Automatic Olive Peacock Spot Disease Recognition System Development by Using Single Shot Detector

This research focuses on assessing and developing a real-time detection system using the YOLOv8 algorithm. Accurate and fast vehicle detection is a big challenge in modern traffic management, especially in various environmental conditions such as bad weather, low lighting, and high traffic density. The aim of this study was to evaluate the performance of YOLOv8 under these conditions and identify potential improvements. The dataset used consists of 16,990 vehicle images with various variations and environmental conditions. After being trained, the model is evaluated using metrics such as precision, recall, and F1-score, as well as Intersection over Union (IoU) with a threshold of 0.8 on IoU. The results show that YOLOv8 is superior with a fairly high detection accuracy of 78%, with precision of 82% and recall above 90%, and is able to detect vehicles in real-time conditions. However, the challenge of detecting small objects or irregularly shaped vehicles such as tractors still needs to be optimized. This research also compared the performance of YOLOv8 with the SSD (Single Shot Detector) algorithm, where YOLOv8 was proven to be superior in terms of accuracy, precision, recall and F1-score. The research results obtained provide valuable insights for the development of traffic management systems based on deep learning technology. The main contribution of this research is to provide a more efficient and effective vehicle detection solution, which can be applied in modern traffic management systems. Thus, it is hoped that the results of this research can increase the efficiency of traffic management and have a positive impact on the development of intelligent transportation systems in the future.

Object detection is a challenging task in the field of remote sensing applications due to the complex backgrounds and uncertain orientation of targets. Compared with the horizontal bounding box, the oriented bounding box can provide orientation information while retaining the true size. Most existing oriented object detection methods are based on Faster-RCNN and the other one-stage methods that can achieve real-time speed but have shortcomings in localization and detection accuracy. To further enhance the performance of one-stage methods, we propose an oriented object detection framework that is based on the single shot detector, namely, single shot anchor refinement network (S²ARN). The S²ARN obtains the accurate detection results by performing two consecutive regressions. More precisely, the multilevel features of the backbone are used to regress the coordinate offsets between the predefined rotated anchors and the ground-truth boxes to generate the refined anchors. The classification and regression subnetworks assigned to the output features are used to perform the second regression to determine the class labels and further adjust the location of the refined anchors. In addition, receptive field amplification modules (RFAMs) are inserted to enlarge the receptive field and extract more discriminative features. Furthermore, in the anchor matching step, angle-related Intersection over Union (ArIoU) is used to calculate the Intersection over Union (IoU) score instead of the traditional method. Benefiting from the multiple regressions and the insensitivity of the ArIoU score to the angle deviation, the angle sampling interval of the rotated anchor can be reduced. The experimental results for the two public datasets, HRSC2016 and UCAS-AOD, demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed network.

BackgroundBanana (Musa spp.) is the most popular marketable fruit crop grown all over the world, and a dominant staple food in many developing countries. Worldwide, banana production is affected by numerous diseases and pests. Novel and rapid methods for the timely detection of pests and diseases will allow to surveil and develop control measures with greater efficiency. As deep convolutional neural networks (DCNN) and transfer learning has been successfully applied in various fields, it has freshly moved in the domain of just-in-time crop disease detection. The aim of this research is to develop an AI-based banana disease and pest detection system using a DCNN to support banana farmers.ResultsLarge datasets of expert pre-screened banana disease and pest symptom/damage images were collected from various hotspots in Africa and Southern India. To build a detection model, we retrained three different convolutional neural network (CNN) architectures using a transfer learning approach. A total of six different models were developed from 18 different classes (disease by plant parts) using images collected from different parts of the banana plant. Our studies revealed ResNet50 and InceptionV2 based models performed better compared to MobileNetV1. These architectures represent the state-of-the-art results of banana diseases and pest detection with an accuracy of more than 90% in most of the models tested. These experimental results were comparable with other state-of-the-art models found in the literature. With a future view to run these detection capabilities on a mobile device, we evaluated the performance of SSD (single shot detector) MobileNetV1. Performance and validation metrics were also computed to measure the accuracy of different models in automated disease detection methods.ConclusionOur results showed that the DCNN was a robust and easily deployable strategy for digital banana disease and pest detection. Using a pre-trained disease recognition model, we were able to perform deep transfer learning (DTL) to produce a network that can make accurate predictions. This significant high success rate makes the model a useful early disease and pest detection tool, and this research could be further extended to develop a fully automated mobile app to help millions of banana farmers in developing countries.

