Autostereoscopic image creation by hyperview matrix controlled single pixel rendering

A considerable number of different auto-stereoscopic display systems are available on the market. Increased resolution of flat panel displays and greatly reduced cost have made auto-stereoscopic displays practical to use in applications for games, 3D television, the military, and industrial manufacturing. However, the usability and qualitative user experience provided by autostereoscopic 3D display has not been widely studied. This study sought to evaluate the qualitative user experiences with auto-stereoscopic 3D displays and their potential shortcomings by testing specific user tasks and comparing the difference between a stereo 3D display and flat 3D display. The results provide a good reference for the product application developer trying to select a display system and for the user interface designer.

What if your mobile phone's display would correct your vision deficiency instead of your glasses? Light field display technology can assess and correct the user's vision. In this talk, we discuss a wide range of unconventional applications that are facilitated by light field technology, a novel inexpensive computational display technology. Light field displays are expected to be "the future of 3D displays", although many believe that the recent hype about stereoscopic 3D displays is over. One reason why the consumers haven't widely adopted 3D television can be the lack of a unique or useful enhancement of the 2D viewing experience. Wetzstein discusses why it is believed that a new technology<br /> - light field displays - delivering an experience that consumers haven't adopted in the past will work in the future. The talk begins with a short historical review of light field displays and recent trends towards compressive light field display, followed by a discussion of applications in projection systems, vision assessment and correction, wearable displays, and a brief comparison to holography.<br /&gt

What if your mobile phone’s display would correct your vision deficiency instead of your glasses? Light field display technology can assess and correct the user’s vision. In this talk, we discuss a wide range of unconventional applications that are facilitated by light field technology, a novel inexpensive computational display technology. Light field displays are expected to be “the future of 3D displays”, although many believe that the recent hype about stereoscopic 3D displays is over. One reason why the consumers haven’t widely adopted 3D television can be the lack of a unique or useful enhancement of the 2D viewing experience. Wetzstein discusses why it is believed that a new technology - light field displays - delivering an experience that consumers haven’t adopted in the past will work in the future. The talk begins with a short historical review of light field displays and recent trends towards compressive light field display, followed by a discussion of applications in projection systems, vision assessment and correction, wearable displays, and a brief comparison to holography. Article not available.

We present anl omnidirectional 3D autostereoscopic aerial display with continuous parallax. Integral photography (IP) combined with polyhedron-shaped aerial imaging plates (AIPs) is utilized to achieve an extended view angle of 3D aerial images. With optical theoretical analysis and an aerial in situ rotation design, a 3D aerial display with an enlarged viewing angle is realized. In particular, the proposed 3D aerial display can realize any assigned angle within 360 deg. We also optimize the aerial display with artifact image removal and floating image brightness analysis. Experiments are performed to prove the 3D aerial display with full-motion parallax, continuous viewpoints, and multiplayer interaction. The proposed system is an attractive prospect of non-contact interaction and multi-person collaboration.

Recently we introduced the notion of "perceivable light field" (PLF) as an efficient tool for the analysis and design of three dimensional (3D) displays. The PLF is used with a 3D display analysis approach that puts the viewer in the center of the model; that is, first the human visual system requirements are defined through the PLF and then they are back-propagated to the display devices to evaluate its specifications. Here we use such an analysis to evaluate the information requirements that autostereoscopic 3D display devices need to provide for ideal visual conditions.

Holographic Sampling Display Based on Metagratings

In this research, a subjective evaluation was conducted to compare the impressions of facial expressions presented by a light field display using the near virtual-image mode and a two-dimensional (2D) display. The goal is to investigate if a real-size three-dimensional image of a human face presented by the light field display has a larger influence on emotions and presents more lifelike face expressions than those presented by the 2D display. The impressions of using the light field display and the 2D display were compared using eight assessment criteria. The constantly changing facial emotions were exhibited on a flat-panel light field display with a screen size of 31.5 in. and a viewing-zone angle of 43.8°. The evaluation results showed that the light-field image had significantly higher evaluation values than the 2D image on the evaluation terms like "sense of affinity," "feeling like touching," "stereoscopic sensation," "fatigue," and "sense of being."

