Automated sensor platform for distribution pattern characterization of agricultural equipment

A challenge in biological imaging is to capture high-resolution images at fast frame rates in live cells. The “instant structured illumination microscope” (iSIM) is a system designed for this purpose. Similarly to standard structured illumination microscopy (SIM), an iSIM provides a twofold improvement over widefield microscopy, in x, y and z, but also allows much faster image acquisition, with real-time display of super-resolution images.The assembly of an iSIM is reasonably complex, involving the combination and alignment of many optical components, including three micro-optics arrays (two lenslet arrays and an array of pinholes, all with a pitch of 222μm) and a double-sided scanning mirror. In addition, a number of electronic components must be correctly controlled. Construction of the system is therefore not trivial, but is highly desirable, particularly for live-cell imaging.We report, and provide instructions for, the construction of an iSIM, including minor modifications to a previous design in both hardware and software. The final instrument allows us to rapidly acquire fluorescence images at rates faster than 100fps, with approximately twofold improvement in resolution in both x–y and z; sub-diffractive biological features have an apparent size (full width at half maximum) of 145nm (lateral) and 320nm (axial), using a 1.49 NA objective and 488nm excitation.

Pixel super-resolution (PSR) techniques have been developed to overcome the sampling limit in lensless digital holographic imaging. However, the inherent non-convexity of the PSR phase retrieval problem can potentially degrade reconstruction quality by causing the iterations to tend toward a false local minimum. Furthermore, the ill posedness of the up-sampling procedure renders PSR algorithms highly susceptible to noise. In this Letter, we propose a heuristic PSR algorithm with adaptive smoothing (AS-PSR) to achieve high-fidelity reconstruction. By automatically adjusting the intensity constraints on the estimated field, the algorithm can effectively locate the optimal solution and converge with high reconstruction quality, pushing the resolution toward the diffraction limit. The proposed method is verified experimentally within a coherent modulation phase retrieval framework, achieving a twofold improvement in resolution. The AS-PSR algorithm can be further applied to other phase retrieval methods based on alternating projection.

Smart sensors represent an attractive approach in sensor applications due to their adaptability, achieved by means of digital signal processing. Sensor adaptability can be further turned into a major advantage by introduction of smart calibration systems. Smart sensors are generally integrated with signal conditioning circuits. Signal conditioning circuits are needed to adjust the offset voltage and span, for compensation of temperature effects of both offset voltage and span, as well as to provide an appropriately amplified signal. The proposed approach is based on a special case of smart pressure sensors, but the developed calibration system is generally applicable for any kind of smart sensor. In manufacturing of modern electronic devices achieving and maintaining high yield level is a challenging task, depending primarily on the capability of identifying and correcting repetitive failure mechanisms. Yield enhancement is defined as the process of improving the baseline yield for a given technology generation from R&D yield level to mature yield. Yield enhancement is one of the strategic topics of ITRS (International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors, Test And Test Equipment, 2006). This iterative improvement of yield is based on yield learning process, which is a collection and application of knowledge of manufacturing process in order to improve device yield through the identification and resolution of systematic and random manufacturing events (International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors, Yield Enhancement, 2006). Yield improvement process will consequentially increase the number of test parameters and hence the calibration system complexity. One of advantages of increasing system complexity is the ability to integrate the input testing processes and output final testing processes into the calibration process itself, thus shortening the total time for calibration. Several types of smart sensors with integrated signal conditioning have been presented over the past few years (Takashima et al., 1997) & (IEEE Std. 1451.2 D3.05, 1997). The calibration processes and temperature compensating methods for these sensors are based either on analog, digital or mixed approaches. Analog approach usually comprises an amplifier with laser trimmable thin film resistors (Chau et al., 1997) & (Wang et al., 2005) or off-chip trimmable potentiometers (Schnatz et al., 1992) & (Lee et al., 1999), to calibrate the sensor span and offset voltage and to compensate for their temperature drift. Analog compensation

We propose a novel, to the best of our knowledge, super-resolution technique, namely saturable absorption assisted nonlinear structured illumination microscopy (SAN-SIM), by exploring the saturable absorption property of a material. In the proposed technique, the incident sinusoidal excitation is converted into a nonlinear illumination by propagating through a saturable absorbing material. The effective nonlinear illumination possesses higher harmonics which multiply fold high frequency components within the passband and hence offers more than two-fold resolution improvement over the diffraction limit. The theoretical background of the technique is presented, supported by the numerical results. The simulation is performed for both symmetric as well as random samples where the raw moiré frames are processed through a blind reconstruction approach developed for the nonlinear SIM. The results demonstrate the super-resolution capability of the proposed technique.

