Australia's “Tailor-birds”

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Understanding HIV risk and addressing barriers to testing for men who have sex with men in Australia

Dairying in Australia

This thesis is a critical inquiry into the history of Australia’s Special Humanitarian Program (1980), and the implications of the development of the Special Humanitarian Program (SHP) for Australia’s offshore refugee policy. This thesis investigates why the SHP was created, how the SHP was developed, and its historical significance for Australian refugee policy. The SHP was conceived in 1980 as a policy solution to facilitate the entry and resettlement of Jews from the Soviet Union. It was expanded into a Global SHP program in 1981 for all minorities overseas who were escaping human rights abuses in their home countries and had a connection to Australia. Critically, the SHP was for people in humanitarian need who were not classified as refugees under international law for technical legal reasons. They were de facto refugees: refugees in fact and circumstances but not in legal status. This thesis argues that the SHP was a substantial addition to and expansion of Australia’s offshore refugee policy and of Australia’s protection of de facto refugees. This thesis will show that the SHP was a concept of humanitarian entry that was substantially similar to Australia’s refugee entry even though the SHP formally appeared to have different processing requirements to the refugee program. Australia was not and is not legally obliged to admit into Australia refugees who are overseas, and moreover is not bound to admit people overseas who are de facto refugees. Australia did so and acted above its legal obligations, this thesis explains, largely in response to diplomatic pressures on handling Soviet Jewish migration and interdependence with US policy. Australia also was influenced by a strong ideological imperative on international human rights that galvanised in the 1970s; human rights discourses drove Australia to act consistently with international rights to freedom of movement and to protection. This thesis makes a related argument that international human rights generated compelling duties and obligations on Australia, through political pressure, to admit refugees and de facto refugees and create responsive entry policies. The SHP is an area of Australian refugee policy that has not received scholarly attention in either legal or historical disciplines. Moreover, there is no detailed history of the development of SHP as the de facto refugee component of Australia’s overseas humanitarian intake. This thesis addresses a gap in legal scholarship on the development of Australian refugee law and policy, and in historical scholarship on immigration and refugee policy. It also extends knowledge on Soviet Jewish immigration in the field of Australian Jewish history. The thesis is informed by legal examination of international law and practice with respect to refugees. The thesis is primarily based on archival research in the Australian government archives. It also utilises Hansard parliamentary debates, Jewish organisational papers, US Presidential and organisational archives from New York, Australian and US newspapers, Australian demographic data, and some interviews. <br>Awards: Winner of the Mollie Holman Doctoral Medal for Excellence, Faculty of Art, Design and Architecture, 2014.

This case study details how and why integrating storytelling, empathy, and inclusive practice shifted QSuper, a large Australian finance organisation, from minimal awareness to moral awareness then moral capability in the delivery of services to Indigenous customers. During the Royal Commission into Misconduct in the Banking, Superannuation, and Financial Services Industry, QSuper were recognised for their exemplary service with Indigenous customers (Hayne, Interim report: Royal commission into misconduct in the banking, superannuation and financial services industry, Volume 1. Commonwealth of Australia, 2018; Transcript of Proceedings, 13 August, Commonwealth of Australia, 2018). This position was in stark contrast to the inaccessible service offerings of other financial organisations where some used predatory practices to sell unethical financial products to Indigenous Australians (Hayne, Interim report: Royal commission into misconduct in the banking, superannuation and financial services industry, Volume 1. Commonwealth of Australia, 2018; Hayne, Final report: Royal commission into misconduct in the banking, superannuation and financial services industry, Volume 1. Commonwealth of Australia, 2019a). Storytelling garned from visiting customers in remote communities and other meaningful activities involving inclusive practice to facilitate ethical decision-making in finance is different to standard functionalist finance approaches (Schinckus, Int Rev Financ Anal 40:103–106, 2015). Two empathetic questions asked within QSuper complementing the storytelling, were: “What is the right thing to do by the customer?” and “How would I feel if this were my mother?” Exploration into the lived reality of moral capacity is important based on the Commission finding many of the 490,000 finance staff do not know how to provide ethical services to vulnerable customers, in particular remote Indigenous customers (Australian Bureau of Statistics. Labour force, Australia, detailed. ABS. Retrieved from https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/labour/employment-and-unemployment/labour-force-australia-detailed/latest-release, 2021; Hayne, Final report: Royal commission into misconduct in the banking, superannuation and financial services industry, Volume 1. Commonwealth of Australia, 2019a). Furthermore, there is minimal literature on the role of Indigenous storytelling to heighten moral awareness in the finance industry which was found to lead to better ethical outcomes.

