norwegian National Insurance Service.- Instruction and Quality of Service.- Information Technology and the Decentralized Organizational Structure.- Quality of Service and the Importance of Direct Contact with the Public.- Conclusion.- 16. Applying Expert Systems Technology: Division of Labour and Division of Knowledge.- New Paradigm or More of the Same?.- Codifying Domain Data.- Experiences from Applied Expert Systems.- The Flexibility Myth.- The Explanation Problem.- ES Amplification of the Organizational Culture.- Concluding Advice to System Designers.

Book Review| April 01 2022 x + y: A Mathematician’s Manifesto for Rethinking Gender x + y: A Mathematician’s Manifesto for Rethinking Gender. By Eugenia Cheng. 2020. Basic Books. (ISBN 9781541646506). 288 pp. Hardcover, $28. Ebook and audiobook also available. Kirstin Milks, Kirstin Milks Department Editor Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Frank Brown Cloud, Frank Brown Cloud Department Editor Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Kirstin Milks Kirstin Milks science teacher Bloomington High School South, 1965 South Walnut Street, Bloomington, IN 47401, kmilks@mccsc.edu Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Greetings from the new book editor team for The American Biology Teacher! I’m Kirstin Milks, an AP Biology teacher in Indiana. My spouse, Frank Brown Cloud, is a public scholar. We both hold PhDs in biochemistry, have a wide range of research and teaching experiences, and enjoy reading and sharing books on science and education from academic and popular presses. As such, we are delighted to be taking on this role together.We’re grateful to Amanda Glaze, Bill McComas, Athena Lakri, and Valerie Haff for helping us to learn the ropes in this new adventure; to our NABT network of reviewers, from whom you’ll learn much more in months to come; and to you, for continuing to love books and what they have to teach us. We welcome your feedback, suggestions for books to review, and offers to join the NABT book reviewer network at kmilks@mccsc.edu. ~ Kirstin The American Biology Teacher (2022) 84 (4): 246–247. https://doi.org/10.1525/abt.2022.84.4.246 Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn MailTo Tools Icon Tools Get Permissions Cite Icon Cite Search Site Citation Kirstin Milks; x + y: A Mathematician’s Manifesto for Rethinking Gender. The American Biology Teacher 1 April 2022; 84 (4): 246–247. doi: https://doi.org/10.1525/abt.2022.84.4.246 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentThe American Biology Teacher Search Eugenia Cheng’s x + y is marketed as a book about feminism and gender, but Frank and I feel as though it’s actually more radical and universal than that. In this slim, plainspoken, pellucid book, you will find—after a brief section on mathematics—a charmingly practical approach to utopian philosophy, alongside specific recommendations for ways to improve your classroom practice to better serve all learners (including you!). Cheng grew up as a competitive pianist. “Competitive pianist” is such an innocuous phrase, but by the end of the book, Cheng would like for this to give us pause. Cheng believes that music performance—the act of creating something beautiful—shouldn’t be competitive. There is no limit to the amount of beauty that can exist in the world, so why approach music with a scarcity mindset? But we often do. The Greek myth of Arachne depicts her competing with Athena to create beautiful tapestries. In... You do not currently have access to this content.

The paper introduces a decentralized chat system (developed in J2SE - Java Server Edition) for both intranet and internet. It is a zero-configuration model allowing users to simply run the application to communicate. Core to the system is an index table which notifies each user about the presence of other peers using the application over the network. Features include: Simultaneous communication between ‘n’ numbers of peers, multi-user communication invitees, conference, and file transfer between two peers. The communication system is based on simple Socket programming with IP and Port Address being detected by the Index. The user interface is prepared using Swing and AWT functionality.