Informasi kecepatan angin merupakan salah satu parameter yang diperlukan BMKG yang diukur dengan menggunakan anemometer. Oleh karena itu diperlukan kalibrasi terhadap anemometer agar menghasilkan data kecepatan angin yang tepat dan akurat dengan menggunakan wind tunnel. Wind tunnel atau terowongan angin adalah suatu alat untuk melakukan studi dan penelitian mengenai interaksi antara gerakan udara dengan benda-benda yang ada didalam aliran udara. Wind Tunnel dalam kalibrasi perlatan meterorologi adalah alat kalibrator untuk kecepatan angin yang dapat menghasilkan angin laminar yang kecepatannya dapat dikontrol sehingga dapat digunakan untuk kalibrasi sensor kecepatan angin. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk perancangan prototipe wind tunnel, dimana profil kecepatan angin diukur untuk mengetahui intensitas turbulensi dengan mengendalikan kecepatan motor kipas pada wind tunnel. Perancangan prototipe ini bertujuan untuk menunjang kegiatan belajar praktek kalibrasi peralatan meteorologi di STMKG agar taruna/i mengetahui proses kalibrasi anemometer menggunakan wind tunnel. Wind tunnel hasil rancangan dan implementasi memiliki panjang total 150 cm dengan intensitas tubulensi antara 3.11 % sampai 6.55 %. Anemometer Casella dengan nilai koreksi 0.05 m/s setelah proses kalibrasi digunakan sebagai standar dalam melakukan proses kalibrasi.

In this paper, we investigate a validation process in order to assess the predictive capabilities of a single degree-of-freedom oscillator. Model validation is understood here as the process of determining the accuracy with which a model can predict observed physical events or important features of the physical system. Therefore, assessment of the model needs to be performed with respect to the conditions under which the model is used in actual simulations of the system and to specific quantities of interest used for decision-making. Model validation also supposes that the model be trained and tested against experimental data. In this work, virtual data are produced from a non-linear single degree-of-freedom oscillator, the so-called oracle model, which is supposed to provide an accurate representation of reality. The mathematical model to be validated is derived from the oracle model by simply neglecting the non-linear term. The model parameters are identified via Bayesian updating. This calibration process also includes a modeling error due to model misspecification and modeled as a normal probability density function with zero mean and standard deviation to be calibrated.

The Jules Horowitz Reactor (JHR) is a European material testing reactor (MTR) under construction at the CEA Cadarache centre. It will be dedicated to material and fuel irradiation tests, as well as to the production of medical isotopes. Gamma and X-Ray benches will be implemented in the reactor pool (RER), the irradiated component storage pool (EPI) and in a shielded hot cell for measuring either the whole underwater test device still containing the experimental sample or just the experimental sample before its extraction in the hot cell. The CEA/Cadarache Nuclear Measurement Laboratory (LMN) has been working in collaboration with VTT (Technical Research Centre in Finland Ltd.) since 2008 under a Finnish in-kind contribution agreement. This agreement focuses on the development of NDE systems implementing gamma-ray spectroscopy and high-energy X-ray imaging of the sample and irradiation device with the highest definition possible (resolution of 100 μm). The CEA-VTT technical specifications led to a European call for tenders launched by VTT. The contract was awarded to the Spanish company IDOM for the design, manufacturing, assembly and commissioning of: - Underwater gamma and X-ray (UGXR) mechanical benches and their associated gamma and X-ray collimation systems for the RER and EPI pools - Hot cell gamma and X-ray (HGXR) bench in the JHR NDE hot cell. The Final Design Reviews (FDR) of the UGXR and HGXR systems were completed in 2016. The design phase has been an iterative process in order to manage interfacing specifications and constraints: - Challenging experimental requirements, mainly to cover the wide diversity of sample shapes, sample activity levels and measurement processes, but also to achieve a level of mechanical accuracy to reach the ambitious geometrical resolution target in X-ray imaging, - Environmental constraints (immersion, radiation, compactness, limited accessibility for maintenance), - Nuclear safety constraints (seism, radiation protection). The whole design process has produced a number of elaborate and innovative mechatronic systems, which is rather unusual in nuclear applications since the resulting solutions have benefited from IDOM’s technological expertise in designing and commissioning large telescopes for the astronomy sector. Once the manufacturing phase and assembly finalised, the site acceptance tests for the UGXR and HGXR mechanical systems will be performed in 2019-2020 in the TOTEM facility at the CEA Cadarache center. The underwater benches will be tested in the CESARINE pool to check their requirements.

