Beautiful Plant Bombax Ceiba

The aim of present study is to evaluate the anti-inflammatory, anti-pyretic ‎and analgesic activities of ethanol extract of Carica papaya L. on albino rats. ‎Plant of C. papaya L. is commonly used to treat ‎different diseases like fever, pain, and inflammation. A total of 144 albino rats ‎with an average weight of 160-200g were used in this study. Rats were divided into 4 ‎groups each group contained 12 rats. Anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated by ‎‎0.1 mL of 1% carrageenan extract that induces paw edema while analgesic activity ‎was investigated by acetic acid that induces abdominal writhing response where ‎antipyretic activity was demonstrated by yeast that induces pyrexia in rats. ‎In anti-inflammatory, antipyretic and analgesic activities, significant ‎results were shown at 400mg/kg, 50mg/kg and 400mg/kg doses respectively in ‎multiple comparisons. ‎The stem extract of C. papaya L. showed significant results as ‎compared to leaf extract in anti-inflammatory and antipyretic activities. The leaf ‎extract of C. papaya showed significant results as compared to the stem in analgesic ‎activity.‎

This review focuses on how the study of anatomy in India has evolved through the centuries. Anatomical knowledge in ancient India was derived principally from animal sacrifice, chance observations of improperly buried human bodies, and examinations of patients made by doctors during treatment. The Vedic philosophies form the basis of the Ayurvedic tradition, which is considered to be one of the oldest known systems of medicine. Two sets of texts form the foundation of Ayurvedic medicine, the Susruta Samhita and the Charaka Samhita. The Susruta Samhita provided important surgical and anatomical information of the understanding of anatomy by Indians in the 6th century BCE. Here we review the anatomical knowledge known to this society.

Introduction: Ficus religiosa has traditionally been used for skin ailments, menstrual disorders, infections, and inflammatory conditions. This study aimed to explore its antioxidant capacity, anti-microbial activity, thrombolytic potential, anti-inflammatory effects, and antipyretic activity. Methods: Antioxidant potential of methanolic and n-hexane extracts was assessed through total phenol, flavonoid, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), and nitric oxide (NO) scavenging assays. Anti-microbial activity was tested on selected microbes, cytotoxicity on brine shrimp, and anti-inflammatory properties through membrane-stabilizing potential. Analgesic, antidiarrheal and antipyretic effects were evaluated in mice. Results: The methanol extract had higher total flavonoid and antioxidant capacity content than the n-hexane extract. Both extracts showed substantial total phenolic, flavonoid, and antioxidant content. Methanol and n-hexane extracts showed free radical scavenging capacity against DPPH (IC50: 24.524 μg/mL and 319.669 μg/mL) and NO (IC50: 463.45 μg/mL and 69.45 μg/mL). n-Hexane extract exhibited antimicrobial efficacy against all tested pathogens. At 250 µg/disc, there was a 7 mm zone of inhibition against Pseudomonas spp. and Candida albicans and an 8 mm zone of inhibition against Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, and Streptococcus aureus. Methanol extract had greater anti-inflammatory and thrombolytic activity than n-hexane extract. Maximum antidiarrheal activity was shown by methanol extract (83.48% defecation inhibition, P˂0.001), whereas n-hexane extract demonstrated notable peripheral analgesic activity (72.55% writhing inhibition, P˂0.01). Conclusion: The extract of F. religiosa stem bark has significant therapeutic potential, which might be explored to develop natural remedies for inflammation, microbial infections, and oxidative stress-related disorders. Further study is needed to evaluate its isolated bioactive components.

