AUDITING PROCESS ON ELECTRONIC COMMERCE SYSTEMS

This paper presents the development of unified methods and software tools for processing information resources in electronic content commerce systems. A formal model of electronic content commerce systems is proposed. The formal models of information resource processing in electronic content commerce systems are proposed. A new approach to application and implementation of business processes is formulated for the electronic content commerce systems construction. A complex method of content formation, the operational method of content management and complex method of content support are developed. Software tools for content formation, management and support are developed. Design and implementation methods of electronic content commerce systems are based on online newspapers, which reflect the results of theoretical research, are developed. From the perspective of a systemic approach, the principles of applying information resources processing in these systems for content lifecycle implementation made the development of methods for content formation, management and support possible.


 
 
 History of Seal and Printing Cultures Implications of the four important Chinese inventions, the compass, gun powder, papermaking, and printing, have far-reaching significance for human civilisation. The Chinese seal is intimately related to printing. Seals have the practical function of duplicating impressions of words or patterns. This process shares a very similar concept to printing on a small scale. Printing originated from the function of seals for making duplicated impressions, and for this reason Wang believes that seals constitute the prototype of printing. Seals in Traditional Commere Seals in certain Asian countries, such as Taiwan and Japan, play a vital role similar to that played by signatures in Western society. Particularly, the Chinese seal has been an integral part of Chinese heritage and culture. Wong states that seals usually symbolise tokens of promise in Chinese society. Ancient seals in their various forms have played a major role in information systems, in terms of authority, authentication, identification, certified proof, and authenticity, and have also been used for tamper-proofing, impression duplication, and branding purposes. To illustrate, clay sealing has been applied to folded documents to detect when sealed documents have been exposed or tampered with. Interestingly, one of the features of digital signature technology is also designed to achieve this purpose. Wong records that when the commodity economy began to develop and business transactions became more frequent, seals were used to prove that particular goods had been certified by customs. Moreover, when the goods were subject to tax by the government, seals were applied to the goods to prove the levy paid. Seals continue to be used in Chinese society as personal identification and in business transactions, official and legal documents, administrative warrants and charters. Paper-based Contract Signing with Seal Certificates In Taiwan and Japan, in certain circumstances, when two parties wish to formalise a contract, the seals of the two parties must be affixed to the contract. As Figure 1 illustrates, seal certificates are required to be attached to the signed and sealed contract for authentication as well as the statement of intent of a voluntary agreement in Taiwan. Figure 1. Example of a contract attached with the seal certificates A person can have more than one seal; however, only one seal at a time is allowed to be registered with a jurisdictional registration authority. The purpose of seal registration is to prevent seal forgery and to prove the identity of the seal owner. Namely, the seal registration process aims to associate the identity of the seal owner with the seal owner’s nominated seal, through attestation by a jurisdictional registration authority. Upon confirmation of the seal registration, the registration authority issues a seal certificate with both the seals of the registration authority and the registration authority executive. Digital Signatures for Electronic Commerce Handwritten signatures and tangible ink seals are highly impractical within the electronic commerce environment. However, the shift towards electronic commerce by both the public and private sector is an inevitable trend. ‘Trust’ in electronic commerce is developed through the use of ‘digital signatures’ in conjunction with a trustworthy environment. In principle, digital signatures are designed to simulate the functions of handwritten signatures and traditional seals for the purposes of authentication, data integrity, and non-repudiation within the electronic commerce environment. Various forms of Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) are employed to ensure the reliability of using digital signatures so as to ensure the integrity of the message. PKI does not, however, contribute in any way to the signatory’s ability to verify and approve the content of an electronic document prior to the affixation of his/her digital signature. Shortcomings of Digital Signature Scheme One of the primary problems with existing digital signatures is that a digital signature does not ’feel’ like, or resemble, a traditional seal or signature to the human observer; it does not have a recognisably individual or aesthetic quality. Historically, the authenticity of documents has always been verified by visual