Segmentation of trabecular bone microdamage in Xray microCT images using a two-step deep learning method

Echocardiography can conveniently, rapidly, and economically evaluate the structure and function of the heart, and has important value in the diagnosis and evaluation of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). However, echocardiography still exhibits significant variability in image acquisition and diagnosis, with a heavy dependency on the operator's experience. Image quality affects disease diagnosis in the later stage, and even image quality assessment still has variability in human evaluation. This study aimed to develop an automated and real-time quality assessment system using deep learning (DL) techniques while decreasing the measurement error of left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF). This study involved over 5,000 echocardiography datasets from 2,461 participants across 10 medical centers in China to build the model. A 5-point quality scoring system was used to assess the integrity, clarity, and alignment of anatomical structures in each echocardiogram view. Additionally, an innovative DL model was developed to autonomously detect these essential cardiac anatomical structures in real-time, subsequently providing quality score estimations and LVEF. A total of 175 participants from two distinct external medical centers were enrolled for model validation. This dataset was employed to assess the consistency and repeatability of quality score and ejection fraction (EF) measurements, and the assessments made by human experts were compared with those of our model. The developed model demonstrated exceptional performance, achieving Intersection over Union (IoU) scores exceeding 0.8 for left ventricular (LV) segmentation, a mean average precision when IoU >0.5 (mAP50) of 0.91 for cardiac anatomical structures detection, and a 0.96±0.05 accuracy in view classification. The quality scores assessed by the model closely matched those of human experts, indicating strong agreement. The weighted average precision and weighted average recall scores fell within the range of 0.5 to 0.6. Notably, there was no statistically significant difference in LVEF assessments between human experts and our model (P=0.09), as demonstrated by an intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) analysis of 0.821, reflecting high-level consistency. When assessing echocardiograms with high-quality scores, the model demonstrated a significantly closer alignment and a higher correlation coefficient with human experts (R=0.90±0.04). This study demonstrates that artificial intelligence-assisted echocardiography scoring system aligns well with manual quality scoring. Through the supervision of real-time echocardiogram quality, the artificial intelligence model can assist doctors in providing more reproducible and consistent assessments of cardiac function.

The objective is to build an efficient face mask detector using Single Shot Detector (SSD). The algorithm used for face mask detection was a novel SSD and with the comparison of Convolutional Neural Network (CNN). The face mask detection dataset was usedand the ability of the algorithm was measured with the sample size of 136. SSD has achieved accuracy of 92.25% and for CNN it was 82.6%. By using a base architecture of VGG-16, SSD was able to outperform other object detectors like CNN without compromising speed and accuracy. The SSD and CNN are statistically satisfied with the independent sample t-test value (p<0.05) with a confidence level of 95%. Face mask detection using SSD was significantly better accurate than CNN.

To investigate the potential of deep learning for automatically delineating (segmenting) laryngeal cancer superficial extent on endoscopic images and videos. A retrospective study was conducted extracting and annotating white light (WL) and Narrow-Band Imaging (NBI) frames to train a segmentation model (SegMENT-Plus). Two external datasets were used for validation. The model's performances were compared with those of two otolaryngology residents. In addition, the model was tested on real intraoperative laryngoscopy videos. A total of 3933 images of laryngeal cancer from 557 patients were used. The model achieved the following median values (interquartile range): Dice Similarity Coefficient (DSC) = 0.83 (0.70-0.90), Intersection over Union (IoU) = 0.83 (0.73-0.90), Accuracy = 0.97 (0.95-0.99), Inference Speed = 25.6 (25.1-26.1) frames per second. The external testing cohorts comprised 156 and 200 images. SegMENT-Plus performed similarly on all three datasets for DSC (p = 0.05) and IoU (p = 0.07). No significant differences were noticed when separately analyzing WL and NBI test images on DSC (p = 0.06) and IoU (p = 0.78) and when analyzing the model versus the two residents on DSC (p = 0.06) and IoU (Senior vs. SegMENT-Plus, p = 0.13; Junior vs. SegMENT-Plus, p = 1.00). The model was then tested on real intraoperative laryngoscopy videos. SegMENT-Plus can accurately delineate laryngeal cancer boundaries in endoscopic images, with performances equal to those of two otolaryngology residents. The results on the two external datasets demonstrate excellent generalization capabilities. The computation speed of the model allowed its application on videolaryngoscopies simulating real-time use. Clinical trials are needed to evaluate the role of this technology in surgical practice and resection margin improvement. III Laryngoscope, 134:2826-2834, 2024.