This thesis analyses the significance of the flying boat to modes of imperial British connectedness through aviation, with a specific focus on interwar Australia. The thesis demonstrates the evolution of the flying boats' contribution to Australia’s development through their position at the crucial intersection of the nation’s economic development and military defence. It argues that the flying boats provide a unique lens through which to explore Australia’s changing sense of national and global connectedness in a period of rapid technological change. The significance of flying boats to the commercial and social life of Australia should not be understated. However, recognition of their significance has been diminished by a tendency to focus exclusively on their role during World War II. The result has been to disassociate and understate the salience of the flying boat era as a whole. This thesis demonstrates the rapid evolution of aviation in the period and situates the flying boat in the history of Australia’s then fledgling aviation industry. It argues that flying boats’ early significance derived from its role in pioneering long-distance routes, and from the Empire Air Mail Scheme (EAMS), a programme instigated to transport first-class mail throughout the British Empire by air. The Empire Flying Boats were central to this scheme through which the British Government proposed to develop international air travel to its dominions, including Australia and New Zealand, initially financed by subsidised airmail. EAMS had an equally significant objective of maintaining Britain’s links with and influence across its empire. Flying boat operations were severely curtailed by the outbreak of World War II, as many of the aircraft were requisitioned into their respective British and Australian Air Forces. However, the demands for passenger travel remained high, in particular for military personnel. As a result, airmail surcharges were reinstated in order to reduce the quantity of airmail and increase the scope for passengers. The Short S 25 Sunderland was manufactured alongside the Empire Class flying boats to satisfy military demands for a long-range reconnaissance aircraft and this aircraft, and its derivatives, proved themselves to be highly effective in this role both for the RAF and its dominions. This thesis demonstrates that the era of the flying boats’ dominance was both a catalyst and a fundamental component in the development of aviation in Australia. In doing so it traces the increasing degree of airmindedness among the Australian public, and the gradual emergence of a distinctive airmindedness that differentiated Australia’s aviation needs and imagined futures from those of Britain. The thesis also discusses how the initial bias towards seaplanes transformed into a pragmatic acceptance of landplanes, resulting in the end of the flying boats’ dominance in both civil and military contexts. In this study I provide, for the first time, a concise discussion of flying boat operations in Australia during the first half of the twentieth century, situating their history within the broader evolution of Australia’s sense both of imperial connectedness and national potentials through aviation.

AUSTRALIA – Second-Generation Diagnostic Achieves 98% Accuracy in Detecting Early Stage Ovarian Cancers AUSTRALIA – New Center Brings Australian and Chinese Researchers Together to Fight Infectious Diseases AUSTRALIA – Co-developing New Treatment Guidelines for Melanoma AUSTRALIA – Australia Leads World's First Global Effort to Improve Genetic Disorders Diagnosis CHINA – China Bans Illegal Food Additives to Reinforce Food Safety Control CHINA – China Steps Up Tighter Inspection in Food Safety CHINA – WHO and China to Do More for Chinese with Hearing Impairment CHINA – First TCM Drug for Arrhythmia CHINA – First Human-Human Transmission of Tick-Borne Disease Reported in China CHINA – Bird Flu Found in Chickens in Eastern China CHINA – First Bird Flu Death Reported for 2009, No Bird-flu Outbreak HONG KONG – Hong Kong Alerts New Bird Flu Outbreak INDIA – India Also Confirmed Bird Flu Incidence INDIA – India Plans 20 More Biotech Parks for Life Sciences Research KOREA – An Economic Share in Medical Tourism Market JAPAN – Brain Tissues Made from Stem Cells NEW ZEALAND – Newly Merged Research Institute Leverage Greater Synergy NEW ZEALAND – Kiwi's Green Plastic Well-Acclaimed in International Awards NEW ZEALAND – Sea Sponge Indigenous to NZ Could Reduce Chemo Side Effects PHILIPPINES – Ebola-Reston Virus Jumped Species SINGAPORE – Human Sewage, the Potential Source of Clean Energy SINGAPORE – No More Heart-stopping Incidents for Heart Patients SINGAPORE – China Milk Products Get All-Clear from Singapore SINGAPORE – Discovery of New Properties in Imidazolium Salts Yield Multi Applications SINGAPORE – S'pore Ranked World's Most Prolific for Eye Research Per Capita SINGAPORE – Outdoor Sun Reduces Incidence of Myopia in Children TAIWAN – University Hospital in Taiwan Collaborates with Neuralstem VIETNAM – Return of Bird Flu, Vietnam Runs High Risk of Human Infection VIETNAM – Conjoined Twins Successfully Separated VIETNAM – Rise in Off-Season Dengue Fever Cases NORTH AMERICA – Epilepsy Drugs Prescription to Carry Suicide Risk Warning NORTH AMERICA – U.S. Doctors Succeeded Near-total Face Transplant NORTH AMERICA – Vaccinating Pacific Girls against Cervical Cancer NORTH AMERICA – Manipulating Love and Emotions by Spray EUROPE – Cambridge Pips Oxford in Research EUROPE – Adapting Car Manufacturing Technology to Produce Synthetic Bone Implants EUROPE – Dioxin-tainted Irish Pork Products Recalled