examination of the document. Often in legal proceedings, examination of both the affixed signature or seal as an integral part of the document will occur, as well as the detection of any possible modifications to the document. Yet, the current digital signature regime overlooks the importance of this sense of visualisation. Currently, digital signatures, such as the OpenPGP (Pretty Good Privacy) digital signature, are appended to an electronic document as a long, incomprehensible string of arbitrary characters. As shown in Figure 2, this offers no sense of identity or ownership by simple visual inspection. Figure 2. Example of a PGP signature To add to this confusion for the user, a digital signature will be different each time the user applies it. The usual digital signature is formed as an amalgam of the contents of the digital document and the user’s private key, meaning that a digital signature attached to an electronic document will vary with each document. This again represents a departure from the traditional use of the term ‘signature’. A digital signature application generates its output by firstly applying a hash algorithm over the contents of the digital document and then encrypting that hash output value using the user’s private cryptographic key of the normal dual-key pair provided by the Public Key cryptography systems. Therefore, digital signatures are not like traditional signatures which an individual can identify as being uniquely theirs, or as a recognisable identity attributable to an individual entity. New Visualised Digital Signature Scheme Liu et al. have developed the visualised digital signature scheme to enhance existing digital signature schemes through visualisation; namely, this scheme makes the intangible digital signature virtually tangible. Liu et al.’s work employs the visualised digital signature scheme with the aim of developing visualised signing and verification in electronic situations. The visualised digital signature scheme is sustained by the digital certificate containing both the certificate issuer’s and potential signer’s seal images. This thereby facilitates verification of a signer’s seal by reference to the appropriate certificate. The mechanism of ensuring the integrity and authenticity of seal images is to incorporate the signer’s seal image into an X.509 v3 certificate, as outlined in RFC 3280. Thus, visualised digital signature applications will be able to accept the visualised digital certificate for use. The data structure format of the visualised digital certificate is detailed in Liu. The visualised signing and verification processes are intended to simulate traditional signing techniques incorporating visualisation. When the signer is signing the document, the user interface of the electronic contracting application should allow the signer to insert the seal from the seal image file location into the document. After the seal image object is embedded in the document, the document is referred to as a ’visually sealed’ document. The sealed document is ready to be submitted to the digital signing process, to be transmitted with the signer’s digital certificate to the other party for verification. The visualised signature verification process is analogous to the traditional, sealed paper-based document with the seal certificate attached for verification. In history, documents have always required visual stimulus for verification, which highlights the need for visual stimulus evidence to rapidly facilitate verification. The user interface of the electronic contracting application should display the visually sealed document together with the associated digital certificate for human verification. The verifier immediately perceives the claimed signer’s seal on the document, particularly when the signer’s seal is recognisable to the verifier. This would be the case particularity where regular business transactions between parties occur. Significantly, having both the issuing CA’s and the signer’s seal images on the digital certificate instils confidence that the signer’s public key is attested to by the CA, as shown in Figure 3. This is unlike the current digital signature verification process which presents long, meaningless strings to the verifier. Figure 3. Example of a new digital certificate presentation Conclusions Seals have a long history accompanying the civilisation of mankind. In particular, certain business documents and government communities within seal-culture societies still require the imprints of the participating entities. Inevitably, the use of modern technologies will replace traditional seals and handwritten signatures. Many involved in implementing electronic government services and electronic commerce care little about the absence of imprints and/or signatures; however, there is concern that the population may experience difficulty in adapting to a new electronic commerce system where traditional practices have become obsolete. The purpose of the visualised digital signature scheme is to explore enhancements to existing digital signature schemes through the integration of culturally relevant features. This article highlights the experience of the use and development of Chinese seals, particularly in visualised seals used in a recognition process. Importantly, seals in their various forms have played a major role in information systems for thousands of years. In the advent of the electronic commerce, seal cultures still remain in the d