The Elbe information system ELBIS provides an elaborate view of the water quality of the Elbe river system. Since July 2001 it can be used by the general public via internet. www.elbis.de supplies information on the water quality and related topics for the river Elbe. The geographical information system (GIS) ELBIS is based upon extensive data from measuring campaigns. The ARGE Elbe (Arbeitsgemeinschaft zur Reinhaltung der Elbe/Elbe River Water Quality Board) supplies the measured values of 218 different variables. The ELBIS generally includes data from 1994 onwards, for the measuring point Schnackenburg, however, the values are available back to 1985. Annual data updates of the database would be necessary to ensure the system's topicality. The continuous time series enables the assessment of the water pollution load of the river Elbe.In order to make the information available to a broad circle of users, ELBIS was created as an internet information system. To simplify its usage a broad meta‐information and navigation concept was developed. The user interface enables data to be accessed by laymen as well as specialists. An important element of the user interface is the geographical component: Via a digital map the user can specify which area he or she is interested in. The data basis of the ELBIS is held in a database management system. Thus new data can be added easily.

Millions of people in the United States regularly acquire information from weather forecasts for a wide variety of reasons. The rapid growth in mobile device technology has created a convenient means for people to retrieve this data, and in recent years, mobile weather applications (MWAs) have quickly gained popularity. Research on weather sources, however, has been unable to sufficiently capture the importance of this form of information gathering. As use of these apps continues to grow, it is important to gain insight on the usefulness of MWAs to consumers. To better examine MWA preferences and behaviors relating to acquired weather information, a survey of 308 undergraduate students from three different universities throughout the southeast United States was undertaken. Analyses of the survey showed that smartphone MWAs are the primary weather forecast source among college students. Additionally, MWA users tend to seek short-term forecast information, like the hourly forecast, from their apps. Results also provide insight into daily MWA use by college students as well as perceptions of and preferential choices for specific MWA features and designs. The information gathered from this study will allow other researchers to better evaluate and understand the changing landscape of weather information acquisition and how this relates to the uses, perceptions, and values people garner from forecasts. Organizations that provide weather forecasts have an ever-growing arsenal of resources to disseminate information, making research of this topic extremely valuable for future development of weather communication technology.

Mobility coupled with the development of a wide variety of access devices has engendered new requirements for HCI such as the ability of user interfaces to adapt to different contexts of use. We define a context of use as the set of values of variables that characterise thecomputational device(s) used for interacting with the system as well as the physical and social environment where the interaction takes place. A user interface is plastic if it is able to adapt to context changes while preserving usability. In this paper, we present a process and a software mechanism that support context changes for plastic user interfaces. We propose to structure adaptation as a three-step process: recognition of the situation,computation of a reaction to cope with the situation, and execution of the reaction. Reactions are specified in an evolution model which, in turn, is executed by a context supervisor. This supervisor is notified of context changes by a software probe that automatically detects deviations from the current situation. When notified, the supervisor executes the evolution model, and, when possible, adapts the user interface to the new context of use.

A high-quality, friendly user interface can and does affect how users perceive a producT's quality. Human-factors specialists have been using a variety of methods to bring behavioral data into the process of specifying and evaluating user-interface design. Empirical studies are often used to evaluate design issues for a specific product, but we have found that more generic studies can influence a wider variety of products. In this paper, we describe three such generic user-interface studies whose results led to new product-specific user interfaces. Although each of these studies was done for a specific product, the findings have also proved useful for a wide variety of telecommunications products.

There is an urgent need to increase the capacity of developing countries to take part in the study and monitoring of their environments through remote sensing and space-based Earth observation technologies. The Open Data Cube (ODC) provides a mechanism for efficient storage and a powerful framework for processing and analyzing satellite data. While this is ideal for scientific research, the expansive feature space can also be daunting for end-users and decision-makers who simply require a solution which provides easy exploration, analysis, and visualization of Analysis Ready Data (ARD). Utilizing innovative web-design and a modular architecture, the Committee on Earth Observation Satellites (CEOS) has created a web-based user interface (UI) which harnesses the power of the ODC yet provides a simple and familiar user experience: the CEOS Data Cube (CDC). This paper presents an overview of the CDC architecture and the salient features of the UI. In order to provide adaptability, flexibility, scalability, and robustness, we leverage widely-adopted and well-supported technologies such as the Django web framework and the AWS Cloud platform. The fully-customizable source code of the UI is available at our public repository. Interested parties can download the source and build their own UIs. The UI empowers users by providing features that assist with streamlining data preparation, data processing, data visualization, and sub-setting ARD products in order to achieve a wide variety of Earth imaging objectives through an easy to use web interface.