In migrant communities, parents and children not only represent two diverse generations, but two different languages and cultures. As migrants who still carry memories of their homeland and culture close to their hearts, many are tied linguistically, culturally, and emotionally to their native country and culture. Language maintenance in migrant families assists parents and their children not only to communicate but to also understand cultural values better, which are crucial to their identity and worldview. Although research on community languages has flourished since Michael Clyne’s pioneering work on community language maintenance in the 1960s, there is limited understanding of the role of migrant families in maintaining and transmitting a community language and its influence on identity in Australia. Specific research on Rioplatense Spanish language maintenance and Argentinean identity within the Argentinean community has remained largely unexamined in the contemporary global landscape. In particular, we lack research on how and why first and second generation Argentineans maintain the Spanish language, but more specifically, Rioplatense Spanish and the consequences this has for their experience of Argentinean identity. This thesis addresses this knowledge gap for Australia and elsewhere by examining and discussing the following four themes. First, the central role of the family (as opposed to governments) in conceptualising and implementing language maintenance and identity practices. Second, the influence of familial (endogamous and exogamous unions, extended family, siblings, and language strategies) and extra-familial factors (social networks, travel, language status, and institutions) in augmenting the development and maintenance of community language literacy skills and identity. Third, how linguistic strategies and attitudes are dynamic and play a role in the process of language learning and maintenance, and last, the role and consumption of media (print, audio, audio-visual, and digital communication technologies), and technology in community language maintenance and identity. This thesis analyses the results of a two-step study, drawing upon data derived from mixed-methods research. First, a community-based survey of first and second generation Argentineans from Australia’s three largest cities — Sydney, Melbourne, and Brisbane — examined respondents’ use and maintenance of the Spanish language and the influence this has on their experience of Argentinean identity. Second, semi-structured interviews with first and second generation Argentineans were conducted to verify and triangulate survey findings and develop insights derived from the survey data. The analyses of the survey and interview data in this thesis provide insights into how the attitudes and actions of first generation Argentineans since the 1970s have influenced intergenerational ethnolinguistic vitality in Spanish language maintenance. This thesis illuminates our understanding by demonstrating how Argentineans in contemporary Australia maintain and transmit the Spanish language, their dialect Castellano Rioplatense [Rioplatense Spanish], and the implications this has for their experience of Argentinean identity. It also demonstrates that although the Argentinean community pertains to the broader Latin American community in Australia, they signal their uniqueness via their use of Rioplatense Spanish. The principal finding of this thesis is that despite Australia’s dominant monolingual landscape, first and second generation Argentineans continue to transmit and maintain Spanish, but more specifically, Rioplatense Spanish. Moreover, their use of Rioplatense Spanish allows them to maintain a distinct Argentinean identity in a multicultural context that otherwise publicly renders them as ‘Latin Americans.’ This thesis identifies four key elements in community language maintenance and identity. First, the family is the most salient factor in language maintenance and transmission. Second, the heterogeneity of the Argentinean community compared to other Latin American communities in Australia is reflected by their distinct use of Rioplatense Spanish, which maintains and ameliorates ethnolinguistic vitality, framing their Argentinean identity. Third, positive language attitudes within families further aids in the transference and maintenance of Rioplatense Spanish in various domains, at both micro and macro levels. Fourth, the consumption of media and digital communication technologies influences how the community language is used and experienced. This is achieved by individuals participating in diverse spaces that use and sustain not only the Spanish language, but more specifically, Rioplatense Spanish, and Argentinean identity. Hence, the use and maintenance of Spanish creates a sense of an imagined community, with individuals sensing that they mentally belong ‘here’ in Australia and ‘there’ in Argentina. The findings of this thesis have implications for promoting intergenerational language and identity within families, communities, pedagogical programming, educational and linguistic policies to facilitate language maintenance and identity opportunities.