To design and implement a set of quality assurance tests for an innovative 3D volumetric display for radiation treatment planning applications. A genuine 3D display (Perspecta Spatial 3D, Actuality‐Systems Inc., Bedford, MA) has been integrated with the Pinnacle TPS (Philips Medical Systems, Madison WI), for treatment planning. The Perspecta 3D display renders a 25 cm diameter volume that is viewable from any side, floating within a translucent dome. In addition to displaying all 3D data exported from Pinnacle, the system provides a 3D mouse to define beam angles and apertures and to measure distance. The focus of this work is the design and implementation of a quality assurance program for 3D displays and specific 3D planning issues as guided by AAPM Task Group Report 53. A series of acceptance and quality assurance tests have been designed to evaluate the accuracy of CT images, contours, beams, and dose distributions as displayed on Perspecta. Three‐dimensional matrices, rulers and phantoms with known spatial dimensions were used to check Perspecta's absolute spatial accuracy. In addition, a system of tests was designed to confirm Perspecta's ability to import and display Pinnacle data consistently. CT scans of phantoms were used to confirm beam field size, divergence, and gantry and couch angular accuracy as displayed on Perspecta. Beam angles were verified through Cartesian coordinate system measurements and by CT scans of phantoms rotated at known angles. Beams designed on Perspecta were exported to Pinnacle and checked for accuracy. Dose at sampled points were checked for consistency with Pinnacle and agreed within 1% or 1 mm. All data exported from Pinnacle to Perspecta was displayed consistently. The 3D spatial display of images, contours, and dose distributions were consistent with Pinnacle display. When measured by the 3D ruler, the distances between any two points calculated using Perspecta agreed with Pinnacle within the measurement errorPACS number: 07.07.Hj, 87.55.Qr, 87.56.Da, 87.55.D‐; Radiation Treatment Planning

3D 디스플레이를 통해 입체감을 느낄 때에는 현실세계에서 입체감을 느낄 때와는 다르게 피로를 느끼게 된다. 이러한 피로에 대해 안경식 3D 디스플레이를 사용한 연구는 많았지만 무안경식 3D에 대한 연구는 아직까지 미비한 실정이다. i3D시스템이란 interactive 3D 시스템의 약자로 사용자가 간단한 손동작 등으로 콘텐츠와 협응이 가능하도록 제작한 무안경식 3D 디스플레이 시스템을 말한다. 본 연구에서는 현재 시연용으로 구현되어 있는 i3D시스템을 이용하여 이 시스템을 사용하는 다양한 시청 환경에서의 시각 피로를 측정하였다. 그 결과 시청거리가 멀어질수록 낮은 피로를 보였으며 시차가 작을수록 낮은 피로를 보였다. 시청각도의 경우 3D 입체상이 안정적으로 지각되지 않는 시청각도에서 높은 피로를 느끼는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 시청거리와 시청각도간의 상호작용 효과를 볼 수 있었는데, 3D가 안정적으로 지각되었을 때의 시청각도에서는 시청거리에 따라서 피로도가 감소하는 것을 보였으나 안정적인 3D지각이 되지 않았을 때의 시청각도에서는 거리에 따른 피로도의 차이가 없었다. 이러한 결과는 무안경식 3D 디스플레이와 i3D 시스템 개발에 있어 최적의 사용자 경험을 위한 중요한 자료이다. Observers usually experience visual fatigue when they watch contents displayed on 3D display. There has been various research on visual fatigue incurred in stereoscopic displays that use 3D glasses, but relatively less studies have been done in the area of autostereoscopic displays. i3D system refers to interactive 3D system that makes it possible for users to interact with contents using their hands. Current research measured visual fatigue that users experience from i3D under various visual environments. We examined the effects of viewing distance, disparities and visual orientation on visual fatigue in i3D. The results indicated that visual fatigue decreased with longer distance and smaller disparity. Visual fatigue increased with angle when 3D fusion was unstable. In addition, there was an interaction effect between angle and distance in which visual fatigue increased with distance under stable 3D fusion but there was no difference in visual fatigue as a function of distance when 3D fusion was unstable. These results would be importantly used to develop autostereoscopic displays that minimize visual fatigue.

Stereoscopic 3D displays that use the binocular disparity technique are well known as effective three-dimensional displays, which can now be used as one of the fundamental components to produce artificial space and objects in a “virtual reality” environment. Among the methods of producing 3D images that follow the gaze direction, technologies that employ head tracking techniques (HMD) are the most promising for the time being. Holographic technologies might be an ultimate solution, however; their feasibility as of today seems to be questionable. 3D spaces reproduced by stereoscopic 2D images are artificial spaces and are different from real spaces, i.e. the object which the observer perceives through 3D glasses does not really exist. Stereoscopic 3D images do not provide all the depth cues experienced by the human visual system. It is also known, for example, that the depth information in images of stereoscopic perception are, in general, smaller than expected, and that subjects become fatigued while watching the stereoscopic TV. Investigation of such phenomenon is therefore one of the basic issues in stereoscopic display technologies. To use stereoscopic 3D images effectively, research into how humans see and perceive the 3D images from the viewpoint of human factors is expected to assume increasing importance.

