Automatic Generation of Control Flow From Requirements for Distributed Smart Grid Automation Control

Smart grid technologies are expected to increase system efficiency and reliability using advancement in automation, communication, computation, and optimization. Several control algorithms have been developed or enhanced for operation and control of smart distribution grid. In recent years, volt/var control (VVC) algorithms have been proposed for energy saving in distribution systems due to advancement provided by smart grid automation and control. VVC helps to lower distribution feeder voltage to decrease energy consumption. However, quantification of this impact is hard due to several external factors such as weather and end users' behavior. On the other hand, existing evaluation methods of VVC algorithms are either not suitable for long-term study or intrusive. This paper addresses these issues by proposing a new technique to estimate “distribution system demand without smart grid implementation” utilizing “data measured from system with smart grid implementation.” Interdependence of voltage and load is considered based on estimated load characteristic. Our key contribution is developing a method for quantifying the real-time energy saving of smart grid automation and control focused on VVC and implementing in an electric utility in eastern Washington, USA. The algorithm is developed using both commercial and open-source software.

Approaching to the Smartest technological use the whole world is being aware of using the smartest technology of generating and distributing power throughout the country in a simple but effective system. Smart Grid technology is providing with this unique feature. A lot of features make it possible to differentiate the Smart Grid from the existing traditional grid in various manners. This paper basically focused on the Smart Grid (SG) technology. A technology that has let us dreamt about solution of maximum power problems including generation to distribution ends. In this time of technological advancement where all the governments are facing challenges of meeting the power demand of the consumers, smart grid can bring harmony in demand supply ratio. In this paper a brief detail about Smart Grid Technology, its application has been discussed.

There is a growing interest in 'smart grid' technologies in both industry and academic circles. Few attempts have been made to develop a written specification consummated with standards agreed upon by members of both coteries, due to lack of government support. Utilities in the state of California are obligated, by state legislature, to create a more: efficient, reliable, and intelligent electric power system. This initiative along with Florida Power & Lighting's 'Smart Grid' pilot program has created a sense of exigency within the industry regarding smart grid technologies and standardizations. Their accomplishments are beginning to shape the policies and standards with marginal input from academic societies, ushering in a very lopsided, and business acclimatized set of standards. We will present and analyze, a SCE 'Smart Grid' use case, in which the utilities back office applications interact with the customer's meter, and provide technical recommendations for system security improvements.

Guest Editorial

Smart grids are complex systems for which simulation offers a practical way to evaluate and compare multiple solutions before deployment. However, the simulation of a Smart Grid requires the development of heterogeneous models corresponding to electrical, information processing, and telecommunication behaviors. These heterogeneous models must be linked and analyzed together in order to detect the influences on one another and identify emerging behaviors. We apply model-driven engineering to such cyber-physical systems combining physical and digital components and propose SGridSF, the Smart Grid Simulation Framework, which automates tasks in order to ensure consistency between different simulation models. This framework consists mainly of a domain specific language for modeling a cosimulation unit, called CosiML for Cosimulation Modeling Language, a domain specific language for modeling the functional architecture of a Smart Grid, called SGridML for Smart Grid Modeling Language, and a tool implementing different transformation rules to generate the files and scripts for executing a cosimulation. Finally, we illustrate the use of SGridSF on the real use case of an islanded grid implementing diesel and renewable sources, battery storage and intelligent control of the production. We show the sequencing of automatic generation tasks that minimizes the effort and the risk of error at each iteration of the process.