The rapid growth and advancement in the application of remote sensing (RS) and geographic information systems (GIS) in several application domains helped many researchers to analyze a wide range of information from satellite imagery. Settlement information that includes building foot prints is a very essential parameter for different applications such as urban planning, environmental planning and disaster management. VGG-16 (Visual Geometry Group) conventional neural network (CNN) model is a popular model used to detect and classify the input images. In this study, a new approach was proposed by integration of VGG-16-CNN model with spectral and textural information of satellite images for identification of building foot prints. The model was trained and implemented to identify the building footprints using Worldview-3 high-resolution satellite image over part of Mumbai city of Maharashtra state, India. Classification accuracy in the proposed approach is observed to be nearly 94% as compared to 82% in case of single-shot detector (SSD) algorithm alone. Metric parameters such as F1 score of 0.957, intersection over union (IoU) of 94.86% and total error rate of 8.133% also indicated better performance of the proposed approach. Particularly, the approach is highly beneficial for urban development authorities as they need to monitor the large number of vacant lands spread across urban areas.

To optimize surgical procedures and prevent retained surgical instruments, precise identification of required instruments during surgical treatment is essential. However, establishing ground truth data can be a labor-intensive barrier for researchers. Therefore, we developed and evaluated a novel system for detecting laparoscopic surgical instruments during laparoscopic cholecystectomy through virtual image creation. Virtual images were created by synthesizing laparoscopic instrument photos with surgical video backgrounds. The 311 instrument images and 1610 background images from 52 patients were augmented through random brightness, contrast, crop, rotation, scaling, flipping, and perspective transformations, resulting in 6023 composite images. These data were split into training, tuning, and internal test sets. Based on synthetic data, we developed a system comprising two-step processes. The first model is a unified instrument localization model that detects surgical instruments, and the second model is an instrument-type classification model that categorizes the detected surgical instruments. External and public datasets were used to evaluate generalizability. The unified instrument localization model achieved average precision (AP) values with intersection over union (IoU) of 0.5 of 0.981, 0.882, and 0.689 for internal, external, and public datasets, respectively. The instrument-type classification model demonstrated area under the curve (AUC) values of 0.959 for seven instrument types in the external dataset and 0.749 for four instrument types in the public dataset. The final two-step instrument detection model demonstrated an AUC of 0.848 for the external dataset and 0.688 for the public dataset, which showed significantly superior performance compared to conventional multi-class instrument models. This validated deep learning model using synthetically generated data provides a reliable framework for surgical instrument detection. Our approach demonstrates strong performance and generalizability, suggesting its potential for improving operative workflow efficiency and surgical education across various minimally invasive procedures.

Damage due to cracking can be detected through either manual visual methods or machine vision techniques for early prevention and maintenance. In recent years, image-based deep learning methods have emerged as potent tools for automatic crack detection. In this study, five deep learning object detection algorithms—faster R-CNN, single-shot detector (SSD), You Only Look Once (YOLO) v3 and v8, and RetinaNet—were systematically compared, and the results were analyzed. Object detection involves the generation of bounding boxes of various sizes for objects of interest. Because cracks are thin and small and thus difficult to capture in a unique bounding box, redundant measurements are common, but they compromise the accuracy and consistency of the model. Therefore, an improved confusion matrix based on linear features was employed in this study to evaluate the crack detection performance of the five object detection algorithms. In evaluation experiments, the overall accuracy levels of SSD were 90.6% on visible atmospherically resistant index (VARI) images, indicating effective concrete crack detection performance. Notably, SSD excels in cases involving small cracks and data imbalance, thus demonstrating a high level of model stability. This comparative analysis of the performances of different deep learning algorithms in crack detection contributes to the formulation of methods for automatic damage detection.

Artificial intelligence has garnered significant attention in recent years as a rapidly advancing field of computer technology. With the continual advancement of computer hardware, deep learning has made breakthrough developments within the realm of artificial intelligence. Over the past few years, applying deep learning architecture in medicine and industrial anomaly inspection has significantly contributed to solving numerous challenges related to efficiency and accuracy. For excellent results in radiological, pathological, endoscopic, ultrasonic, and biochemical examinations, this paper utilizes deep learning combined with image processing to identify spinal canal and vertebral foramen dimensions. In existing research, technologies such as corrosion and expansion in magnetic resonance image (MRI) processing have also strengthened the accuracy of results. Indicators such as area and Intersection over Union (IoU) are also provided for assessment. Among them, the mean Average Precision (mAP) for identifying intervertebral foramen (IVF) and intervertebral disc (IVD) through YOLOv4 is 95.6%. Resnet50 mixing U-Net was employed to identify the spinal canal and intervertebral foramen and achieved IoU scores of 79.11% and 80.89%.

