Automated Seeding and Irrigation System using Arduino

Introduction:: The most crucial ingredient in agriculture is water. The amount of water that plants require must be provided to them. However, growers alternate between giving their plants more water than they truly need and giving them less and partly because they become overwatered due to meteorological circumstances like unexpected rainfall. Methods:: We employ an IoT-based intelligent irrigation system to get around this problem. It includes a centrifugal pump, a motor driver board, and a soil moisture sensor with YL69 probes. When the soil moisture level drops, the pump automatically delivers water to the plants with minimal human involvement. The electrical conductivity theory is how the sensor for soil moisture functions. A DHT11 sensor and a barometer, which provide information on the local temperature, humidity, and atmospheric pressure, are both parts of the weather monitoring system with the help of this, farmers can forecast the local weather and plan their irrigation accordingly. Results:: In this patent study, the thing speak API enables us to continually monitor information from a computer or mobile device, and the ESP8266 module links the complete system to the internet. Through this approach, water waste is reduced, and irrigation efficiency is increased while crop health and quality are preserved. Conclusion:: Overall, this research demonstrated how the Internet of Things-based intelligent irrigation systems may enhance agricultural water management. By combining soil moisture monitoring, weather monitoring, and autonomous management, we may develop irrigation techniques that are more precise, effective and patent leading to higher crop yields and sustainable agricultural practices.

Soil moisture is the water content of the soil tends to be communicated by concerning volume or weight. Examination of dampness or moisture content of soil is exceptionally fundamental in every one of the fields including agriculture, hydrology, and so on. In this paper, soil moisture level (dryness %) of various kinds of soils namely, red soil, black soil, clay soil and sand was experimented. Here soil moisture sensor, LCD with I2C, power supply were connected to Arduino UNO. The experiment was done by pouring the water in terms of 0ml, 4ml, 8ml, 10ml, 14ml, 18ml, 22ml, 24ml, 30ml, 34ml, 38ml, 42ml and 48ml and showed that different soil types produced different level of moisture content. Key Words: Soil moisture, Microcontroller, Arduino UNO, Moisture Level, Soil types

An automatic irrigation system using IOT devices

Regional field study of the spatial variability of selected soil physical properties

Soil moisture has an essential role in agriculture. The growth of specific vegetation requires a certain level of soil moisture. Therefore, monitoring soil moisture is very important for farmers. In monitoring, the first essential component is the sensor. Nevertheless, the existing proper soil moisture sensor is an electric-based system sensor with low water resistance. It easily damaged in extreme environments which can reduce sensor ability. Based on these problems, we developed a soil moisture sensor based on plastic optical fibre with a U-bend structure. Optical fibre was developed as an alternative sensor due to low prices, immunity to water, and resistance to extreme conditions. U-bend optical fibre can measure soil moisture depends on changes in the refractive index. The changes of refractive index caused by changes in external force which causes a decrease in the optical fibre output power are following the concentration of water contained in the soil. Plastic material is used because of its high durability and high responsiveness in refractive index-based measurements. In this experiment, a plastic optical fibre with a U-bend radius of 30 mm and a wavelength of 930 nm is used. The result shows that the U-Bend structure plastic optical fibre sensor is highly potential to use as a soil moisture sensor with sensor sensitivity of 2.885x10 W/%VWC, R of 97.14%, and standard deviation of 0.6%.

Lack of water results in a reduction in photosynthesis in plants and crops. Plants are significantly affected when the soil water level is depleted thereby resulting in low production in the agricultural sector which can lead to a reduction in food supply. This problem makes water supply and management highly necessary for plants to grow effectively. Over the past century, the rate at which water usage has increased globally has increased at a rate higher than that of population growth. Particularly in dry regions, an increasing number of regions are now using more water than they can sustainably provide. The traditional watering techniques, such as sprinklers and flood mode, are ineffective and those not supply the ideal needs of plants because some plants do not need excess water to grow. This also results in water wasting. These ineffective irrigation systems often provide habitat for organisms that carry illnesses. Research has established that excessive water spillage and stagnant water can be habitat for mosquitoes which can also be dangerous to human health. Therefore, watering plants must be done intelligently, by developing an intelligent system that can regulate the content of water needed to water a plant in accordance with their needs and the moisture content of the soil. This will also reduce the spillage of water. In this study, an automated plant watering system that monitors the soil's moisture level to determine when watering plants is necessary was developed using hardware components such as Arduino UNO (Microcontroller), soil moisture sensor, pump, relays, wires, sprinkler and software instructions to drive the hardware components. An economical watering system was designed. The system was tested and can be effectively used in small gardens and big crop fields.

Objective of the study to find out irrigation management in conserving the water resources with irrigation system to increase crop productivity. In this paper, this has designed and implemented an IoT-based smart irrigation system using soil moisture, pH, and NPK sensors for remote monitoring and control of soil parameters, by interfacing them with the NodeMCU ESP8266 microcontroller. The output values obtained from the sensors were displayed using an LCD and values were then sent to a cloud server for remote access. Research also interfaced a relay module with a water pump to water the plants automatically when moisture content is lower than a set threshold. The results indicate that the soil moisture sensor's values, NPK sensors and pH sensor are well correlated with the lab values with an error of less than 3%, 5% and 2% respectively. The comparison of the results with the manual practice of irrigation demonstrated a considerable difference in the water and fertilizer consumption with the implementation of IoT assistance in the irrigation system. Therefore, this study confirms that the proposed model is precise, accurate, cost-efficient, and easily scalable for practical applications in smart agriculture by eliminating wastage and real-time monitoring of required inputs.