Energy is one of the primary sources of economic and technological development in any area. Energy is a leading requirement like food, cloth, and shelter just like illumination, electrical appliances like fan, television, air-conditioning and other things. So, as the demand of this all box of tricks the planning must be there on various strategies of energy management systems. To conserve energy, the investigation of energy supplied where it uses, conserves, and wastes. The audits improve the performance of activities from generation to the receiving end. This chapter is not only to pioneer the management but also to preserve. The preservation squanders the energy where and when it will be. Sundry action is planned for organizing state of the art policies for plants and also energy security. The planning is smart energy management and the smart city, including smart town planning, smart security, smart transportation/mobility, smart governance, smart building/home, smart energy, and smart grid. The propound creep up on the impact of deputy applications and high-power rating loads in magnitude hours to energy expending expenditure of consumers. Replica results show that the propound creep up on the efficiency in reducing vertex load demand and electricity spending charges with a rising in the comfort level of patrons. In the case of the smart grid, the main application is a smart city; the features are taking under the topic, i.e. need to enhance for consumers for their benefits are developing the nature of IoT in electrical appliances, reducing the maintenance cost, improve public safety via all-time surveillance, aid economic development, enhancing consumers service and obvious conservation. IoT can play a vital role in energy management strategy in smart city and grid networks; it helps to contribute to various applications in which the consumers can benefit from economics and audit. The benefits are smart metering networks, smart city lighting, smart grid automation, ecological monitoring solutions, efficient public service tracking. The main sub-assistant benefit to smart energy is a microgrid. A microgrid is a standalone structure. The Microgrid is a widely founded research in the current curriculum that has propounded the centralized and distributed scheme application. In this research, we are concentrating on energy security. The main concept about energy security is to, before expansion and delivery; we must go through the queries that why we need security, on which ultimatum, from whom, and security on which merit. Energy security is a global confusion issue for the general public, policymakers, or legislators. Strategies must be planned to increase and improve the individual renewable type of energy to use in the industrial premises to reduce consumption. Planning is to strengthen the renewable energy source, which is the only way to reduce greenhouse emissions—a blueprint for the Microgrid at an individual level in domestic and commercial consumers. Blueprint to replace the running energy infrastructure so advance new better consumption free structures develops for consumers. Strategies to reduce fuel squander. So, it will directly reduce consumption and indirectly greenhouse emissions and air pollution. This chapter is a case study of different energy management proposals to conserve energy investments via organizing online, offline training programs and evaluating energy performances, action planning, and economics.

This study systematically reviews the cybersecurity challenges in smart grid technologies and their implications for sustainable energy infrastructure. The primary objective is to analyze the vulnerabilities inherent in smart grids, evaluate existing cybersecurity measures, and propose strategic recommendations for enhancing security. Employing a systematic literature review and content analysis, this research scrutinizes peer-reviewed articles, technical reports, and standards documents published between 2014 and 2024. The methodology focuses on identifying cybersecurity threats, vulnerabilities, and mitigation strategies within smart grids, alongside exploring the role of standards, regulatory frameworks, and stakeholder responsibilities in enhancing grid security. Key findings reveal that while smart grids offer enhanced efficiency and reliability, they also introduce significant cybersecurity vulnerabilities due to the integration of ICT. Advanced cybersecurity measures, including encryption and real-time intrusion detection, are critical in safeguarding these infrastructures. The study underscores the importance of collaborative efforts among stakeholders and the development of comprehensive cybersecurity standards tailored to smart grid technologies. Finally, the future of smart grid cybersecurity presents both challenges and opportunities, with the potential for leveraging emerging technologies like blockchain and AI to enhance security measures. The study proposes several policy recommendations, including the enforcement of cybersecurity standards and the promotion of threat intelligence sharing. Conclusively, the research highlights the need for innovative security solutions and interdisciplinary research to bridge technical and policy-making domains, ensuring the secure and sustainable development of smart grid technologies. Keywords: Smart Grid Cybersecurity, Cybersecurity Vulnerabilities, Cybersecurity Measures, Sustainable Energy Infrastructure.