Pteridophytes are some of the herbal plants used to cure ailments. The present study scientifically finds out the folkloric therapeutic claims of 15 species of Philippine medicinal pteridophytes. Phytochemical components namely alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, and anthraquinones of each plant samples were qualitatively determined. Antimicrobial activity of ethanolic extract was tested on Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Candida albicans. The antipyretic activity using yeast-induced pyrexia and the anti-inflammatory activity using egg-albumin-induced paw edema were done on white rats. The results revealed the presence of alkaloids, saponins, flavonoids, and tannins in most of the extracts. Anthraquinones were absent. Extract form three species of pteridophytes namely: Equisetum ramosissimum, Pyrrosia piloselloides, and Selaginella usterii did not manifest any antibacterial activity. Blechnum orientale has no antifungal activity. All extracts showed significant effect in reducing yeast-induced pyrexia when compared with the negative control (NSS). Fourteen (14) out of the fifteen (15) plant extracts in 400 mg/kg Body Weight dosage inhibited anti-inflammatory activities in eggalbumin induced rat paw edema except for Pyrossia piloselloides. However, all plant extracts in 800 mg/kg Body Weight dosage showed significant rat paw reduction. A dose-dependent anti-inflammatory effect was observed within 6 hours of paw thickness observation. Â Keywords - Phytochemicals, Ferns, Bioassay, Philippines. Â

Mutravaha Srotodustigata Vikara comprises a group of urinary system disorders described in Ayurveda, includ-ing Mutraghata, Mutrakriccha, and Ashmari. These conditions significantly impair the quality of life due to symptoms such as dysuria, urinary retention, pain and obstruction. Classical Ayurvedic texts emphasise Shama-na Chikitsa as a practical, non-invasive approach to managing these disorders, especially in the early or moder-ate stages. To review and systematically present the role of Shamana Chikitsa in the management of Mutravaha Sroto-dustigata Vikara based on classical Ayurvedic literature. A narrative review was conducted using classical Ayur-vedic texts such as the Charaka Samhita, Sushruta Samhita, and the Ashtanga Hridaya, along with teaching ma-terials prepared for postgraduate academic purposes. Information related to disease classification, dosha pre-dominance, drug formulations, single herbs, dosage, anupana, and duration was compiled and analysed. Mutravaha Srotodustigata Vikara encompasses various urinary disorders, broadly classified as Mutraghata, Mutrakriccha, and Ashmari. Shamana Chikitsa using Kashaya, Churna, Ghrita, Guggulu, and Vati formulations demonstrated therapeutic utility through mutrala, shothahara, vatanulomana, ashmari-bhedana, and balya ac-tions. Dosha-specific formulations showed targeted effectiveness in alleviating symptoms and restoring urinary function. Shamana Chikitsa offers a holistic, safe, and practical approach in managing Mutravaha Srotodustiga-ta Vikara. When applied with proper dosha assessment, it can prevent disease progression and reduce the need for invasive interventions.

Ashwagandha ( Withania somnifera [L.] Dunal) is one of the most renowned Ayurvedic medicinal plants, extensively used in traditional Indian medicine systems such as Ayurveda, Siddha, Unani, and Sowa Rigpa for millennia. Its medicinal uses of the root are documented in ancient texts such as the Charaka samhita , Sushruta samhita , and various Nighantus . Recognized globally, Ashwagandha is included in numerous pharmacopoeias, including the Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India (API), British Pharmacopoeia, and United States Pharmacopoeia. Despite its extensive use and documented benefits, Ashwagandha faced scrutiny in Denmark. The Danish Veterinary and Food Administration banned Ashwagandha based on a 2020 report by the Technical University of Denmark (DTU). This report has been criticized for its technical, scientific, and ethical flaws, including reliance on unverified sources and omission of significant data from authoritative compendiums such as the API. Notably, the report’s references often included studies that did not adhere to established standards for Ashwagandha extracts. Furthermore, the alleged abortifacient properties cited in the Danish report are not supported by extensive reviews of traditional texts and modern scientific literature, which indicates the safety of Ashwagandha when used appropriately. This article aims to provide a comprehensive evaluation of the Danish report, emphasizing the necessity of adhering to rigorous scientific standards and accurately representing historical and contemporary data on Ashwagandha .

