Automatic Tooth Color Tester Device

Chapter 7 - Heat-Related Changes in Tooth Color

Abstract: Tooth discoloration is one of the causes of loss of aesthetic function of the teeth. The most common way to restore tooth color is bleaching. Bleaching is performed by dentists with prices that tend to be expensive; therefore, natural ingredients that are easy to obtain, safe, and at a lower price are needed. In this study, the natural ingredient to be used was virgin coconut oil (VCO). This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of VCO in improving tooth color of discolored teeth. This was an experimental and laboratory study with a pretest-posttest group design. Samples were 24 first premolars divided into four treatment groups with different soaking times in VCO, namely 1 day, 2 days, 3 days and 4 days. Tooth discoloration was measured using a visual method using the Vitapan shade guide. The results of One-way ANOVA test showed a p-value of 0.001 indicating that there were differences in the values of the treatment groups before and after soaking. There was a change in tooth color in each treatment group. The most color change occurred in group 4, followed by group 3, group 2. and the least color change in group 1. In conclusion, virgin coconut oil is effective in improving tooth color with discoloration due to black tea. The most color change occurred in virgin coconut oil soaking for four days. Keywords: virgin coconut oil, change of tooth color; discoloration; black tea Abstrak: Diskolorasi gigi merupakan salah satu penyebab hilangnya fungsi estetika dari gigi-geligi. Salah satu cara yang paling umum dilakukan untuk mengembalikan warna gigi ialah bleaching atau pemutihan gigi. Teknik memutihkan gigi dilakukan oleh dokter gigi, dengan harga yang cenderung mahal, sehingga dibutuhkan bahan alami yang mudah didapat, aman, dan dengan harga yang lebih murah. Pada penelitian ini, bahan alami yang digunakan yaitu minyak kelapa murni atau virgin coconut oil (VCO). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi efektifitas VCO terhadap perubahan warna gigi. Jenis penelitian ialah eksperimental laboratorik dengan pretest-posttest group design. Sampel penelitian ialah 24 sampel gigi premolar satu rahang atas atau bawah yang terbagi atas empat kelompok perlakuan dengan perbedaan lama waktu perendaman dalam VCO, yaitu 1 hari, 2 hari, 3 hari dan 4 hari. Perubahan warna gigi diukur dengan metode visual menggunakan shade guide vitapan. Hasil uji One-way Anova mendapatkan nilai p=0,001, yang menunjukkan bahwa terdapat perbedaan nilai dari kelompok perlakuan sebelum dan sesudah perendaman. Perubahan warna gigi terjadi pada setiap kelompok perlakuan, dengan perubahan warna terbesar terjadi pada kelompok 4, diikuti dengan kelompok 3, kelompok 2, dan kelompok 1. Simpulan penelitian ini ialah virgin coconut oil efektif terhadap perubahan warna gigi dengan diskolorasi akibat teh hitam. Perubahan warna terbesar terjadi pada perendaman dalam virgin coconut oil selama empat hari. Kata kunci: minyak kelapa murni; perubahan warna gigi; diskolorasi gigi; teh hitam

Objective measurement of dental color for age estimation by spectroradiometry

Effect of fixed orthodontic appliances bonded with different etching techniques on tooth color: A prospective clinical study

Introduction Discoloration of endodontically treated teeth is an aesthetic concern. The primary causes include persistent pulpal tissue breakdown and the use of various irrigants. This study compared the effects of different endodontic irrigants on tooth color stability over time. Materials and Methods Eighty single-rooted human central incisors were allocated into eight groups ( G ): G1, G2, G3, G6, and G7 used sodium hypochlorite and silver-based compounds; G4 received Photodynamic Therapy (PDT); G5 received combined PDT and NaOCl; and G8 was treated with 0.9% normal saline. Tooth shade was assessed at baseline (T0), after 1 (T1), 7 (T2), 14 (T3), and 28 days (T4) using a spectrophotometer. Results At T1, G5 showed the least color change (ΔE), while G2 had the most ( p <0.05). By T2, G1 had lower ΔE values than G3 and G7 ( p <0.05). At T3, G5 showed the least ΔE changes compared to G2, G3, G6, and G7 ( p <0.05). Conversely, G7 had the highest ΔE compared to G1 and G4 ( p <0.05). At T4, G7, G6, G2, and G3 exhibited higher ΔE than G5, G4, G1, and G8 ( p <0.05). Discussion Silver-based irrigants caused significant darkening due to silver deposits in dentinal tubules and silver-protein precipitates. Sodium hypochlorite caused fewer changes due to its crystallization potential. Photodynamic therapy led to color changes above clinical thresholds, but its combination with NaOCl reduced discoloration to imperceptible levels. Silver-based irrigants should be used cautiously in anterior teeth due to their high staining potential. Conclusion Root canal irrigants induced varying degrees of tooth color changes. Among them, silver fluoride caused the most significant early darkening, while the combination of photodynamic therapy with sodium hypochlorite resulted in minimal darkening over time.