The emergence of wireless and mobile networks has made possible the introduction of electronic commerce to a new application and research subject: mobile commerce. Understanding or constructing a mobile or an electronic commerce system is an arduous task because the system involves a wide variety of disciplines and technologies and the technologies are constantly changing. To facilitate understanding and constructing such a system, this article divides the system into six components: (i) applications, (ii) client computers or devices, (iii) mobile middleware, (iv) wireless networks, (v) wired networks, and (vi) host computers. Elements in these components specifically related to the subject are described in detail and lists of current technologies for component construction are discussed. Another important and complicated issue related to the subject is the mobile or electronic commerce application programming. It includes two types of programming: client-side and server-side programming, which will be introduced too.

Consumer reluctance to accept and to use electronic commerce has been attributed to lack of trust, uncertainty, information infringement, and security as well as privacy in electronic commerce systems. Our study presents a model for investigating the formation of initial trust of Indonesia's electronic commerce consumers and its services use intention on technology acceptance. A model and hypotheses will be proposed to describe the relationships between the investigated variables. Website usability and perceived security were the highest factors affecting both on the initial trust formation and consumers' intention to use electronic commerce services in Indonesia. The study will draw some related conclusions including a discussion of findings and implications.

In order to solve the problems of electronic commerce’s discreteness, heterogeneous, decentralized and incompleteness, proposes a framework for electronic commerce system based on the SCA, through the design of logical structure of the system, the different modules of electronic commerce systems are uniform packaged through the service component, so the system has feature of scalability and flexibility. Practice shows that the program can effectively respond to the existing electronic commerce system for information integration, information exchange and data sharing.

Analytic queuing theory models are used to create accurate and informative models for phenomena that range from bank teller lines to complicated distributed systems. This paper defines a methodology for creating analytic queuing theory models for electronic commerce systems. As a result of the creation of the analytic model, our research provides several important discoveries and insights into the nature of electronic commerce performance. Specifically, this paper will provide insight into the nature of the distribution of arrival times for electronic commerce systems, will indicate the organizational challenges inherent in modeling efforts, and will provide a statistical verification of web page design techniques often used by industry. Finally, this paper takes an illustrative approach and provides an implementation for an actual large-scale electronic commerce system.

Welcome to the HICSS-33 minitrack on Electronic Commerce Systems Development -- Modeling Methods and Methodologies. This is the first time we organize this new minitrack on electronic commerce systems development. The flexibility, scalability, user-friendliness, privacy, security, intuitiveness, and other important characteristics of electronic commerce systems make the systems development process of such systems very multifaceted and complex. Today, most electronic commerce systems are built based on intuition and rule of thumbs.Many practitioners have the misconception that there is no need for a systematic modeling and design technique for these systems. The lack of appropriate methods and methodologies to support electronic commerce systems development is another stumbling block. Most of the widely used methods are weak in supporting the modeling of user interface, non-traditional data types (e.g. multimedia), security, and access control that are so important for electronic commerce systems. New modeling methods and methodologies need to be engineered to address this new breed of electronic commerce systems development projects.The field is still in its infancy. Innovative ideas and new systems development methods and methodologies are only starting to emerge. One thing, however, is sure. Electronic commerce systems development is a critical new area and will get more even more important as electronic commerce continues to grow and expand.We would like to take this opportunity to thank Eileen Dennis, track administrator, and Alan Dennis, track chair for Internet and the Digital Economy track, for their support. We also like to express our gratitude to the group of reviewers for this minitrack.If you have any comments or suggestions that will help us improve the minitrack, please do let us know. Have a great time in Hawaii and do keep in touch.

Electronic commerce is an important application that has evolved significantly recently. However, electronic commerce systems are complex and difficult to be correctly designed. Guaranteeing the correctness of an e-commerce system is not an easy task due to the great amount of scenarios where errors occur, many of them very subtle. In this work we presents a methodology that uses formal-method techniques, specifically symbolic model checking, to design electronic commerce applications and to automatically verify them. Also, a model checking pattern hierarchy has been developed--it specifies patterns to construct and verify the formal model of e-commerce systems. We consider this research the first step to the development of a framework, which will integrate the methodology, an e-commerce specification language based on business rules, and a model checker.

Today, the scope of e-commerce is expanding. This raises the issue of equipping it with appropriate software that supports both the functioning of e-commerce enterprises and the application of modern methods and approaches to regulating the market for goods (commodity services). In particular, these methods include sales forecasting methods. An analysis of the current market for sales forecasting software in the e-commerce system reveals a shortage of suitable software solutions, which complicates the selection of the most effective software platform for generating relevant forecasts. The purpose of the article is to study and analyse modern software tools (systems, platforms) designed to perform e-commerce processes based on the results of sales forecasting for goods or commodity services using the appropriate Forecast software. The research methodology includes a systematic approach and comparative analysis of the main software solutions in this subject area (e-commerce system). The article explores approaches to developing and operating software solutions for forecasting the sales of goods and services, utilising statistical data and expert knowledge. The scientific novelty of the study lies in the analysis of modern methods and software solutions (systems, platforms) for forecasting sales of goods and services, as well as a comparative analysis of the latest sales forecasting platforms for both the Ukrainian and global markets. Additionally, recommendations are provided on selecting the right software solution for e-commerce enterprises. Conclusions. The study aims to enhance the efficiency of e-commerce enterprises by analysing software solutions that form the basis for developing effective software for forecasting sales of goods/services. The paper identifies the main problems of the existing e-commerce system software; analyses the main methods for determining the forecast values of sales of goods/services; analyses the existing software tools designed for forecasting (forecasting sales of goods or services); and provides recommendations on choosing the optimal software solutions that ensure the forecasting of sales of goods or services.