Happiness, or "Sukha," in Ayurveda, is a state of balance involving physical, mental, and emotional well-being. Ayurveda, an ancient system of medicine, emphasizes the importance of balancing the three doshas—Vata, Pitta, and Kapha—which govern bodily functions and processes. This article aims to explore how happiness is conceptualized in Ayurvedic philosophy and the measures suggested to achieve it. The primary sources utilized for this work include ancient Ayurvedic texts such as the Charaka Samhita, Sushruta Samhita, and Astanga Hridaya Samhita, which provide a comprehensive understanding of happiness from an Ayurvedic perspective. The study highlights that achieving happiness requires maintaining good digestion and excretion, a clear mind, and a clean heart, all of which can be supported by a harmonious lifestyle. Key practices, including daily regimens (Dinacharya) like early rising, oral hygiene, medicated oil massage (Abhyanga), exercise or yoga (Vyayama), and meditation, are essential for sustaining well-being. Additionally, a Sattvic mindset (purity and knowledge) and a life aligned with Dharma (righteous living) contribute to meaningful happiness. The final outcome suggests that adherence to Ayurvedic principles can enhance happiness and promote long-term well-being in all aspects of life.

Hingu (Asafoetida) is a commonly used traditional spice in Asian cuisine since ancient times. The botanical source of Hingu is Ferula asafoetida (Bunge) Regel: Apiaceae family, native to the mountains of Afghanistan, Iran and Pakistan. The useful part of the drug is the oleoresin gum extracted from the stem and rhizome of the Asafoetida plant. This study was designed to compile the classical uses of Hingu in Brihatrayi. In this study, 72, 56 and 62 references for uses of Hingu were founded in Charaka Samhita, Sushruta Samhita and Ashtanga Hridaya Samhita, respectively. According to these references, Hingu can apply in various dosage forms such as Kashaya, Curna, Vati, Gutika, Varti, Lepa, Leha, Taila, Ghrita, Anjana, Dhumapana and Dhupana. And also it is useful in a vast range of diseases belonging to various disciplines of Ayurveda, including Kaya Cikitsa, Kaumarabhritya, Shalya, Shalakya, Graha Cikitsa, Vajikarana, Visha Cikitsa, Striroga and Prasuti roga. It is mainly indicated in diseases of Annapacana (Gastrointestinal tract) and Shwasana (Respiratory tract) and also as a Rakshoghna dravya. Hence, it can be concluded that Hingu is a mostly prescribed herbal medicine in Brihatrayi. It is a more valuable herbal source in managing various diseases in human beings in all stages of their lifespan.

Mukhagata Arbuda, described in classical Ayurvedic texts such as the Sushruta Samhita and Charaka Samhita, refers to pathological growths within the oral cavities that are comparable to neoplastic conditions. In modern science, this entity can be correlated with oral carcinoma, particularly oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), which accounts for the majority of oral malignancies. According to Ayurvedic pathophysiology, the condition arises from the vitiation of the three Doshas (Vata, Pitta, and Kapha) along with impaired metabolic activity at the tissue level (Dhatu Dushti), leading to the development of Dushta Arbuda. The classical clinical manifesta-tions of Mukhagata Arbuda, including leucoplakia, erythroplakia, chronic ulceration, induration, pain, and sub-mucosal fibrosis, closely resemble the features of oral carcinoma. The advanced stage described as Dhatugata Avastha in Ayurveda parallels the malignant transformation and metastatic spread seen in contemporary oncolo-gy. This conceptual correlation highlights a progressive disease continuum observable in both medical systems, where local pathological changes extend to systemic involvement. By integrating the Ayurvedic understanding of disease mechanisms, Dosha imbalance, Dhatu pathology, and Samprapti (pathogenesis) with modern oncologi-cal frameworks, a more comprehensive perspective on oral cancer emerges. Such an integrative model may pro-vide valuable insights for developing complementary therapeutic strategies that combine conventional oncology with Ayurvedic interventions for the management of OSCC.