A New Approach In Learning For Intelligent Multi Agent Systems

Event Abstract Back to Event Quality of synthetic speech and auditory working memory performance: neuroergonomic perspectives from fNIRS Adrian Curtin1, 2* and Hasan Ayaz1, 3, 4 1 School of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health Systems, Drexel University, United States 2 Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Biomedical Engineering, China 3 University of Pennsylvania, Department of Family and Community Health, United States 4 Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, The Division of General Pediatrics, United States The way in which we effortlessly understand speech makes it relatively easy to overlook the complexity of the neural mechanisms which support its operation. This perceived ease of speech comprehension has inspired researchers and interface designers seek to incorporate additional auditory channels of information to consumer and industrial devices, especially in circumstances where the user of the device is otherwise engaged in manual or visual tasks such as handsfree communication while driving. However, previous research has demonstrated that there are unconscious cognitive costs associated with simple speech comprehension which can be exacerbated by task performance(Treffner & Barrett, 2004) and audio quality(Delogu, Conte, & Sementina, 1998; Francis & Nusbaum, 2009). In a previous exploratory work, we have observed performance deficits and neural activation differences due to low-quality synthetic speech during speech comprehension tasks(Curtin & Ayaz, 2017), and here we extend this exploration by examining how the quality of synthetic speech affects auditory working memory (AWM) performance and neural load using functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS), a continuous and noninvasive neuroimaging technique capable of investigating brain dynamics under naturalistic and applied settings (Ayaz et al., 2013). Working memory is an important executive function in which a limited storage system is updated and maintained during the execution of other processing tasks. As a limited resource, tasks which require significant working memory resources are especially sensitive to distortions and other factors which may competitively demand additional attention(Banich, 2009), hence the development of systems and user interfaces must carefully consider added cognitive burdens imposed as part of the design process. Beyond design considerations, the wide variety of situations which require auditory working memory (AWD) and the way in which degraded audio quality adversely can affect these has important implications in day-to-day life whether the degraded audio signal is due to environmental noise, hearing loss, distortion produced by hearing aid devices, or low-quality synthetic speech. Here we present a neuroergonomic evaluation on the effects of synthetic speech quality during an auditory working memory task while functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS) was used to noninvasively monitor both the dorsolateral-Prefrontal Cortex (dlPFC) and the left-Temporal-Parietal Junction region (TPJ) which includes the primary auditory cortex, Broca’s area and Wernicke’s area. Sixteen right-handed healthy controls with no history of neurological or mental illness were recruited to participate in this study. Participants completed an auditory version of the N-Back task using vocalized letters as stimuli while the audio quality was manipulated by using low-quality and high-quality synthetic voices. Results show that reaction time was significantly increased by the presentation of low-quality synthetic speech under both the 0-Back and 2-Back conditions. Additionally, increased working memory load was associated with behavioral performance decreases in terms of accuracy (Figure 1, F(1,225.12)=8.34,p<0.005) and reaction time (Figure 2, F(1,22.46)=30.32,p<0.001) and neural differences as measured by changes in oxygenated hemoglobin [HbO] as measured by fNIRS in both the left-dlPFC (F(1_200.43)=33.2,p<0.001) and the left-TPJ (Figure 3, F(1,160)=8.32,p<0.005), near Wernicke’s Area. Our results suggest both that the interpretation of low-quality voices results in significant behavioral deficits in terms of reaction time (F(1,22.33)=29.91, p<0.001) and that increased AWM load is reflected by changes in activation in not only areas of executive function, but also associative auditory areas. These preliminary results highlight the potential significant impact of neuroimaging for usability and user interface research. Various characteristics of audio user interface can negatively impact cognitive workload in ways that should be accounted for during the design of complex systems or interfaces. Wearable and mobile brain function monitoring can be used to detect these otherwise unobserved characteristics. Figure 1: Auditory N-Back accuracy vs Workload and Synthetic Audio Quality. Figure 2: Mean reaction time during Auditory N-Back vs Workload and Synthetic Audio Quality. Figure 3: Mean [HbO] changes in Left-Temporal region vs Working Memory Load and Synthetic Audio Quality Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Acknowledgements The authors would like to thank Dr. Paul Crawford for his help with this study. This study is made possible by a research award from the Intel Corporation. The content of the information herein does not necessarily reflect the position or the policy of the sponsor and no official endorsement should be inferred. Keywords: auditory working memory, fNIRS, n-back, synthetic speech, Prefrontal Cortex, Auditory Cortex Conference: 2nd International Neuroergonomics Conference, Philadelphia, PA, United States, 27 Jun - 29 Jun, 2018. Presentation Type: Poster Presentation Topic: Neuroergonomics Citation: Curtin A and Ayaz H (2019). Quality of synthetic speech and auditory working memory performance: neuroergonomic perspectives from fNIRS. Conference Abstract: 2nd International Neuroergonomics Conference. doi: 10.3389/conf.fnhum.2018.227.00039 Copyright: The abstracts in this collection have not been subject to any Frontiers peer review or checks, and are not endorsed by Frontiers. They are made available through the Frontiers publishing platform as a service to conference organizers and presenters. The copyright in the individual abstracts is owned by the author of each abstract or his/her employer unless otherwise stated. Each abstract, as well as the collection of abstracts, are published under a Creative Commons CC-BY 4.0 (attribution) licence (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) and may thus be reproduced, translated, adapted and be the subject of derivative works provided the authors and Frontiers are attributed. For Frontiers’ terms and conditions please see https://www.frontiersin.org/legal/terms-and-conditions. Received: 03 Apr 2018; Published Online: 27 Sep 2019. * Correspondence: Mr. Adrian Curtin, School of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health Systems, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, United States, abc48@drexel.edu Login Required This action requires you to be registered with Frontiers and logged in. To register or login click here. Abstract Info Abstract The Authors in Frontiers Adrian Curtin Hasan Ayaz Google Adrian Curtin Hasan Ayaz Google Scholar Adrian Curtin Hasan Ayaz PubMed Adrian Curtin Hasan Ayaz Related Article in Frontiers Google Scholar PubMed Abstract Close Back to top Javascript is disabled. Please enable Javascript in your browser settings in order to see all the content on this page.

