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Twenty percent of very preterm neonates (23-32 weeks of gestation) are born with bacteremia caused by genital Mycoplasmas

Quality of Life and Depression in CKD: Improving Hope and Health

Unicystic ameloblastoma: a case of mistaken identity

Impaired Autophagy Triggers Chronic Pancreatitis: Lessons From Pancreas-Specific Atg5 Knockout Mice

The significance of high bone density in children

Role of Intervention Strategies for At-risk Preterm Infants

Cognitive Impairment in Dialysis Patients: Focus on the Blood Vessels?

The Challenges of Venoarterial ECMO for Postcardiotomy Shock

Bone Marrow Iron in CKD: Correlation With Functional Iron Deficiency

Polygenic Risk Scores for Follow Up After Colonoscopy and Polypectomy: Another Tool for Risk Stratification and Planning Surveillance?

We have reconstituted human mitochondrial transcription in vitro on DNA oligonucleotide templates representing the light strand and heavy strand-1 promoters using protein components (RNA polymerase and transcription factors A and B2) isolated from Escherichia coli. We show that 1 eq of each transcription factor and polymerase relative to the promoter is required to assemble a functional initiation complex. The light strand promoter is at least 2-fold more efficient than the heavy strand-1 promoter, but this difference cannot be explained solely by the differences in the interaction of the transcription machinery with the different promoters. In both cases, the rate-limiting step for production of the first phosphodiester bond is open complex formation. Open complex formation requires both transcription factors; however, steps immediately thereafter only require transcription factor B2. The concentration of nucleotide required for production of the first dinucleotide product is substantially higher than that required for subsequent cycles of nucleotide addition. In vitro, promoter-specific differences in post-initiation control of transcription exist, as well as a second rate-limiting step that controls conversion of the transcription initiation complex into a transcription elongation complex. Rate-limiting steps of the biochemical pathways are often those that are targeted for regulation. Like the more complex multisubunit transcription systems, multiple steps may exist for control of transcription in human mitochondria. The tools and mechanistic framework presented here will facilitate not only the discovery of mechanisms regulating human mitochondrial transcription but also interrogation of the structure, function, and mechanism of the complexes that are regulated during human mitochondrial transcription.

Electrocardiographic features of patients with COVID-19: One year of unexpected manifestations

Epithelial and Mesenchymal Contribution to the Niche: A Safeguard for Intestinal Stem Cell Homeostasis

On Being Better Kidney Doctors: Understanding Trajectories, Probabilities, Predictability, and People

Autoimmune hepatitis: A life-long disease