BeyondCorp

The task of natural language generation by computer requires a method for the selection of lexical items that refer to concepts. A generation system cannot assume that every concept will have an appropriate lexical entry associated with it. Similarly, a generation system must avoid redundant text and must strive for the most specific descriptions possible. This paper presents an algorithm for lexical selection that takes advantage of a conceptual network in which we represent the relationships between concepts (such as which concepts subsume each other and what differentiates concepts at different levels of generality). When the algorithm chooses a lexical realization for a concept, it first checks to see if the concept to be expressed is associated with a lexical entry. If so, that entry is used. If the concept does not have the appropriate lexical associations, the algorithm generates a phrase with a more general head term and restrictive modifiers. It does this by using the conceptual network to compute a semantically appropriate head term, and then modifying the request for generation by adding restrictions that differentiate the concept associated with the head term from the concept initially requested. Similarly, the conceptual network is used to eliminate redundant modifiers by computing the information contained in a lexical item that is chosen as a head term. Here the algorithm modifies the generation request to avoid restating the extra information. This algorithm is being implemented within Penman, a computerized system for the generation of English text from statements in a first-order predicate calculus language.

Neurophysiology of juvenile myoclonic epilepsy: EEG-based network and graph analysis of the interictal and immediate preictal states

The reduction of energy-related CO2 emissions by more efficient enery use in medium sized companies is one of the most profitable options. However, these opportunities are scarcely realised because of many obstacles and market failures. High transaction cost and decision routines play an important role for decision making and procurement of the companies. A network concept being developed in Switzerland and covering an initial consulting of each participating company, targets for the network, regular and moderated meetings of the energy managers for mutual exchange of experiences and a yearly monitoring alleviates many of these obstacles. It doubles the energy efficiency progress relative to the average progress of industry. This network concept can be fully realised by industry itself. Average energy savings per site and year are 100,000 € and average CO2 emission reduction about 500 t CO2 per year and site. Assuming a maximum potential of 700 Networks, additional emission reductions of some 10 Mio. t CO2 seem to be possible in Germany by 2020. A network management system for consulting engineers and moderators allows a minimum performance standard of how to start and operate those efficiency networks.

Collective laser coupling of the fiber array in the inertial confinement fusion (ICF) laser driver based on the concept of fiber amplification network (FAN) is researched. The feasible parameter space is given for laser coupling of the fundamental, second and third harmonic waves by neglecting the influence of the frequency conversion on the beam quality under the assumption of beam quality factor conservation. Third harmonic laser coupling is preferred due to its lower output energy requirement from a single fiber amplifier. For coplanar fiber array, the energy requirement is around 0.4 J with an effective mode field diameter of around 500 μm while maintaining the fundamental mode operation which is more than one order of magnitude higher than what can be achieved with state-of-the-art technology. Novel waveguide structure needs to be developed to enlarge the fundamental mode size while mitigating the catastrophic self-focusing effect.

Networks with a small world topology are distinguished by the characteristics of their connections, allowing two nodes, distant from each other, to be linked by a shorter path. This work relates the concept of small world network in the area of Education Sciences in particular in the integration of teaching cloister in the world system of higher education. A relation is established with micro-world and nanoworld concepts defined in previous works and the term of constellations of small worlds is defined, which allows to group subsets of the network that we analyze. It is concluded that the concept of small world network can be understood in the integration of teaching cloisters to the world system of higher education, which would allow to increase the quality of teaching and research work in Latin America.

Wi-Fi networking has been becoming increasingly popular in recent years, both in terms of applications and as the subject of academic research papers and articles in the IT press. It is important that students grasp the basic concepts of both Wi-Fi networking and wireless propagation measurements. Unfortunately, the underlying concepts of wireless networking often intimidate students with their apparently overwhelming complexity, thereby discouraging the students from learning in-depth this otherwise exciting and rewarding subject. This chapter provides a tutorial on Wi-Fi networking and radio propagation measurements using wireless laptops and access points. Various hands-on learning activities are also discussed.

This paper explores evolution of the notion of knowledge network for the first time. Firstly, the evolution of the concept of knowledge network is discussed from "network of scientific papers" by Price to Brooks' "knowledge map", "knowledge gene" and "knowledge network". Secondly, various concepts in different research viewpoints and research background in the evolution of the concept of knowledge network are analyzed. Four theories are concluded as "theory of map", "theory of gene", "theory of network" and "theory of knowledge forms" from the aspect of discipline of science. Finely, philosophical rules of the concept evolution of knowledge network are expounded.

Dynamic models of real‐time markets are important since they lead to additional insights of the behavior and stability of power system markets. The main topic of this paper is the analysis of real‐time market dynamics in a novel power system structure that is based on the concept of autonomous networks. The concept of autonomous networks (AN), also briefly presented in the paper, is an approach that enables large‐scale integration of dispersed generation in a market‐based power system. A realistic, decentralized provision of power imbalance ancillary services is proposed and analyzed. It is based on control of power flow deviations among autonomous networks and is shown to have a stabilizing effect for the real‐time energy market. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Models predicting language maintenance and shift among immigrant groups have been primarily derived from large-scale group studies. Although these studies have identified a large inventory of factors that influence individuals' decisions about first-language maintenance, they have largely not addressed the issue of the social mechanisms by which individuals negotiate and sustain their choices. This article presents parts of a small-scale study designed to allow such an investigation. The concept of social network is proposed as an organizing mechanism underlying individuals' choices. In particular, this article, after a closer look at a highly elaborated concept of social network, suggests ways that research tools used in large-scale studies might be improved. The subjects are ten immigrant women in the US. By selecting educated, English-proficient, and ethnically isolated subjects, the significance of economic and political pressures was reduced. The subjects were ranked as maintainers or shifters according to frequency of L1 usage across domains. An elaborate social-network questionnaire was designed in order to establish which features of the network would pattern with maintenance ratings. For eight of the ten subjects, there is a strong association between maintenance ratings and the ratio of L1 to L2 speakers in the speaker's secondary network in the US. In addition to this primarily quantitative part of the study, in order to find further factors possibly standing in relationship to observed language maintenance or shift, the ten subjects were studied using qualitative interview data. These revealed factors that are both network-related (for example, pressures from within families toward the bilingual upbringing of children) and non-network-related (pride in the home country). The maintainers also showed a stronger emotional attachment to their L1s than the shifters. As these factors helped explain discrepancies in the first part of the analysis and were not