Snakebites are a serious problem worldwide and a common medical emergency. In India, they are often an overlooked cause of accidental deaths, especially in rural areas of tropical and subtropical regions. Ayurveda has its own traditional methods for treating poisoning (visha), which can be understood alongside modern science. India reports the highest number of snakebites (about 81,000) and deaths (about 11,000) each year. Because of this, the World Health Organization has added snakebite to its list of neglected tropical diseases and created a special treatment protocol. The high death rate is mainly due to poor healthcare in rural areas and delays in reaching hospitals that can provide anti-snake venom. Ayurveda describes many treatments for venomous bites, including the “ChaturvimsatiVishachikitsopakrama” mentioned in the Charaka Samhita. Some of these treatments are also described in other classic texts like the Sushruta Samhita, Astangasamgraha, and Astangahrdaya. According to Acharya Charaka, there are 24 methods (Upakramas) to treat poisoning, which even include the use of mantras.

Arishta Lakshana is a term from Ayurveda that refers to the signs and symptoms that indicate impending death. Even in modern medicine, there are indications of immediate death, or Arishta Lakshanas, as they are known in ancient Ayurvedic writings, carrying their clinical significance. These warning indicators have their roots in ancient texts like Charaka Samhita, Sushruta Samhita, Ashtanga Hridaya, and Ashtanga Sangraha. These are closely related to the state of function of Panchindriya, which are Chakshu, Shrotra, Ghrana, Jihva, and Tvak. According to the contemporary context, Panchindriya is co-related to sense organs. Mahabhutas and Doshic preponderance in Indriyas are attributed to their unique physiological effects; likewise, the vitiation of related Doshas might modify Indriya's function. While stating this, certain conditions have been mentioned by Acharyas that are incurable because of the poor prognosis of the illness. The correlation between Arishta Lakshanas and Panchindriya highlights the significance of Ayurvedic indications in modern medicine. By drawing comparisons between these antiquated signals and current diagnostic and prognostic markers, modern medicine is bridging the gap between conventional wisdom and clinical practice today. In Ayurveda, the concept of Indriya needs to be explored to provide literature.

In today’s world, Ayurveda gives more hope for the suffering humanity where no complete solution for commonest inflammatory disease like Rheumatoid Arthritis is available. Rheumatoid Arthritis can be considered similar to Amavata as per Ayurvedic texts. The symptoms of Amavata are similar to Rheumatoid arthritis - where pain, swelling and stiffness of joints are present. It can cause debility, joints deformities, crippling etc in chronic condition. The disease was first mentioned by Madhava Acharya in 25th chapter of Madhava nidana while scriptures like Charaka Samhita, Sushruta Samhita, Ashtanga Hridya and Ashtanga Sangraha mentioned only about Ama and Amavrita vata. Afterwards Vangasena, Bhaishajya Ratnavali etc has elaborated the management of Amavata. Ayurveda focuses on nidana, samprapti, rupa etc of the disease. So, in the treatment, Nidana Parivarjana plays an important role. After gaining the knowledge of these, a physician can provide proper treatment. This study has been designed to find out Science and Philosophy behind the symptoms of Amavata according to Ayurvedic classics.