The Propulsion Systems Branch at NASA s Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center (JSC) has developed a parametric analytical tool to address the need to rapidly predict heat leak into propellant distribution lines based on insulation type, installation technique, line supports, penetrations, and instrumentation. The Propellant Feed System Analytical Tool (PFSAT) will also determine the optimum orifice diameter for an optional thermodynamic vent system (TVS) to counteract heat leak into the feed line and ensure temperature constraints at the end of the feed line are met. PFSAT was developed primarily using Fortran 90 code because of its number crunching power and the capability to directly access real fluid property subroutines in the Reference Fluid Thermodynamic and Transport Properties (REFPROP) Database developed by NIST. A Microsoft Excel front end user interface was implemented to provide convenient portability of PFSAT among a wide variety of potential users and its ability to utilize a user-friendly graphical user interface (GUI) developed in Visual Basic for Applications (VBA). The focus of PFSAT is on-orbit reaction control systems and orbital maneuvering systems, but it may be used to predict heat leak into ground-based transfer lines as well. PFSAT is expected to be used for rapid initial design of cryogenic propellant distribution lines and thermodynamic vent systems. Once validated, PFSAT will support concept trades for a variety of cryogenic fluid transfer systems on spacecraft, including planetary landers, transfer vehicles, and propellant depots, as well as surface-based transfer systems. The details of the development of PFSAT, its user interface, and the program structure will be presented.

Conversational interaction involves continual testing for evidence of common ground, and coordinated effort to enhance common ground. Common ground is unproblematic in face-to-face interactions because such a wide variety of situational elements contribute to it, and the work that people do to maintain common ground is so well integrated into habits and conventions of interaction. Activities are longer term endeavors directed at meaningful goals like "designing the layout of a town park". Longer term activity entails top-down goal decomposition, nonlinear development of partially-ordered plan fragments, interleaving of planning, acting, and evaluation, and opportunistic plan revision. It involves coordinating and carrying out different types of task components, such as assigning roles, making decisions, negotiating, prioritizing, and so forth. Contemporary user interfaces support collaborative awareness through explicit notifications—requests for chat, email alerts. However, explicit messaging is problematic for supporting activity awareness: Activities are multifaceted and continuing, not simple and ephemeral like presence and action.