The China-Australia Free Trade Agreement (ChAFTA) came into effect on the 20th December 2015 to strengthen the relationship between the two countries with a view to expanding their export and import industries. Specifically, ChAFTA includes the elimination or reduction of trade barriers between the countries in the form of tariffs or quotas. Removal of trade barriers will enable Australian industries to explore new markets and investment opportunities. This paper reviews the potential benefits of free trade with China in relation to major agricultural commodities and their possible impacts on the farm sector and regional Australia. The analysis shows ChAFTA will be beneficial to Australia but the impacts will vary across regions. Overall merchandise export trade is dominated by Western Australia which, together with a low proportion of import merchandise trade with China, shows Western Australia will take more advantage of ChAFTA compared to other States and Territories. However, benefits received by specific sectors will vary across the States and Territories. Victoria will benefit more from dairy, Queensland from beef, and New South Wales from summer crops, sheep meat, oilseed crops, and wool, compared to other States and Territories. This paper also analyses the possible impact of ChAFTA on an excluded commodity (wheat) using the Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA) index. The result shows higher RCA on Australian wheat to trade with China compared to the world and other countries which have free trade agreements with Australia. In addition, South Australia has more RCA on wheat trade with China followed by Victoria, Western Australia, and New South Wales. This implies that, in the context of increasing population growth and growing demand for wheat in China, Australia has a good scope to increase its wheat exports to China. It would be worthwhile to start negotiations for a preferential FTA on wheat with China based on their requirements.

Whither the Aborigine

The working environment of an aid organisation generally has fewer benefits than in the commercial sector, so why do well trained and presumably well qualified people work for an aid organisation rather than a corporation which could provide them with better remunerations and a more comfortable work environment? What is it about the work environment of an aid organisation that attracts them? The focus of this study was to answer these questions. This involved examining the social milieu of the work environment in order to identify the dynamics of the work environment that produced a committed and productive team of employees. It also sought to examine the shortfalls that staff members identified as lowering their satisfaction levels with the work environment. Ten World Vision Australia employees were interviewed and asked about various aspects of their work environment focussing on the interaction between themselves and their work milieu. This included an analysis of their views on management style and practices, conflict resolution, policies of World Vision Australia, and their reasons for applying for a position and continuing to work at World Vision Australia. This analysis provided a picture of the World Vision Australia work environment which was further enhanced by examining research literature into the importance of 'culture' in the workplace and employee well being. An important factor to emerge from the literature was the concept of 'solidary', which encompasses an employee's desire to subscribe to a particular collective or group identity. Solidary explains how some shortfalls of a work environment are overlooked for the sake of more important aspects of it. The interviews revealed that some aspects of the work environment of World Vision Australia are healthy and productive, while others require diligence from management particularly as it responds to the changing demands placed on the International Aid sector.;World Vision Australia has a low staff turnover which indicates that employees choose to stay at World Vision Australia despite non-competitive monetary rewards. The results from the analysis indicate that the work environment is healthy and accommodates the emotional, ethical and familial needs of employees. The specific culture that is engendered by management is a key element in the satisfaction of employees, with 'solidary' being an important factor in this.

