Authentication and Key Agreement Protocol for UMTS with Low Bandwidth Consumption

In the forward link of DS-CDMA systems, the multipath propagation channel destroys the orthogonality of the spreading codes and therefore causes multi-user interference (MUI). Ideal non-adaptive zero-forcing (ZF) and MMSE chip equalizer receivers have been proposed to restore the orthogonality and suppress the MUI in DS-CDMA systems employing aperiodic scrambling codes. However, these receivers can only deal with slow fading multipath channels. Practical adaptive implementations of the chip equalizer receiver that can track fast fading multipath channels, are nor straightforward, since no continuous training chip sequence is available. In this paper we propose a new pilot-aided adaptive fractionally-spaced chip equalizer receiver; that is well-suited for fast fading multipath channels. By exploiting the presence of a continuous pilot signal in forthcoming third generation cellular and LEO satellite communication systems, it continuously updates at the symbol rate using a simple NLMS or a more advanced RLS adaptive scheme. The proposed receiver out-performs the RAKE receiver with perfect channel knowledge over a wide range of normalized Doppler spreads, with a complexity that is still independent of the number of users.

A novel and simple design of a film type inverted F-antenna for global system for mobile (GSM), digital cellular system (DCS), personal communication system (PCS), US personal communication system (USPCS), and wideband code division multiple access (WCDMA) bands is proposed. The obtained impedance bandwidths reached 87 (880–967) MHz and 451 (1710–2162) MHz in the GSM, DCS, PCS, USPCS, and WCDMA bands. For multiband operation, a modified meander line structure with L-shaped short pin was used. The measured peak antenna gains for the operating frequencies were 3.18–4.24 dBi. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 54:2757–2762, 2012; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/mop.27195

In third generation wireless cellular communication systems, cell sizes are expected to become smaller in order to accommodate high user density and multimedia traffic. Resource allocation schemes will have to be flexible to handle heterogeneous traffic and be dynamically adapted to the time-varying channel and user mobility. We propose such a resource management strategy. We introduce the notion of a connection group, where a mobile user simultaneously connects to multiple base stations using multiple links. The number of base stations and which base station to connect to are functions of the time-varying channel, mobility, current bandwidth need, and quality of service requirement. Once a call is admitted into the network, the resource management strategy will allow the mobile to dynamically configure its connections in such a way to minimize call dropping probability, maximize signal quality, and increase channel resource utilization efficiency. The performance of the protocol is analyzed in terms of call blocking and dropping probabilities and channel resource utilization. Results show that the proposed resource management scheme can support multimedia traffic with low call blocking and dropping probabilities and high channel utilization efficiency.

IntroductionThe popularity of mobile communication systems has increased remarkably during the last decade and the market demand still continues to increase.As a fundamental part of these systems, antenna is one of the most important design issues in modern mobile communication units.Although there are several similar definitions, an antenna can be mainly described as a device, which transforms the electromagnetic waves in an antenna to radiating waves in an unbounded medium such as air in transmitting mode and vice versa in receiving mode.Because antennas are dependent on frequency, they are designed to operate for certain frequency bands.The rapid growth of mobile communication systems has forced to the use of novel antennas for base and mobile station applications (mobile phone, notebook computer, personal digital assistants (PDA), etc.).Earlier, mobile systems were designed to operate for one of the frequency bands of 2G (second generation) systems, which are Digital Cellular System (DCS), Personal Communications Service (PCS) and Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) networks.Currently, many mobile communication systems use several frequency bands such as GSM 900/1800/1900 bands (890-960 MHz and 1710-1990 MHz); Universal Mobile Telecommunication Systems (UMTS) and UMTS 3G expansion bands (1900-2200 MHz and 2500-2700 MHz); and Wi-Fi (Wireless Fidelity)/Wireless Local Area Networks (WLAN) bands (2400-2500 MHz and 5100-5800 MHz) where the list of frequently used frequency bands is given in Table 1 ( Best, 2008).Conventionally, because a single antenna can not operate at all of these frequency bands of mobile communication, multiple different antennas covering these bands separately should be used.However, usage of many antennas is usually limited by the volume and cost constraints of the applications.Therefore, multiband and wideband antennas are essential to provide multifunctional operations for mobile communication.A multiband antenna in a mobile communication system can be defined as the antenna operating at distinct frequency bands, but not at the intermediate frequencies between bands.For example, a triple band antenna for GSM 900/1800/1900 bands can cover the frequency bands 890-960 MHz and 1710-1990 MHz (Ali et al., 2003); however, it does not operate properly at the frequencies such as 1200 MHz or 2500 MHz.On the other hand, a wideband antenna operates at every frequency points within a given frequency band.For example, a wideband antenna covering UMTS, extended UMTS and WLAN 2400 bands functions at every frequency points www.intechopen.com