Achieving a low carbon economy has been the focus of Hong Kong in recent years. Strategies are put forth to support sustainable energy, because Hong Kong has inadequate local and renewable energy reserves. Smart grid technologies have benefited many countries in the world, and countries such as the United States, the United Kingdom, China, and South Korea are exploring this new green energy strategy. Hong Kong’s power companies have considered smart grid technologies, conducting pilot projects to test their local feasibility. In this research, stakeholders’ perspectives of the current status of smart grids are overviewed in Hong Kong from the angle of policy aspect. Stakeholder theory is utilized as the framework for understanding and analyzing the perceptions of stakeholder groups. An integrated and modified stakeholder power-interest matrix was developed for analyzing level of power and interest of stakeholder groups on smart grid from policy dimension.
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\nThrough the course of this research project, qualitative interviews were conducted for 11 interviewees with subjectsfrom1six stakeholder groups, including: academics, advisory bodies, business, government, non-governmental organizations, and power companies. Follow-up quantitative questionnaires were distributed to the same target group for stakeholder analysis and to map the level of power and interest of stakeholder groups regarding smart grid policy development in Hong Kong. The data collected from interviews were compared with and contrasted against each stakeholder groups and other countries, with a view to identifying common motivations, barriers, and policy suggestions. The findings reveal that the six stakeholder groups hold medium to high power and interest in smart grid policy development in Hong Kong.
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\nCommon motivations identified by local stakeholder groups include: the right to choose their own energy mix for power generation, potential behavioural change via smart meter and tariff restructuring, possible energy savings and emissions reductions for the environment, and corporate social responsibility. The most significant motivation for smart grid development shared with other countries is the goal of achieving low carbon economy and energy efficiency.
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\nShared barriers perceived by the six stakeholder groups are: unreliable renewable power supplies, significant capital investments required, impracticalities of supplying electricity back to the grid, transfers of additional power generation costs to consumers, and limited smart grid knowledge by the public. The most significant barrier shared with international countries is funding mechanism, yet it may be difficult for Hong Kong to secure funding from the government because of problems of trust. 
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\nThree stages of recommendations are suggested. Short-term recommendations centre on the policy development direction of smart grid in Hong Kong, and include implementing dynamic pricing, undertaking a large-scale pilot program and establishing an awareness campaign (funded by the government)for educating the general public. Medium-term recommendation is to establish a joint green fund with the contributions of companies with large carbon footprints. Long-term recommendations include market liberalization and increases in market competition.

Smart grid technologies and applications

Strong and smart is the essential requirement of the development of modern power grid and the twenty-first Century energy development driving force. Smart grid bearing in response to changing in the environment, improving energy efficiency, reducing carbon emissions is an important mission. Smart grid has become the new development trend and new directions of the world power grid. The effective coordination of demands interest group of Smart Grid, promote the orderly development of smart grid. The main purpose is to realize Smart Grid interoperability and to guarantee open framework of Smart Grid. The IEC (International Electrical Commission), NIST (National Institute of Standards and Technology) and SGCC (STATE GRID Corporation of China) issued technology standards roadmap of Smart Grid. From technology view of Smart Grid, the IEC include 13 domains. From view of interest group of Smart Grid, according to the United States market conditions, the NIST covers 7 domains. The SGCC covers 8 domains, according to Chinese power industry conditions. The future five years and fifteen years of IEC, NIST and SGCC smart grid technology standard trend focuses are given, in the way of the mathematical model of probability distribution, according to the technology standard requirements of maturity of the Smart Grid related fields of technology, products and market. It is likelihood the middle and long-term development focuses of future Smart Grid technical standards that two-way interactive service of power consumption, distribution management, electric storage, renewable energy generation. It is suggested that the Smart Grid technology advantage into standard advantage, in the promotion of Smart Grid equipment R & D and manufacturing level and promote the overall construction of Smart Grid at the same time, to strengthen our country voice in the Smart Grid international standards, to seize commanding heights of technical innovation and industrial development.

The ever-increasing number of electric vehicles (EVs) circulating on the roads and renewable energy production to achieve carbon footprint reduction targets has brought many challenges to the electrical grid. The increasing integration of distributed energy resources (DER) in the grid is causing severe operational challenges, such as congestion and overloading for the grid. Active management of distribution network using the smart grid (SG) technologies and artificial intelligence (AI) techniques can support the grid's operation under such situations. Implementing evolutionary computational algorithms has become possible using SG technologies. This paper proposes an optimal day-ahead resource scheduling to minimize multiple aggregators' operational costs in a SG, considering a high DER penetration. The optimization is achieved considering three metaheuristics (DE, HyDE-DF, CUMDANCauchy++). Results show that CUMDANCauchy++ and HyDE-DF present the best overall results in comparison to the standard DE.