This paper describes the development of a monitoring and controlling system for a garden using the Internet of Things (IoT). The system is designed to assist users in managing their plants and gardens remotely and effectively. Soil moisture levels are difficult to assess and manage, and achieving their target levels can be challenging. Therefore, an automatic water pump system is the optimal solution for this situation. The soil moisture sensor measures the moisture content in the soil, and the system automatically turns on the water pump when the moisture level is insufficient for healthy plant growth. A Light Emitting Diode (LED) is used to notify the user when the water pump is operating. A NodeMCU is used as the microcontroller for this project, which has a built-in Wi-Fi module, making it easier to interface with the Blynk software on a smartphone. The input is a soil moisture sensor, and the outputs are a water pump and an LED. The system successfully demonstrated real-time monitoring and automated control of soil moisture, ensuring optimal plant health. The integration of NodeMCU with Blynk enabled seamless remote access and notifications, enhancing user convenience. Experimental results confirmed the system's reliability in maintaining soil moisture levels within the desired range, reducing manual intervention, and improving water efficiency. This IoTbased approach provides a practical and scalable solution for smart gardening applications.

This paper aims to design a low-cost automatic irrigation system to promote agricultural growth and help reduce poor farmers’ efforts. Agriculture is the backbone of India and many other countries. In India, agriculture majorly depends on rainwater, but rain alone as a source of water is insufficient, so the underground water is used for irrigation in the agriculture field. The level of underground water is decreasing day by day. Poor management of water can happen due to over-irrigation in the field. Many areas are suffering from drought. In several places, people have to travel many kilometers to get drinking water. Moreover, the electricity supply timings are very odd in fields. Because of this, farmers have to suffer so many sleepless nights. To effectively resolve these problems and to reduce human resources, modern technology can be used. The innovative irrigation system is one of the applications of IoT. This paper aims to design a system that automates the irrigation process and provides an option to turn the motor on or off manually just by pressing a button on the android app, thereby reducing problems faced by farmers. The proposed system has been designed using Arduino UNO, GSM modules, android application, and sensors such as temperature sensor and soil moisture sensor. The system offers a user-friendly interface for farmers and let them control the irrigation process automatically. The proposed system is cost-effective, as the hardware used for the implementation does not incur high cost. Moreover, it also does not require any additional labor cost.KeywordsArduino UNOAndroid appBreadboardInternet of ThingsIoTGSM moduleRelayMotorSensor

Water conservation is a prime concern in arid and semi-arid regions. The farming sector consumes a lot of water in irrigation and other activities. IoT (Internet of Things) and WSN (Wireless Sensor Network) are extensively used in precision agriculture to control fundamental activities like Irrigation Scheduling, Data Acquisition, Data Storage and Analysis. These systems involve sensors inputs to be evaluated against some threshold values and decisions are taken. The proposed automated irrigation system involves monitoring environmental parameters and controlling the irrigation process remotely, involves short-range communication from sensors to the base station and long-range communication from the base station to the internet. The focus of the proposed system is to conserve water and other resources. The system incorporates use of sensor data, evapotranspiration of region and precipitation information from online weather forecast. The hardware components of system are microcontroller, 5v DC motor, L293 motor driver module, resistive soil moisture sensor and breadboard. The soil moisture sensor continuously records the moisture of the soil and transmits readings to the microcontroller. The DC submersible motor connected to the microcontroller through L293 motor driver module, supply water when soil moisture level is below the threshold. The system generates irrigation schedules are based on evapotranspiration of the region and sensor feedback.KeywordsIoT (Internet of Things)AutomatedIrrigationEvapotranspirationGPRSZigBee

Abstract. The Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity Mission (SMOS) acquires surface soil moisture data of global coverage every three days. Product validation for a range of climate and environmental conditions across continents is a crucial step. For this purpose, a soil moisture and soil temperature sensor network was established in the Skjern River Catchment, Denmark. The objectives of this article are to describe a method to implement a network suited for SMOS validation, and to present sample data collected by the network to verify the approach. The design phase included (1) selection of a single SMOS pixel (44 × 44 km), which is representative of the land surface conditions of the catchment and with minimal impact from open water (2) arrangement of three network clusters along the precipitation gradient, and (3) distribution of the stations according to respective fractions of classes representing the prevailing environmental conditions. Overall, measured moisture and temperature patterns could be related to the respective land cover and soil conditions. Texture-dependency of the 0–5 cm soil moisture measurements was demonstrated. Regional differences in 0–5 cm soil moisture, temperature and precipitation between the north-east and south-west were found to be small. A first comparison between the 0–5 cm network averages and the SMOS soil moisture (level 2) product is in range with worldwide validation results, showing comparable trends for SMOS retrieved soil moisture (R2 of 0.49) as well as initial soil moisture and temperature from ECMWF used in the retrieval algorithm (R2 of 0.67 and 0.97, respectively). While retrieved/initial SMOS soil moisture indicate significant under-/overestimation of the network data (biases of −0.092/0.057 m3 m−3), the initial temperature is in good agreement (bias of −0.2 °C). Based on these findings, the network performs according to expectations and proves to be well-suited for its purpose. The discrepancies between network and SMOS soil moisture will be subject of subsequent studies.