Ting-Peng Liang is National Chair Professor in Information Systems and Director of the Electronic Commerce Research Center of National Sun Yat-sen University in Taiwan. He received his Ph.D. from the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania. Prior to joining his current university in 1 993, he taught at the University of Illinois and Purdue University. At National Sun Yat-sen University, he has served as the Dean of the College of Management (1994-97) and University Provost (1999-2002). His research has been published in Journal of Management Information Systems, MIS Quarterly, Management Science, Operations Research, Decision Support Systems, Information and Management, and many other academic journals. Professor Liang's primary research interests include electronic commerce, knowledge management, intelligent systems, and strategic applications of information systems. He has served on the editorial boards of several journals, including Decision Support Systems, International Journal of Electronic Commerce, Industrial Management and Data Systems, and Electronic Commerce Research and Applications, among others. He is a fellow of the AIS and a member of ACM, INFORMS, and IEEE Computer Society.

Distributed object computing (DOG) is an increasingly important computing paradigm exploiting the benefits of object-oriented technology and using the Internet and its communications infrastructure as a vehicle for the delivery of a wide range of sophisticated value-added distributed services. The integration of the Common Object Request Broker Architecture (CORBA) and object oriented programming languages facilitates the introduction and deployment of such applications in a platform-independent open distributed environment. We introduce both CORBA and Java as tools to facilitate the development of distributed object computing-based applications, and we present a prototype electronic commerce application using the DOC paradigm.

This research has designed and implemented a standard conformance test system for e-Business solutions that support the ebXML, which is currently being focused on as the leading electronic commerce framework. The adoption of standards such as ebXML is probably the best way to achieve interoperability among electronic commerce systems, and more and more e-Business solutions around the world are supporting ebXML. This work primarily discusses the concept and needs for the standard conformance tests on e-Business solutions. The standard conformance test system is developed based on the detailed specifications of the ebXML framework. This system has been used to test commercial e-Business solutions. The system implemented in this research will provide a significant basis for the standard conformance certification of e-Business solutions, and could also provide clear decision criteria for e-Business solutions currently in market, thus activate the overall e-Business market.KeywordsTest SuiteTest ModuleTest ScenarioNormal ShutdownSimple Object Access ProtocolThese keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.

The noise of e-commerce businesses has seen the extension of number of the online businesses global. Buyers now are opted with online business commerce which is greatly benefit compared to traditional businesses. It is undeniable e-commerce enterprises contribute more profits, comparing to "bricks-and-mortal" traditional enterprises, but not to be avoided the problems and challenges faced by the e- commerce marketplace. This study emphasizes the problems and challenges of e-commerce and a set of recommended solutions to those problems and challenges. Those problems are trust, readiness and security. For each of the problems, proposed solutions are presented. Companies have conducted business electronically by applying a range of electronic commerce solutions. In the current situation, a corporation enters the electronic market by building trading partner agreements with sellers or wholesalers of their choice. These deals may include any items that cannot be agree electronically, like terms of transfer, payment devices, or implementation rules. After discovering the right market relationships, a company must choose the elements of their electronic commerce system. In this paper have been formulate current ecommerce problems, challenges and their effective solutions. In future, e-commerce marketplace should concentrate more on securing payment, e-banking and e-government. With that, problems and challenges in e-commerce can be reduce.

The traditional recommendation algorithm for e-commerce has the problems of single product category and inconsistent recommendation products with user preferences, resulting in the lack of diversity and accuracy. An Intelligent Recommendation Algorithm for enhancing diversity of sample nodes in commercial system is proposed. After obtaining the user's past operation records, an attribute of the recommendation target is selected by calculating the constructed user preference matrix. Through user similarity calculation, similar users are screened and specific targets are further screened to achieve the function of recommendation algorithm. In order to verify the accuracy and diversity, a simulation comparison experiment is carried out with the traditional algorithm. Compared with the traditional algorithm, the intelligent algorithm with enhanced diversity of sample nodes in e-commerce system can improve the accuracy and diversity of the two indicators, and can be extended.

Emergent requests or urgent information among enterprises require their intimate collaboration in B2B EC (electronic commerce). This paper analyzes the needs of intimate cooperation of distributed EC systems in terms of business contracts and presents an active rule-based methodology of close cooperation among EC systems and an active rule component to support it. Since the rule component provides high level rule patterns and event-based immediate processing, system administrators and programmers can easily program and maintain intimate cooperation of distributed EC systems independently to the application logic. The proposed active rule component facilitates HTTP protocol. Its prototype is implemented in B2B EC environment and evaluated using basic trigger facility of a commercial DBMS.