The application of smart grid technology support in revolutionizing the industries and government in order to reduce the emission of greenhouse gases and protect the ecological aspects for future generation. The smart grids are mainly stated as the next gen power system which supports the users and providers in enhancing the overall production and output. The smart grids are focused in enhancing the efficiency, proved two-way communication and enable in applying reliability for the future power systems. These grids can also support in better collaboration between the renewable source of energy and with other sources. However along with the stated features of the smart grids, there exist security issues which will impact the devices and disrupt the power supply since these devices are interconnected. Hence it is highly essential in implementing better secured wireless security which enable in protecting the data which are carried through the communication network, support in uninterrupted supply of power and increases reliability on the widespread technology and infrastructure. This study is focused in presenting the critical attributes of implementing wireless security and smart grid technology in protecting the ecological aspects for future generation. The study intends to collect the information from the respondents to analyse the key determinants of implement wireless security and smart grids for better ecological aspects the analysis is made using structural equation model (SEM).

The articles in this special section focus on the development and applications supported by new smart grid technologies. The term smart grid means different things to different people, and quite rightly so. Our relationship with electricity varies significantly around the world. Many countries are trying to decarbonize their electricity systems; for them, a smart grid should be able to integrate large volumes of renewables. In other parts of the globe, the main concern is reducing the number of outages during common and uncommon events (such as natural disasters). For these countries, a smart grid is one that uses innovative solutions to increase reliability and also to make the grid more resilient. We also have countries that simply want to use electricity more efficiently; hence, a smart grid should help, for instance, in reducing technical and nontechnical losses. On the other side of the spectrum, we cannot forget that around a billion people in the world still do not have access to electricity. For those countries, cost-effectiveness and remoteness are major challenges, and a smart grid might be able to bring about innovative yet inexpensive community-based solutions. It is because of this diversity of contexts and objectives that different implementations of smart grid concepts have emerged in the last few years—and continue to emerge.

This chapter is devoted to discussing how the integration of electric vehicles is enabled by the Smart Grid. It started by highlighting the benefits gained from the electrification of transportation and the factors that drive toward transportation electrification. The challenges to EV adoption faced by both customers and utilities are then discussed. This is followed by discussing the types of EV charging stations, which is also known as EV supply equipment (EVSE). Smart charging enabled by Smart Grid is then covered. The load management of EVs using SmartGrid technologies was then discussed. Under this title, several topics were covered including (i) the difference EVs make to electricity load, (ii) optimizing EV charging scheduling using Smart-Grid technologies, (iii) using EVs to meet peak load, and (iv) management of intermittent renewable energy-based generation using EVs and effect of regulation, electricity pricing business models for EVs charging stations on load management of EVs. This is followed by discussing the flexibility of electric vehicles and their integration into Smart Grid, whereby the definition of flexibility in relation to EV was introduced followed by discussing the components related to EV-Smart-Grid integration and then the management of the flexibility provided by EV-stored energy was covered. Finally, automatic charging scheduling of multiple PEV to be connected to a Smart Grid using real-time smart load management (RL-SLM) algorithm was discussed. Among other things covered under this title include (i) the basic components of the RL-SLM algorithm, outlining the formulation of the optimization algorithm used to minimize generation and losses during PEVs charging and (ii) automation of scheduling PEVs charging using the RT-SLM algorithm, whereby the operating principles of the RT-SLM algorithm and its implementation were explained.

In general, one of the most important goals of smart grids; the establishment of networks that allow for more distributed generation and energy storage at the end-user side. Energy storage technology; It has great potential to improve electric power systems, increase renewable electricity generation and offer alternatives to petroleum-derived fuels in the transportation sector. This study sheds light on the advantages offered by energy storage technologies, which play an active role in solving the problems encountered during the grid integration of renewable energy sources in smart grid applications. In addition, different solutions offered by different energy storage technologies such as Vanadium are also evaluated in this study. In this study, an energy storage unit with high energy and high power density was designed with the Hybrid Energy Storage System (V-HEES) consisting of vanadium and ultra-capacitor. In addition, the results of the hybrid energy storage system consisting of vanadium and ultra-capacitors and the application areas of these technologies in smart grids are also included.