The integration of the Internet of Things (IoT) is changing modern agriculture by allowing real-time data collection and automated decision-making. Smart irrigation systems have improved water management by optimizing schedules based on soil moisture levels and environmental conditions. However, most current systems focus only on monitoring before irrigation and often overlook key post-irrigation factors like soil moisture retention, crop stress, and water distribution efficiency. This limitation can result in inefficient water use, increased crop stress, and potential soil degradation, which can affect long-term agricultural sustainability. To tackle these challenges, we suggest an IoT-based post-irrigation monitoring system that uses soil moisture sensors, temperature sensors, and real-time analytics. Unlike traditional systems, this approach gives continuous feedback on soil moisture and crop stress. This allows for adjustments to irrigation based on the current field conditions. By including machine learning-driven predictive analytics, the system can improve irrigation schedules, reduce water waste, and boost agricultural productivity. Additionally, it helps crops become more resilient to bad weather, leading to steadier yields in different environmental conditions. The proposed solution improves existing smart irrigation technologies by ensuring precise water management, promoting long-term crop health, and fostering sustainable farming practices. Real-world testing indicates that our system achieves a 30% reduction in water wastage and a 20% increase in agricultural productivity. This research contributes to the advancement of intelligent, resource-efficient irrigation management, supporting sustainable water conservation and long-term agricultural viability. Furthermore, our solution demonstrates scalability, making it applicable to both small-scale farms and large agricultural enterprises.

Jamu chili or Javanese chili (Piper retrofractum Vahl.) Is a medicinal plant that has been used since ancient times as an ingredient in cooking, drinks and traditional medicine, such as to treat low blood pressure, colds, impotence as well as to clean the uterus after childbirth. . Besides herbal chilies as medicinal plants, the price of herbal chilies is expensive and their production is utilized domestically and exported to, among others, Singapore, Hong Kong, Malaysia and India. Herbal chilli plantations are spread across all districts, especially in Madura Island, namely in Sumenep District 1,709 ha, Sampang 1,017 ha, Pamekasan 715 ha and Bangkalan 356 ha. In Lamongan Regency, there is an area of ??276 ha. The area of ??herbal chilies in Lampung Province is 630 ha. However, despite the many benefits and have been exported abroad, the herbal chili plants have not been well controlled by the farmers, which causes the herbal chili plants to die before they bear fruit. In this research, a web-based monitoring system design will be made based on the level of soil acidity and soil moisture. The sensor for soil acidity uses a pH meter and for soil moisture uses a soil moisture sensor. Data will be stored in the database and displayed on the web. Soil acidity and soil moisture data will be sent via the internet to the database.

Monitoring soil moisture and pH levels is crucial for tracking the health of plants.Therefore, it is necessary to develop a device for measuring soil moisture and pH with the aim of plant monitoring.This device utilizes Long Range technology and consists of two nodes that monitor two different soil parameters: soil moisture and pH levels.Test results indicate that this device is capable of measuring soil moisture with the smallest error rate of 0.0254% and pH levels with the smallest error rate of 0.29%.Monitoring data is transmitted via LoRa technology with a range of up to 400 meters, and the testing results successfully detected RSSI and SNR values.For Node A, the average RSSI value was -113.6 dBm, and the average SNR value was -2.55 dB.Meanwhile, for Node B, the average RSSI value was -116.6 dBm, and the average SNR value was 2.35 dB.Data can be accessed through a website using Firebase services.

Internet of things (IoT), a well-known branch of computer science that has introduced intelligent farming to green agriculture. IoT depicts a self-configuring chain of components. The efficient implementation helps agriculture, a self- discipline as nicely as thriving for quality, increased yield and reduced human work. Development of irrigated agriculture has become one of the most reliable strategies of increasing world food supply in order to meet the ever-increasing demand for food by the increasingly complex and expanding global population of Homo sapiens. In areas of little rainfall, full-scale irrigation is practices, but some of these irrigation methods are not very efficient thus causing farmers to lose about 50% of water supplied. The study is aim at evaluating environmental parameters such as soil moisture, temperature and humidity while using the acquired data to develop an effective intelligent IoT based automated soil monitoring and irrigation system. These data are stored to the IoT Thing-Speak platform in order to analyze past conditions of plants and to predict their performance. Using the moisture sensor and the NodeMCUESP8266 microprocessor, this procedure will continue until the ideal moisture level is reached. Environmental conditions are monitored using temperature and humidity sensors. An intelligent IoT based automated soil monitoring and irrigation system get real-time data, increase the crop performance and reduce the water that is lost in the irrigation process, also reduce the time spent on the field.