Semiconductor technologies for 5G implementation at millimeter wave frequencies – Design challenges and current state of work

Along with the rapid technological developments in all fields of technology, it’s including telecommunications technology. Many facilities are offered, for example, is the development of telecommunications services for voice, data and video. This offer must be supported by great technology,which is ability transfer data with high speed transfer data rate. The technology that able to grant this needs is LTE technology. LTE technology was developed from Global System for Mobile (GSM) and Universal Mobile Telecommunication System (UMTS) and this technology has transfer data rate up to 100 Mbps for the downlink and 50 Mbps for the uplink direction. Because the distribution of technological progress in various areas including Banyumas, it would require an application of LTE technology in that area. These applications will not run without proper planning of an LTE network to cover all areas of Banyumas. In order to apply the optimal LTE network in Banyumas it is necessary to design LTE coverage area, they consist of link budget and number of eNode B that required to cover whole area Banyumas. By using QPSK modulation and coding rate ½ it has value traffic capacity about 3.344,096 kbps/km2. ENode B number that can cover whole area is as much as 59 eNode B. Impact of coding rate to MAPLvalue is when value of the coding rate is greater it’s produces a smaller value of MAPL and the number of eNode B is increase.

Mobility of users in a cellular mobile communication system has been formulated mathematically under generalized conditions. Based on this model a computer simulation has been developed. This mobility model is used to examine cell residence time distribution in cellular environments defined by different cell sizes and mobility parameters. It is shown that cell residence time can be described by the generalized gamma distribution.

Introduction: the new exposure to electromagnetic fields biological effect assessment is actual with respect to the expected of electromagnetic environment complication due to joint operation of various generation cellular communication systems. The character of biological reaction can be mediated by individual typological characteristics of the organism. The goal: to study the 2–5G base stations electromagnetic field chronic exposure effect to nervous system functional state of laboratory animals with regard to their typological features. Methods: the rats body weight registration and "open field" test were carried out before the start of exposure, after each month of 24-hour exposure (500 µW/cm2, 2-5G mobile standards, 4 months) and 1 month after the end of exposure with accounting of high-entropic and low-entropic animal subgroups. Results: the results indicate a multidirectional effect of rats’ nervous system in groups of various entropy types. According to behavioral parameters and body weight dynamics, there was an inhibition of research activity and functional state of the high-entropic animals after 2 months of exposure. Conclusion: Results can be assumed that used experimental exposure type had a suppression affect to central nervous system functional state with higher responsiveness of animals that initially have a predominance of excitation over inhibition processes.