The global deployment of over seven billion IoT measuring devices in critical fields like healthcare and industrial safety systems exposes a pressing vulnerability to cyber-attacks, where compromised data integrity can lead to severe financial or life-threatening incidents. Calibration is the fundamental process ensuring measurement uniformity, yet the immense scale of the IoT makes traditional laboratory calibration physically impossible. Consequently, the calibration process must migrate on-site, relying on remote communication with calibration standards—a paradigm known as Calibration as a Service (CaaS). This digital shift, however, introduces significant cybersecurity risks into the very foundation of measurement trust. This paper addresses this critical challenge by presenting a comprehensive Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) for Secure IoT Measuring System Calibration. The proposed framework establishes the necessary protocols to protect the calibration process within a CaaS infrastructure. We further emphasize that the development and deployment of such secure IoT systems necessitate dedicated collaboration between IT security specialists and domain experts, ensuring that device integrity is prioritized from inception to safeguard end-users in an increasingly connected and vulnerable digital ecosystem.

In a traditional catadioptric calibration process, a calibration target placed in different views is required and it leads to complexity in the calibration process. In order to simplify the calibration process of a non-central catadioptric vision system, we developed a local target reconstruction method used a circle-square-combined target. Each circle-square on the target is regarded as an independent sub-region. According to the local mapping of the sub-regions, these can be reconstructed based on the curvature of a curved mirror and the characteristics of the circle-square-combined target. The overall procedure requires a single image, due to the reconstructed sub-regions. To evaluate the performance of the proposed method, real experiments have been carried out and the results show that the proposed method is reliable and efficient.

Rapidly increasing growth and automation of power are given the opportunity to power engineers to incorporate new ideas in the field of online monitoring of power apparatus for reliable operation of electrical system. As a part of new innovation in power system, photonics play an important role for driving innovation toward the sensor development, optical data communication to imaging, lighting and displays. In any power apparatus, degradation of insulation occurs due to the accumulation of mechanical, thermal and electrical effects for a long period. As the insulation of high voltage (HV) power apparatus are deteriorated by partial discharges (PDs), detection and measurement of PDs are of utmost important for the quality assessment of HV power equipment. In this chapter, an attempt has been made to detect the PDs with the help of photonic technology which eliminates the electrical interference; a challenge is being faced by power engineers in recent decades. It is understood from the several studies, PDs of HV power apparatus can be detected by electrical, chemical and acoustic methods. Electrical detection focuses on capturing the electrical impulses created by the current streamer in the void and impurities. Electrical detection method has some limitations. The primary limitation is its susceptibility to noise. The high voltage transformer (HVT) environment contains high levels of electrical noise, both narrowband and broadband. Chemical detection has also some drawbacks. Firstly, this detection method does not give any information about the location of the PD and the insulation condition. Secondly, the main problem is that chemical tests cannot be performed continuously when the HV equipment are in working operation. To explore the detection of PDs through acoustic method, acoustic phenomenon of PDs has been studied, and it is found that it leads to the propagation of acoustic waves having frequencies typically between 30 and 1000 kHz inside the transformer. The propagation of acoustic wave modulates the refractive index of the medium, which modulates the intensity of the laser beam in sympathy with the acoustic waves. Acoustic methods have many advantages over other methods in that they are immune to electromagnetic interference (EMI), which can greatly reduce the sensitivity of electrical methods and they can be applied to find failure spot and location of discharges. Optical technique is also capable to couple PDs with the optical signal. To capture the acoustic waves, an optical method is demonstrated in this chapter for detection and localization of PD sources by using photo detector inside the HV power apparatus. In this work, a new concept such as direct optical partial discharge detection technique has been introduced, where the energy exchange mechanism of electrical to acoustic is used for online monitoring of PDs. The acoustic signals are collected directly through the photonic technology, which is free from electrical interference, and finally they are converted to electrical signals for detection of amplitude as well as location of PDs occurring inside the HV power apparatus. This is a cost-effective tool for online monitoring of PDs and can be used as a predictive maintenance tool for utilities.