The most important aspect of automatic driving and traffic surveillance is vehicle detection. In addition, poor road conditions caused by potholes are the cause of traffic accidents and vehicle damage. The proposed work uses deep learning models. The proposed method can detect vehicles and potholes using images. The faster region-based convolutional neural network (CNN) and the inception network V2 model are used to implement the model. The proposed work compares the performance, accuracy numbers, detection time, and advantages and disadvantages of the faster region-based convolution neural network (Faster R-CNN) with single shot detector (SSD) and you only look once (YOLO) algorithms. The proposed method shows good progress than the existing methods such as SSD and YOLO. The measure of performance evaluation is Accuracy. The proposed method shows an improvement of 5% once compared with the previous methods such as SSD and YOLO.

Neuropathic ulcers form and proliferate because of peripheral neuropathy, usually in diabetic patients. The existing ulcer assessment process which relies on visual examination, potentially be imprecise and inefficient. Therefore this indicates the necessity of a more quantitative and cost-effective solution that enables ulcer diagnosing process much faster. In the current literature, different deep learning approaches are available for diagnosing illnesses through medical imagery. When diagnosing diabetic patients who are suffering from neuropathic ulcers through imagery, the locating and segmenting of ulcer boundaries is of great importance. In this study, we propose an approach to automate the process of locating and segmenting ulcers through Mask-RCNN model. We use a dataset of 400 ulcer imagery and corresponding annotations of ulcers for this task. This approach achieves an overall ulcer detection average precision (AP) at Intersection over union (IoU) threshold 0.5 of 0.8632 and mean average precision (mAP) at Intersection over union (IoU) threshold 0.5 to 0.95 by steps of size 0.05 of 0.5084 for ResNet-101 backbone.

Floods are the most frequently occurring natural disasters, significantly impacting the environment and society. As part of natural disaster mitigation, the impacts could be reduced through predictive techniques using deep learning for semantic segmentation of inundation images. Therefore, this research aims to evaluate the performance of deep learning architectures in segmenting inundation images using the Flood Segmentation dataset, which comprised 290 aerial images. The following segmentation architectures, U-Net, SegNet, and LinkNet, were compared using backbones such as MobileNet, ResNet, EfficientNet, and VGG, as well as optimizers including Adam, SGD, AdaDelta, and RMSProp. Performance was assessed using Intersection over Union (IoU) score, precision, F1-score, recall, and accuracy metrics. The results showed that U-Net achieved the highest performance with IoU, precision, F1-score, recall, and accuracy of 0.767, 0.862, 0.866, 0.876, and 0.899, respectively. Regarding the backbones, MobileNet excelled with IoU, precision, F1-score, recall, and accuracy of 0.764, 0.866, 0.865, 0.869, and 0.898, respectively. The Adam optimizer outperformed others, yielding IoU, precision, F1-score, recall, and accuracy of 0.712, 0.807, 0.824, 0.873, and 0.843. In conclusion, the combination of U-Net with MobileNet backbone and Adam optimizer was the most effective architecture for flood inundation image segmentation, offering a robust foundation for prediction systems.

Accurate intracranial artery segmentation from digital subtraction angiography (DSA) is critical for neurovascular diagnosis and intervention planning. Vascular extraction, which combines preprocessing methods and deep learning models, yields a high level of results, but limited preprocessing results constrain the improvement of results. We propose a texture-based contrast enhancement preprocessing framework integrated with the nnU-Net model to improve vessel segmentation in time-sequential DSA images. The method generates a combined feature mask by fusing local contrast, local entropy, and brightness threshold maps, which is then used as input for deep learning–based segmentation. Segmentation performance was evaluated using the DIAS dataset with various standard quantitative metrics. The proposed preprocessing significantly improved segmentation across all metrics compared to both the baseline and contrast-limited adaptive histogram equalization (CLAHE). Using nnU-Net, the method achieved a Dice Similarity Coefficient (DICE) of 0.83 ± 0.20 and an Intersection over Union (IoU) of 0.72 ± 0.14, outperforming CLAHE (DICE 0.79 ± 0.41, IoU 0.70 ± 0.23) and the baseline (DICE 0.65 ± 0.15, IoU 0.47 ± 0.20). Most notably, vessel connectivity (VC) dropped by over 65% relative to unprocessed images, indicating marked improvements in VC and topological accuracy. This study demonstrates that combining texture-based preprocessing with nnU-Net delivers robust, noise-tolerant, and clinically interpretable segmentation of intracranial arteries from DSA.