Background: Nidra (sleep) is one of the important regimens of day-to-day life. In Ayurveda classics, Nidra is mentioned under Trayopastambha (subpillars of life) and Adharaniya Vega (insuppressible urges) which shows its significance. Sleep is essential for physical and mental well-being. Sleep deprivation leads to various severe adverse effects on health. Studies have shown that about 67% population of the world is using technical devices such as mobiles and laptops which adversely affect sleep quality. India is the second most sleep-deprived country in the world. Besides various health impacts of sleep, some studies have shown that, sleep physiology has an interconnection with the reproductive health. Aim: The aim of this study is to explore the impact of Nidra (sleep cycle) on reproductive health. Material and methods: For this review, literary materials related to Nidra, sleep physiology, Vandhyatva (female infertility), Klaibya (impotency), infertility has been compiled, screened and critically analyzed from Charaka Samhita, Sushruta Samhita, Ashtanga Sangraha, Ashtanga Hridaya, and also from the commentaries of these texts and other Ayurvedic textbooks such as Ayurvediya Prasooti Tantra Evam Striroga, modern textbooks such as Guyton and Hall textbook of Medical Physiology, Essentials of Medical Physiology and D. C. Dutta’s textbook of Gynaecology, research articles published in peer-reviewed journals, reputed magazines, PubMed, Google scholar, J-gate. Results: As per contemporary science, sleep disturbance may interfere with reproductive physiology by hampering hypothalamus-pituitary adrenal axis function and circadian dysrhythmia. In Ayurvedic perspective, Ratrijagarana (staying awake during night time) may cause increase Vata Dosha (Dosha responsible for movement and cognition) which can be lead into vitiation of Shukra (semen) and Artava (menstrual abnormalities) and it can ultimately end up with infertility. Conclusion: It may be concluded that sleep deprivation affects the level of reproductive hormones that play an important role in determining male and female infertility. Thus, sleep quality can have impact on fertility in reproductive age.

Introduction: Food poisoning is a common health problem caused by the consumption of contaminated food containing harmful microorganisms or toxins. In Ayurveda, Agadtantra deals with the identification, prevention, and management of various types of poisons, including food-related toxicity. Classical Ayurvedic texts describe different methods for detoxification and restoring normal physiological balance. Understanding these traditional principles along with modern medical perspectives may help in better management of food poisoning. Objectives: To highlight the potential role of Ayurvedic detoxification and therapeutic measures in its management. Methodology: This study is based on a review of classical Ayurvedic texts such as Charaka Samhita, Sushruta Samhita, and Ashtanga Hridaya, along with relevant modern medical literature. Information related to the concept of food poisoning, its causes, symptoms, and management in Agadtantra was collected and analyzed. Data from contemporary scientific articles and medical journals were also reviewed to compare traditional concepts with modern perspectives. Conclusion: The principles of Agadtantra provide valuable insights into the identification and management of food poisoning. Classical Ayurvedic approaches emphasize detoxification, symptom management, and restoration of physiological balance. Integrating these traditional concepts with modern medical understanding may contribute to a more comprehensive approach to the prevention and management of food-borne toxicity.

Context:Over the years drug resistance has become a common phenomenon and it holds true for antifungal drugs also. In the ancient Indian scriptures like Sushruta Samhita, Charaka Samhita, the medicinal plants having the antimicrobial, antifungal and anti-inflammatory properties have been described. Some of these plants are Piper betle (Paan), Ocimum sanctum Linn (Tulsi), Curcuma longa (Turmeric) and Murraya koenigii (Currypatta Plant). Aims and Objectives: To determine antifungal activity of different plants extracts by experimentally recoding their zone of inhibition and also determining their minimum inhibitory concentration. Material and Methods: Fresh extracts of all plants were collected and ethyl acetate, ethanolic and aqueous extracts have been prepared. MIC was determined using tube dilution method and zone of inhibition is recorded in agar plates with Candida albicans. The data for the present study was entered in the Microsoft Excel 2007 and analyzed using the SPSS statistical software 23.0 Version. The descriptive statistics included mean and standard deviation. The intergroup comparison was done using independent t test and Chi Square test to find the difference between the individual groups. The level of the significance for the present study was fixed at 5 %. Results: Out of all four plants extracts Piper betle showed maximum antifungal activity in ethyl acetate and ethanolic solutions, while in aqueous solution Murraya koenigii showed high antifungal activity. MIC value of Piper betle is 125 µg/L which was lowest among the four used extracts. Conclusion: Piper betle showed promising antifungal activity and thus can be further studied for its practical applications in modern medicine.