<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">When utilizing large models containing numerous uncertain parameters, model calibration becomes a critical step in the analysis. Traditional methods of calibration involve adjusting uncertain parameters based on expert opinion or best estimates. While this traditional calibration may lead to better model predictions, it usually only yields better estimates for certain specific conditions. This drastically reduces the functionality of the model in question. Bayesian calibration is an alternative to traditional calibration methods which utilizes available information (simulation results and/or real world measured values) to iteratively refine uncertain parameters (either assumed or measured uncertainty) while considering not only parametric uncertainty, but also model, observational, and residual uncertainties at every step of the calibration process. Various methods have been previously developed for executing the calibration process, several of which can drastically reduce the computational expense of Bayesian calibration. A numerical example is included to illustrate the functionality of Bayesian calibration.</div></div>

The hydrogen diffusion flame is commonly described as difficult to see in the visible range. However, even in controlled laboratory conditions with careful imaging, the flame appears reddish. Previous research has reported a variety of colours generated from hydrogen flames. Some researchers believe that the visible colour is due to sodium in airborne dust. Other studies suggest the flame colour is caused by the vibration–rotation band of water vapour. In addition, H−α emits radiance in the visible range; therefore, the visible colour of the hydrogen flame could be contributed from the H−α emission. Nevertheless, a definitive conclusion to explain the visible reddish colour of the hydrogen flame is lacking. This paper reports precisely instrumented spectroscopic imaging tests, calibration, and data processing in order to resolve the spectral lines in the red colour zone (580–700 nm). This study used a spectrograph and a DSLR camera to capture the spectrum of hydrogen diffusion flames under different co-flow conditions. The values of emission lines in this range were compared with the databases provided by HITRAN molecular spectroscopy and the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). The results of this study show that H−α emission is highly likely to appear in a hydrogen diffusion flame, which contradicts the previous hypothesis. This work may provide new insight into hydrogen-based combustion.

This paper introduces the equipment for generating an excitation signal during the process of thermocouple dynamic calibration in air medium, with the objective of dealing with the problems existing extensively in the excitation signal of incapable assessment of the rising time and inaccuracy in the traceability for the step amplitude. Based on the shock-tube theory, the step-temperature excitation signal that is suitable for the dynamic calibration of the thermocouple with appreciable rising time, wide-frequency bandwidth, and traceable step amplitude can be generated by means of the improvement in the structure of the traditional shock tube as well as the compensation of the shock-tube parameters. Through on-site assessment experimentation and dynamic modeling of the thermocouple, the time constant of the thermocouple can be obtained and the dynamic response of the thermocouple can be modified and compensated, the calibration result of which shows that the dynamic calibration method of the thermocouple proposed in this paper can be implemented for different ranges of frequencies and different phases of the temperature sensor with high reliability; moreover, the calibration equipment is miniaturized.

High performance parallel-DSP computing in model-based spectral estimation

This has been a brief overview of some of the many ways in which the environment in which prenatal drug research is carried out affects the process of research and its outcome. In many ways, this chapter is a review of factors that many people know about but rarely discuss in public. Most scholarly articles present research in this area as though it is a smooth and orderly process not much troubled by environmental constraints. The extent to which research flaws are criticized, even those that are inevitable to the process, discourages frank discussion of these problems that are familiar to most investigators who attempt to conduct clinical research in difficult areas. The purpose of this chapter is to make some of these issues more explicit so that they can be planned for in future work and taken into account when current work is reviewed.