This thesis represents the first critical examination of the proliferation of sublethal weapons in Australian policing. It traces the introduction of such weapons in Australian policing, with an emphasis on Conducted Energy Weapons (CEWs), in particular Tasers®. Using a multi-method, phronetic approach it examines whether the rhetoric used to support the introduction of CEWs is reflected in the policies related to the use of such weapons and in evidence about their use in the field. Phronetic methodology aims to explain social phenomena via the piecing together of large and small details that form the context of events; in this case the introduction of CEWs in Australia, the resulting policies established to control the weapon’s use (excluding Tasmania and South Australia where access to the policy documents was refused) and also evidence about its use in practice. This comparative analysis of CEW use in each Australian state and territory is directed at three specific sites: the rhetoric used in relation to the introduction and further justification of CEW use by police across Australia, the policies used to guide police in their use and the available evidence about how CEWs are used in practice. The analysis draws on a broad range of sources incorporating document, news media and interview material. The findings draw attention to the phenomenon of ‘mission creep’ occurring in Australia, where CEWs have come to be used well outside of their original intended purpose. The thesis shows that this pattern has already been observed in relation to Oleoresin Capsicum spray (OC Spray), which is the other type of sublethal weapon widely adopted by police in Western democracies. It is now being observed internationally in relation to CEWs. The thesis therefore adds an Australian perspective to a growing body of literature suggesting that sublethal weapons’ use by police is likely to have a corrosive effect on police/ community relationships and, crucially, on the principle of minimum force. It further argues that the weapons may have a profound impact on the delicate balance of consensual versus coercive policing styles. The analysis is set against the broader history of CEWs, and especially events in North America, where electronic weaponry evolved. Experiences in Britain and New Zealand are also examined briefly. The findings also demonstrate that the reasons for CEW adoption by police across jurisdictions, nationally and internationally, are very similar. It is argued that this is the case because decisions (and policy making) have been based on a series of misconceptions about sublethal weapons’ utility. The thesis argues that the problems arising in jurisdictions that use CEWs are so similar as to warrant a set of clear statements about the potential consequences of their inappropriate deployment in Australia. On this basis, this research concludes by making an argument for the importance of establishing strict national guidelines to control the use of CEWs and by offering a range of observations on what such guidelines could look like.

Edwin James Brady (1869-1952) is best known as a minor figure from the political and literary world of the 1890s and the author of Australia Unlimited, a book and a phrase that has come to represent the development ethos that characterised Australia in the inter-war years. Brady has been described as a writer who celebrated nature, but also encouraged the unsustainable exploitation of Australia’s natural resources. This biographical study, informed by environmental history, attempts to ‘flesh out’ the man behind ‘Australia Unlimited’ by exploring the relationship he had with the place he came to regard as his own domain, the small coastal settlement of Mallacoota, in far East Gippsland. This study traces Brady’s journey to Mallacoota, explores what expectations he had of this place and whether they were realised. I consider how the physical environment of Mallacoota and far East Gippsland helped shape the human experience of Brady and the local community, and how humans shaped and changed this environment over time. Brady came to see in Mallacoota’s wild beauty a place of poetic inspiration and solitude and also a source of natural wealth that should be closely populated and developed for the good of the nation. His dream was to create, in far East Gippsland, a model for a democratic and prosperous Australia. Brady was inspired by the social idealism of the 1890s, the progressive agenda of post Federation Australia, his commitment to socialism, as well as individual needs and desires. His visions for Mallacoota were formed and shaped by national and international events such as war, depression and technological change. In Mallacoota Brady wrote, farmed, ran a tourist business, helped establish a utopian socialist settlement and acted as an advocate for the region. This became his home for forty years and as such this study also considers his personal domestic life, and relationships between people living in this small remote community. This study, through the central figures of Mallacoota and Brady, therefore draws together national, local and domestic themes. Ultimately Brady failed to transform Mallacoota into a closely populated, economically diverse rural region through immigration and the exploitation of its natural resources. His principal legacy was rather to help shape the idea of Mallacoota as a tourist retreat for visitors, who wanted to experience the solitude and natural beauty that originally drew him there.