3D autostereoscopic display techniques are used in medicine to assist surgeons to have a better knowledge on regions of interest. However, different 3D image generation algorithms and hardware implementations will bring out var- ied display quality. An objective and quantitative evaluation of clinical display is necessary. To evaluate the quality of 3D displays, we propose a quantitative evaluation system for 3D autostereoscopic medical display in this paper. The proposed evaluation system is composed of a 3D evaluation reference pattern, a 3D image acquisition platform and a quantitative analysis module. Moreover, we apply an integral photography based 3D autostereoscopic medical display to verify the feasibility and availability of the evaluation system. Based on quantification results of the 3D evaluation reference pattern and the 3D medical image, evaluation errors of the viewing angle, imaging depth as well as image quality are acceptable.

Research has shown that three-dimensional (3D) stereoscopic virtual anatomic models can help students understand the complex spatial relationships of human structures that are not easily accessible via dissection. For instance, the cerebral cortex is located within the cranial vault; however, it can be difficult to view the relationship between the cerebral cortex and skull via dissection. This project goes into discussing the creation of a 3D stereoscopic model of the cerebral cortex. The cerebral cortex model was segmented via Amira 5.6 software from computed tomography angiography (CTA) data. Amira 5.6 surface rendering methods were used to create the cerebral cortex, and volume rendering methods were used to create the skull. The segmentations were performed using the axial view and paintbrush tools in Amira 5.6 along with the Wacom pen and tablet. After completing the initial segmentation across 155 slides, the CTA scans were compiled in Amira 5.6 to create the 3D model of the cerebral cortex. A smoothing filter was then applied to the initial surface render of the cerebral cortex to smooth the transition from slide to slide. The cerebral cortex model generated can be viewed from any angle at any magnification level. In addition, the model can also be overlayed orthoslice CTA data to allow the user to have a stronger understanding of the relationship between each individual two-dimensional CTA image and the three-dimensional model. Moreover, the cerebral cortex virtual model can be created into video clips using the Amira 5.6 movie maker, which can be inserted into PowerPoint presentations. As a result, the cerebral cortex virtual model has the potential to be used for online distance anatomical learning, which has become the adopted method of teaching due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The flexibility of this model allows it to also be used in the classroom setting as a virtual learning tool where students may view the models via a 3D screen with 3D glasses.

A novel and efficient 3D calibration method for different types of autostereoscopic multi-view 3D displays is presented in this paper. In our method, a camera is placed at different locations within the viewing volume of a 3D display to capture a series of images that relate to the subset of light rays emitted by the 3D display and arriving at each of the camera positions. Gray code patterns modulate the images shown on the 3D display, helping to significantly reduce the number of images captured by the camera and thereby accelerate the process of calculating the correspondence relationship between the pixels on the 3D display and the locations of the capturing camera. The proposed calibration method has been successfully tested on two different types of multi-view 3D displays and can be easily generalized for calibrating other types of such displays. The experimental results show that this novel 3D calibration method can also be used to improve the image quality by reducing the frequently observed crosstalk that typically exists when multiple users are simultaneously viewing multi-view 3D displays from a range of viewing positions.

Three-dimensional (3D) light-field display has achieved a great improvement. However, the collection of dense viewpoints in the real 3D scene is still a bottleneck. Virtual views can be generated by unsupervised networks, but the quality of different views is inconsistent because networks are separately trained on each posed view. Here, a virtual view synthesis method for the 3D light-field display based on scene tower blending is presented, which can synthesize high quality virtual views with correct occlusions by blending all tower results, and dense viewpoints on 3D light-field display can be provided with smooth motion parallax. Posed views are combinatorially input into diverse unsupervised CNNs to predict respective input-view towers, and towers of the same viewpoint are fused together. All posed-view towers are blended as a scene color tower and a scene selection tower, so that 3D scene distributions at different depth planes can be accurately estimated. Blended scene towers are soft-projected to synthesize virtual views with correct occlusions. A denoising network is used to improve the image quality of final synthetic views. Experimental results demonstrate the validity of the proposed method, which shows outstanding performances under various disparities. PSNR of the virtual views are about 30 dB and SSIM is above 0.91. We believe that our view synthesis method will be helpful for future applications of the 3D light-field display.

In order to realize auto-stereoscopic display, a new directional optic structure was proposed in this article, by providing only a pair of parallax images time-sequentially, aided with the human eye tracking system, a multi-user stereo-parallax 3D displayer with full resolution was invented. Meanwhile, the backlight control system of this displayer based on the simple microcontroller was mainly focused, in view of the crosstalk existed in 3D displays, three effective methods to reduce crosstalk were put forward: reduced lit time ratio of the directional backlight, faster refresh LCD and the application of Kalman prediction interpolation. As the experimental results shows, these methods achieve a good performance in reducing crosstalk, and finally a strong 3D visual effect without loss of resolution is achieved. This article introduces an auto-stereoscopic display system with a new directional optic structure, and provides three effective methods to reduce crosstalk, which are all testified by experiments and the experimental result is shown in the article too.