Technological developments in the field of telecommunications are experiencing rapid progress, especially the presence of 5G technology as a fifth generation cellular communication system that has many advantages at the World Radiocommunication Conference (WRC) in 2015, 5G candidate frequency bands below 6 GHz have been widely discussed, and the range the following frequencies have been suggested: 470–694, 1427–1518, 3300–3800, and 4500–4990 MHz. One of recommendation of resonant frequency is 3.5 GHz, as it is acceptable in most countries. Therefore, a reliable communication network is needed, especially in the 3.5 GHz frequency band for fifth generation applications. Antena is one of the important communication components in radio communication system. Mikrostrip Antena is a type of Antena that is currently growing because it has the advantage of having a light weight and low profile. This paper proposed development of mikrostrip Antena using the fractal method, increase the gain using the Array method, and achieve the target return loss ≤ -10 dB, VSWR ≤ 2, and gain ≥ 5 dB at frequency of 3.5 GHz for 5G communication sytsem. Proposed Antena is designed using a duroid R5880 substrate with a dielectric constant value of 2.2, a dielectric loss (tan loss) of 0.0009 and a substrate thickness (h) of 1.57 mm. This study resulted in a reduction in Antena dimensions until 53.76% with return loss of -42.48 dB, VSWR 1.02, and a gain of 8.46 dB. The results obtained in this design meet the specifications of the predetermined targets.

This paper analyzes the authentication and key agreement (AKA) protocol for universal mobile telecommunications system (UMTS) mobile networks, where a new protocol is proposed. In our proposed protocol, the mobile station is responsible for generating of authentication token (AUTN) and random number (RAND). The home location register is responsible for comparison of response and expected response to take a decision. Therefore, the bottleneck at authentication center is avoided by reducing the number of messages between mobile and authentication center. The authentication time delay, call setup time, and signalling traffic are minimized in the proposed protocol. A fluid mobility model is used to investigate the performance of signalling traffic and load transaction messages between mobile database, such as home location register (HLR) and visitor location register (VLR) for both the current protocol and the proposed protocol. The simulation results show that the authentication delay and current load transaction messages between entities and bandwidth are minimized as compared to current protocol. Therefore, the performance and the authentication delay time have been improved significantly.

The base station router (BSR) femto node—a Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) Node B for domestic use that admits a limited number of simultaneous communications—is gaining interest among mobile operators worldwide. Its main advantages are that it connects with the mobile core network through the land digital subscriber line (DSL) at the user's home, relieving the macro network from the indoor traffic that uses a substantial part of the mobile network resources. This paper explains the network deployment and dimensioning rules used in the massive deployment of this type of node. The proposed models are verified through node performance network simulations in different types of residential configurations, taking into account challenging aspects such as the neighboring effect, macro-femto cell interaction, arbitrary node localization, and service (voice, data, and video) mix. The model is applied to 2 GHz and 850MHz bands.

현재 셀룰러 이동통신 시스템이 직면한 가장 큰 문제인 데이터 트래픽 폭증 수용문제를 효율적으로 해결하기 위한 방안으로써 스몰셀 및 단말간 통신 등 다양한 기술 등이 제안되고 있다. 이러한 데이터 트래픽 폭증 문제를 해결하기 위한 방안중 하나로써 기지국의 전송 파워를 서비스 받는 단말로 집중시키는 방향성 전송이 고려되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 셀룰러 이동통신 시스템에서 방향성 전송을 고려한 시스템 레벨 시뮬레이터를 개발하였고 방향성 전송이 사용될 때의 어려움 중 하나인 간섭 예측을 해결하기 위한 새로운 간섭 예측방안을 제안하였다. 본 시뮬레이터를 이용하여 제안된 적응적 간섭 예측 방안의 성능을 확인하였고 방향성 전송이 셀룰러 이동통신 시스템에서 활용될 때의 성능을 살펴보았다. 이를 통해 방향성 전송이 셀룰러 이동통신 시스템의 수율을 130% 이상 향상시킬 수 있음을 보였다. To cope with the explosive growth of traffic which is considered as one of the most biggest threat to current mobile communication systems, various solutions such as small cell and device-to-device communication have been exploited. Directional transmission in which transmission power of base station is focused onto the direction where the mobile station is located, can be used to increase throughput of the system. In this work, we develop a system-level simulator for cellular mobile communication systems using directional transmission and adaptive interference estimation scheme for directional transmission has been proposed. By using the developed simulator, the performance of cellular mobile communication systems with directional transmission is examined. Moreover, it is shown that the overall throughput of cellular system can be improved by utilizing directional transmission.