In this pilot study, 84 subjects with a history of poor oral hygiene were enrolled in an interventional, randomized, prospective, open-label controlled trial. The aim was to provide preliminary clinical data on the products, the recruitment monthly rate, and patient satisfaction to estimate resources for the main study, as well as descriptive data on oral microbiota rebalancing. The population was divided into five groups: 20 participants received delicate mint toothpaste, 12 mint toothpaste, 20 mint mouthwash, and 20 delicate mint toothpaste and mint mouthwash using a specifically custom-designed toothbrush. The 12 subjects in the control group continued to use their oral care products without changing their normal routine. The study duration was 28 days.All subjects tolerated the products well, and there were no adverse events. Recruitment capability and procedures allowed a realistic estimation for the future main trial. The products did not cause any changes in tooth color. The participants who completed the treatment consisting of delicate mint toothpaste, mint mouthwash, and the specifically custom-designed toothbrush showed the gingival sensitivity best results (p≤0.000). The products induced a statistically significant decrease in plaque in all treated groups (p≤0.000) and an improvement of gingival sensitivity (delicate mint toothpaste, p≤0.005; mint toothpaste, p≤0.015; and mint mouthwash, p≤0.015). All the products were effective in stabilizing the oral microbiota.The tested products showed an optimal safety profile. They also stabilized the biodiversity of the oral microbiota, making it less susceptible to microbial fluctuations than the control group.

Dentinogenesis Imperfecta: A Case Report

The aim of this study was to validate the Social Appeal Scale (SAS) among the Spanish general population, exploring the underlying dimensions of the construct assessed. The SAS test was applied to 555 participants between 16 and 75 years of age. The scale is divided into four dimensions: social competence (SC), intellectual ability (IA), psychologic adjustment (PA), and relationship satisfaction (RS). The SAS (12 items) had a Cronbach alpha of .93, and SC had a Cronbach alpha of .83. For IA it was .85, for PA .87, and for RS .84. Bearing in mind the limitations of the present study, it may be concluded that the Social Appeal Scale is a valid and reliable instrument to assess social perceptions related to changes in tooth color.

Aim: The present study evaluated color changes caused by endodontic repair materials in a simulated regenerative endodontic procedure (REP). Methods: Fifty-six bovine incisors were randomly distributed into three experimental groups according to the repair cement placed over the blood clot [Conventional white MTA (Angelus), MTA Repair HP (Angelus), and Bio-C Repair (Angelus)] and a control group (n=14). Color measurements were taken before the access cavity preparation, one week, one month, three months, and six months after REP. The CIELAB system was chosen to calculate color change (ΔE), and the generalized estimating equations model was used to compare mean ΔE values between cements and periods. Results: Teeth from the three cement groups exhibited a clinically perceptible color change. No significant differences between groups were found in any experimental period. Within each group, MTA Repair HP and Bio-C Repair exhibited significantly greater color change at the six-month evaluation. Conclusions: The three endodontic repair materials caused similar changes in tooth color when used as a cervical plug in a simulated REP.

The purpose of this systematic review recorded in PROSPERO (CRD4201913125) was to test the hypothesis that dye substances during and / or immediately after treatment can affect the effectiveness of tooth whitening. Two independent reviewers performed a search was conducted in the PubMed / MEDLINE, Web of Science databases and Cochrane Library. Articles were selected based on the inclusion criteria: in vitro studies with direct comparisons between groups undergoing treatment with or without dying substances consumption during or immediately after bleaching treatment; reflectance spectrophotometry was used as evaluation method; studies in which any type of dye was used, studies in which treatment was performed on human and / or bovine teeth. Of the 8 studies selected, including 347 samples analyzed in vitro. The coffee does not appear to influence tooth whitening when consumed during tooth whitening sessions or immediately after treatment (up to 24 hours after treatment). However low-alcoholic beverages such as red wine and cola drinks may have the potential to change pigmentation and influence the change in tooth color.