These data gathered from Monash alumni answer six questions about interest in international careers. (1) Are organisations in Australia in which Monash alumni work increasing their international focus and why?: They are, chiefly in order to grow and because of their industries' focus. They also use jobs with international responsibilities managed from Australia strategically, from necessity, and to develop staff. (2) Are there effects on alumni careers e.g. possible expatriation and undertaking jobs with international responsibilities managed from Australia? Yes. A third of alumni have domestic jobs with international work especially when >40 and in late career than early or mid-career, dealing with countries mostly in the Anglo and Far Eastern/Oriental countries, and others could be asked to take up that work. Moreover, alumni could be asked to expatriate especially when 31 to 40 than >40 and in early to mid-career, and to Anglo, Far Eastern/Oriental, and Latin European countries. (3) How willing are alumni to relocate overseas to work or to work in jobs with international responsibilities managed from Australia? Moreover, what do the latter jobs comprise? Alumni are quite willing to undertake domestic international work. They are not very willing to relocate internationally for work, less so to culturally dissimilar countries to Australia, less so when it is a more permanent international career pattern, but more so when 30 or less and in early career. (4) What factors help or hinder an interest in international careers, both as expatriation and as international jobs performed in Australia? Family hinders international work the most, especially partner reluctance and career, children's education, and time away and lost contacts, especially worst if aged 41 to 50, married and with high school children, and in mid-career than late or early career . Expecting personal development through cross-cultural experience and job challenge helps an interest in relocation overseas for work, (5) Are alumni experienced in and confident about dealing with international work? Alumni do not have much international experience but are very confident about living and working in a country with a culture different to their own. (6) What are the human resource policies the organisations of alumni are using for international work and how do they help address factors hindering an interest in it? Few human resource policies are offered for international work. Those least offered are the ones that deal with the reasons alumni are not likely to undertake international work e.g. partner employment and training and assistance with children's education. The policies offered have to do with travel and accommodation, providing strategic information, rewards/financial, and career paths.

502 Background: SCAN assessed the global delivery of NET diagnostics and treatment. This analysis focused on the diagnostic process in gastroenteropancreatic (GEP) neuroendocrine tumor (NET) patients in countries with more robust respondent samples (at least 100 units of analysis): Australia (AU), Canada (CA), China (CH), France (FR), Germany (DE), United Kingdom (UK), and the United States (USA). Methods: During Sept-Nov 2019, 2359 NET patients &amp; caregivers, and 436 healthcare professionals (HCPs) completed a self-reported online survey, available in 14 languages, disseminated via INCA and its partner networks. Results: 71% (1670/2359) were GEP-NET patients, 71% of which were from 7 countries (1188/1670), namely AU (7%, 120/1670), CA (9%, 154/1670), CH (7%, 114/1670), FR (8%, 137/1670), DE (9%, 149/1670), UK (11%, 191/1670) and USA (19%, 323/1670). Primary GEP-NETs were predominantly small intestinal (SI) with similar proportions in AU, CA, DE, FR,, UK and US and smaller in CH (*p &lt; 0.001, Chi-squared). Second most common primary was pancreatic NET (similar across countries). Misdiagnosis was very frequent and occurred at least once but most commonly multiple times (table). The most frequent misdiagnoses were irritable bowel syndrome (AU 60%, CA 34%, CH 14%, FR 27%, DE 31%, UK 55%, USA 55%) and gastritis (AU 42%, CA 37%, CH 51%, FR 51%, DE 37%, UK 30%, USA 51%). Patients presented with stage IV disease in more than half of cases in 5 countries (table). On average three HCPs were involved in the diagnostic process in all above-mentioned countries. The HCPs who most often suggested the test that led to the correct diagnosis were gastroenterologists in CH 28%, FR 43%, DE 34%, USA 28%, and GPs in AU 28%, CA 27%, and UK 24% (45/191). In the majority of cases the diagnosis was received in a hospital without a NET specialist, except for CH (AU 38%; CA 42%; CH 25%; FR 36%, DE 51%, UK 44%, USA 45%). Conclusions: SCAN demonstrates some interesting geographical variations with respect to tumor demographics and stage at presentation. Nonetheless, delayed GEP-NET diagnosis remains a significant global challenge. Enhanced knowledge about GEP-NETs in hospitals without NET specialists, especially among gastroenterologists and family doctors (GPs), will drive improvements in global NET care.[Table: see text]