A user interface in a multimedia conference system is designed and implemented. The system allows a group of users to conduct a meeting in real time. Participants can jointly view and edit relevant multimedia information, including text, graphics, and still images distributed throughout the network. Participants can also communicate simultaneously by voice to discuss the information they are sharing. This multimedia conference system can be used in a wide variety of cooperative work environment, such as distributed software development, joint authoring, and group decision-support.

The human mind is not as good at processing large amounts of information as we might like. Psychologists have shown that human beings are only able to juggle small numbers of related and often conflicting pieces of information without making judgment errors. As a result, individuals faced with the vast amounts of information available to support investment decisions often find themselves swamped by the enormity of the task; unable to see the wood from the trees. Technical analysis is a field of financial markets research that works to address the above problem by focusing on a single, commonly available, data source that reflects all known information and activity relating to all monetary securities- Price history. Technical analysts argue that as markets are efficient, prices reflect all known information and that they move over time as participants react to new information and changing needs.&#x0D; As a result, the technical analysis of these price changes can provide real insight into the market dynamics and be used to develop trade strategies that exhibit superior risk/reward characteristics. While technical analysis approaches have developed significantly over the past few decades, some techniques are far more ancient. While their real origins are anonymous, Japanese candlestick charts have been recorded as being employed in the rice markets as far back as the 1600s. What is particularly interesting is that various of these ancient approaches continue to provide highly effective trading signals when applied to modern markets and securities.&#x0D; Crude oil price volatility is in the midst of the largest business risk that oil and gas companies face. This is followed by unstable policy regime, managing costs and risks emerging from technological advancements. The high levels and rapid fluctuations of petroleum prices have become a great concern to individual consumers, firms, policy makers and society. Technical Analysis is the forecasting of future financial price movements based on an examination of past price movements. Like weather forecasting, technical analysis does not result in absolute predictions about the future. Instead, technical analysis can help investors anticipate what is "likely" to happen to prices over time. Technical analysis uses a wide variety of charts that show price over time. Hence, to mitigate the negative impacts of price volatility and to predict about the future price movement of crude oil and natural gas we can use technical analysis.&#x0D; Technical analysis is the study of market action, primarily through the use of charts, for the purpose of forecasting price trends. The term “market action” includes the three principal source of action available to the technician-price, volume and open interest. This research paper highlights fundamental factor which affects the Brent price and analysed the factor which are highly correlated with Brent price and on the basis of the results forecasted the Brent price for next five years. Fundamental analysis of Brent oil, price pattern &amp; movement of crude oil has also been carried out using candlestick technical tool.

Phased array radar systems are used for a wide variety of applications including the precise tracking of airborne craft for air traffic control and providing accurate atmospheric condition information important in weather forecasting. Reducing the cost and size of these radar systems will open new fields to the use of this technology. Using phase control implemented through liquid crystal materials we have created a compact, phased array radar system operating in the microwave range. We report on the construction and testing of a linear, eight element phased array antenna system operating at 32 GHz with element phase controlled by a dual frequency nematic liquid crystal media used as a tunable dielectric. The system was designed using CST Design Studios and Ansys HFSS software. Dual frequency liquid crystals are used to improve beam steering response times. We demonstrate 42 millisecond beam switching times, defined as the time to change the beam focus from one point to another point, controllable beam formation, and beam steering profiles consistent with analytical results and simulation models. The device footprint is a square with sides 9.5 cm long and a thickness less than 2.5 mm. Such a module is easily stackable to create an 8 × 8 phased array system. Our design incorporates a modular construction using PCB for the antennas and input circuitry and a liquid crystal phase control cell with microwave glass substrates. This design simplifies design, construction, and testing as compared to on-glass designs. The device shows an improvement in point-to-point scanning speeds by a factor of 3 as compared to similar liquid crystal based devices and provides continuously variable tuning. Such a device can be used in a system for reduced visibility, directional range finding suitable for automobile collision avoidance systems and rotary wing aircraft landing aids.