Plain Language SummaryTooth decay (also called dental caries) is one of the most common chronic diseases, especially in children. Silver diammine fluoride (SDF) is a liquid treatment that can stop tooth decay without using drills or fillings. It works by killing the bacteria that cause decay and helping to harden the tooth. However, SDF turns the treated area dark black, which many patients and parents find unattractive, especially on front teeth. In this study, researchers tested whether using a mineral called zinc before applying SDF could reduce the black staining while still keeping the tooth decay-fighting benefits. They created artificial tooth decay on human tooth samples in the laboratory and then tested SDF alone or SDF combined with two levels of zinc. The team looked at changes in tooth color, surface texture, and how well the treatments worked against harmful bacteria. The results showed that applying zinc before SDF helped reduce the dark staining, especially at higher concentrations of zinc. Importantly, the bacteria-killing power of SDF was not weakened by the zinc. Both the zinc + SDF and SDF-only treatments were equally effective in stopping the growth of bacteria and reducing acid damage. These findings suggest that adding zinc before SDF might be a helpful way to make this treatment more appealing to patients, especially in visible teeth, without losing its ability to stop tooth decay.

The color of natural teeth: A scoping review of In-Vivo studies.

To evaluate the impact of desensitizing toothpastes (D), their whitening versions (DW) and whitening toothpastes (W) on tooth color change. Tooth specimens were allocated into 11 groups (n= 10): 1. Artificial saliva (control); 2. Sensodyne Repair & Protect (SRP-D); 3. Sensodyne Repair & Protect Whitening (SRP-DW); 4. Colgate Sensitive Pro-Relief (CSPR-D); 5. Colgate Sensitive Pro-Relief Real White (CSPR-DW); 6. Colgate Total 12 (CT12); 7. Colgate Total 12 Whitening (CT12-W); 8. Sensodyne True White (ST-W); 9. Curaprox Black Is White (CB-W); 10.Oral-B 3D White Perfection (OB3D-W) and 11. Erosion-only. They were submitted to two models: A. abrasion; B. erosion/abrasion. Color change (ΔE00 ), ΔL, Δa, and Δb were determined with a spectrophotometer. Data were statistically evaluated (α=0.05). For both models, ∆E00 of D did not differ significantly from DW. An overall decrease in luminosity (-∆L) and increase (+∆b) in yellowness of the tooth occurred. In abrasion, all groups reduced redness (-∆a) and only SRP-DW differed from control (p= 0.016), but for ∆E00 , ∆L and ∆b, all toothpastes did not differ from the control. In erosion/abrasion, CB-W showed significantly lower ∆E00 and ∆b than the control (∆E00 : p= 0.026; ∆b: p= 0.005) and SRP-D (∆E00 : p= 0.028; ∆b: p= 0.025). Only SRP-DW, CSPR-DW, ST-W, CB-W, and erosion-only had increased redness (+∆a), but none differed from control. The toothpastes did neither promote whitening nor avoid the yellowish aspect of the tooth after abrasion and erosion-abrasion, regardless of their claim. Desensitizing and/or whitening toothpastes induced similar changes on tooth color, without promoting whitening effect or reduction in its yellowish aspect.

Background/Objectives: A global approach to age estimation is being refined to integrate the contributions of skeletal and dental structures. Teeth represent a unique and durable tool for assessing age, particularly valuable when other biological indicators are unavailable. However, age estimation becomes increasingly difficult in older individuals. This study aims to evaluate whether colorimetric analysis of teeth can serve as a reliable and accurate method for estimating chronological age in both living individuals and cadavers. Methods: The study explores the measurement of tooth color as a non-ionizing and non-invasive alternative to conventional age estimation techniques. The approach emphasizes the preservation of forensic evidence and the feasibility of prospective data collection. The methodological framework involves colorimetric assessment supported by emerging technological instruments designed to standardize and improve the objectivity of measurements. Results: Recent advances in color analysis technology have enhanced the precision and reproducibility of dental color measurement. Preliminary findings suggest that age-related color changes in teeth show measurable and consistent patterns, supporting their potential use as indicators of chronological age. Conclusions: Tooth color measurement appears to be a promising complementary tool for age estimation in forensic and clinical contexts. Its non-invasive and reproducible nature offers significant advantages, provided that standardized protocols and validated instruments continue to evolve to ensure accuracy and reliability in practical applications.

Bleaching is an effective method for restoring the colour of discoloured vital teeth. Power bleaching, in particular, in which a bleaching solution containing 35% hydrogen peroxide is activated by a strong light source using a plasma arc, makes it possible to bleach teeth effectively in a short time. The purpose of this study was to determine how polishing or power bleaching the tooth surface affects tooth colour. The subjects selected were patients who had slightly discoloured teeth. The colour of precisely identified sites on six anterior teeth was measured before treatment, after polishing and after bleaching, to ascertain changes in colour. The measurements revealed that tooth colour changes slightly after polishing, but it shows a much greater change after bleaching, and that the post‐bleaching change in tooth colour was caused both by elevation of lightness and reduction of yellowness. They also revealed that the colour difference between pre‐treatment and post‐bleaching does not depend on the type of tooth. These results suggested that power bleaching is an effective technique for improving slightly discoloured vital teeth, regardless of the type of tooth.