Nowadays, to provide a picture of the current intrusive activities in the network, detection methods are important to tackle the probable risks of attackers' malicious behaviors. Intrusion Detection Systems (IDSs), as detection solutions, are one of the main devices to record and analyze suspicious activities. A huge number of low-level alerts generated by IDSs clearly reflect the need for a novel alert correlation system to reduce alert redundancy, correlate security alerts, and discover multi-step attack scenarios. In this paper, we propose a novel alert correlation framework which processes the generated alerts in real time, correlate the alerts, construct the attack scenarios using the concept of Bayesian networks and forecasts the next goal of attackers using the creation of attack prediction rules. The proposed framework has two modes: on-line and offline. In the off-line mode, a Bayesian Attack Graph (BAG) is constructed using the concept of Bayesian networks. Then, in the on-line mode, the most probable next steps of the attacker are predicted. Experimental results show that the framework is efficient enough in detecting multi-step attack strategies without using any predefined knowledge. The results also show that the algorithm perfectly forecasts multi-step attacks before they can compromise the network.

A definition of network entropy is presented, and as an example, the relationship between the value of network entropy of ER network model and the connect probability p as well as the total nodes N is discussed. The theoretical result and the simulation result based on the network entropy of the ER network are in agreement well with each other. The result indicated that different from the other network entropy reported before, the network entropy defined here has an obvious difference from different type of random networks or networks having different total nodes. Thus, this network entropy may portray the characters of complex networks better. It is also pointed out that, with the aid of network entropy defined, the concept of equilibrium networks and the concept of non-equilibrium networks may be introduced, and a quantitative measurement to describe the deviation to equilibrium state of a complex network is carried out.

This chapter proposes innovative features of future industrial organizations in order to provide them with the capabilities to manage high levels of environmental complexity in the 21st century. For such a purpose the author introduces the concept of Computational Organization Management Networks (COMN), which represents new organizations whose principles of operation are based on the concepts of Hierarchic Cognitive Systems (HCS) along with those of Telecommunications Management Networks (TMN). Structured with functional layers and cognitive roles that range from technical and managerial to institutional levels of analysis, and also equipped with operational, managerial and strategic processes, the concept of Computational Organization Management Networks (COMN) plays an important part in the developments of future organizations where cognitive machines and Cognitive Information Systems (CIS) are prominent actors of governance, automation and control of the whole enterprise. It is in such a context that the new organization COMN will provide customers and the whole environment with innovations such as immersiveness for the production of services and goods that are most customer-centric.

Currently, the idea that the brain is a complex network of interacting brain regions is hardly controversial. The rapid development of this field is often attributed to the emergence of powerful brain-imaging techniques and, around the millennium, the merging of the neuroscience of brain networks with modern mathematical graph theory. However, little is known about the historical roots of this concept. It is interesting to know when the first traces of a concept of brain networks can be found in the work of early neuroscientists, how this concept evolved over time, and what factors may have influenced this evolution. This study aims to set a first step in addressing these questions by a detailed analysis of David Ferrier’s classic study, The Functions of the Brain. From this analysis it will become clear that, in addition to a clear notion of localized functions in the brain, Ferrier speculated in several places about the need for several of these brain regions to communicate and interact in order to bring about higher brain functions. He referred to this perspective on the brain as a “complex whole,” which could be interpreted as an early precursor of the modern concept of brain networks.

The Research Network Prevention and Rehabilitation for Mothers and Children is an association of currently 24 rehabilitation centres for mothers, fathers and their children, and a scientific team at the Hannover Medical School. The Research Network combines practice-oriented research on mother and child health with the further development of treatment programmes and the implementation of internal quality management in mother-/father-child rehabilitation centres in accordance with DIN EN ISO 9001. The present paper describes the concept of the Research Network and the work contents addressed over the last three years. The advantages and disadvantages of this association and the changes initiated in practice were evaluated from the point of view of 19 quality managers of the participating clinics. The data were collected by means of semi-structured interviews, and a qualitative content analysis was performed in order to quantify the responses. The concept of the Research Network has proven successful. In the view of the quality managers of the clinics, implementation of DIN EN ISO 9001 has lead to structuring of the processes, improved internal communication, and increased motivation in the team. The major obstacles were the lack of time and human resources. In all clinics, the participation in practice-related research projects und scientifically monitored concept development has contributed to optimizing everyday practice. The exchange between the quality managers in external quality circle meetings was of central importance. The conjunction of internal quality management, practice-related research and concept development in a network can be recommended also for other associations of clinics, health centres or medical practices.

In this publication, a new conception of a neural network proposed by the author was described. It belongs to the class of self-organizing networks. The theory, structure and learning principles of the network proposed were all described. Further chapters include the application of a system of two proposed neural networks for the solution of a two-dimensional Euclides' travelling salesman problem. The feature of the neural network system proposed is an ability to avoid unfavourable local minima. The article presents graphical results of the evaluation of the neural network system from the initialization point to the determination of the selected TSP instance.