As for radio channel control of a cellular mobile communication system, location measurement is an important technique for determining the base station to be Connected with the mobile station. This paper describes the radio zone selection characteristic when a part of the control channel is time‐shared by base stations and the reception level of each base station is measured at mobile stations. MSSC (Multitransmitter Simul/Sequential Casting) of control channels is proposed, which improves the location measurement and is suitable for a high‐capacity system. The MSSC channel consists of simul‐cast parts and sequential‐cast parts. Its speech connection control sequence when applied to the cellular mobile communication system is shown. Next, the relation between the reception level variation characteristic in land mobile communication and the average reception level measurement accuracy when burst signals are received several times is studied. Both analytical results and laboratory experimental simulation results are shown. Finally, the zone selecting rate of a mobile station is calculated and the effect of the proposed control channel configuration is clarified.

A network-assisted mobile VPN for securing users data in UMTS

In this paper, based on the analyzed emerging challenges encountered by the future radio network, we focus on several candidate techniques targeting at a more spectrum-efficient and cost-effective solution. Among them, spectrum management is one special topic covering fields of technique, regulation and politics. We point out the high tendency of spectrum liberation in terms of spectrum allocation for services and radio technologies even between different network providers. In the network planning topic, we address a number of solutions w.r.t. some typical dominating factors. A solution reducing the risk of high expenditure in conjunction with the flexibility of spectrum management is also given. To further enhance the efficiency, advanced radio resource management allowing interworking among heterogeneous radio technologies is also presented. I. Introduction Furthering the big success of the GSM system (Global System forMobile communications) with the population of subscribers reaches over 250 million worldwide, the international mobile and wireless market turns out to the evolution of third Generation Mobile Communication System termed as the UMTS (Universal MobileT elecommunication System) and the system beyond it. Future radio network faces practical challenges such as the higher throughput and more elastic traffic demand based on the exploiting multimedia services, the scarcity and deployment difficulty, the heterogeneity of different radio air interface and the high cost of network deployment and operation. To achieve high spectrum efficiency with high coverage is always the goal to design a radio network. After the significant contribution from Shannon in the late 50’s, people research on radio transmission technology targeting at approaching the Shannon bounds for different scenarios like AWGN noise-limited channel, fading channel, multi-user communication environment, etc. Several technologies achieve significant improvement of spectrum efficiency, such as the advanced channel coding schemes, diversity approach, digital modulation schemes, joint source-channel coding schemes, accurate channel estimation and joint detection techniques, antenna techniques like MIMO (Multiple Input and Multiple Output), etc. From higher layer mechanism viewpoint, one can see the performance improvements given by a number of mechanisms like Medium Access Control P rotocol (MAC), Data Link Control P rotocols (DLC), Radio Link Control P rotocols (RLC) as well as Radio Resource Control P rotocols (RRC). In the network layer and beyond, mechanisms enhancing the performance for TCP (T ransport control protocol) and UDP (User Diagram protocol) over IP protocol are required for the wireless communication. From the system level, advanced network planning and management techniques are needed catering for the heterogeneity and therefore facilitating the interoperability of the co-existing Radio Access T echnologies (RATs). Apart from the cellular technologies, kinds of Broadband W ireless Access (BWA) technology have been emerged for years. Typical examples are the WLAN (W ireless Local Area Network) represented by IEEE 802.11 family, Hiperlan in Europe and WiMAX (W orldwide interoperability for Microwave Access) represented by IEEE 802.16 family. In order to offer ubiquitous wireless access, the interworking and harmonization among heterogeneous networks are considered as primary important in the coming years. One aspect of it is to design the wireless local network as a complementarity to the cellular radio network, which must be considered in the network planning phase for such heterogeneous networks. Different to the classical network planning scheme, network co-planning for heterogeneous networks is not only based on the carrier strength that the mobile terminals can receive, traffic distribution, networks’ deployment costs, their interoperability, and the terminal capabilities and spectrum management are tightly associated topics.