Bi-stable Composite Slit Tubes

Tip force during blossoming of coiled deployable booms

The article considers the evolvement of the main type of non-urban area development in the Guangdong province that is sanjianlianglang in the period of active Europeanization of traditional Chinese architecture. The process of transformation is considered on the example of buildings of the city county-level city Kaiping. The town-planning structure of the settlements built on this type of constructions is studied. The layout structure and the principle of construction of the spatial composition are analyzed. Moreover, its evolution and transformation that gave the possibility to classify different types of sanjianlianglang are studied. The characteristic features of both traditional and eclectic buildings, as well as buildings of the transition period, that links sanjianlianglang and luju, are highlighted. The study revealed the features of these constructions, which formed the basis of the space-planning structure of residential buildings in rural areas of the region. Among those the features of functional zoning, as well as the use of traditional elements such as tianjing (illuminated well) and the altar of ancestors are emphasized.

We build two different frameworks of analysis in order to examine recent literature on entrepreneurial education at two levels: (i) theoretical contributions, and (ii) emerging challenges and solutions in the entrepreneurial classroom. These simple frameworks are used to classify and analyze articles published on the subjects of entrepreneurship education, encompassing methodologies, theories, contents, frameworks and evaluation of programs/subjects, selected from a wide range of journals in the fields of Management and Education over the period 2000–2011.

The Nanxi (Xianyuan) Yangtze River Bridge in Yibin is a composite beam cable-stayed bridge with twin towers and double cable planes and a main span of 572 m. The superstructure is erected by the assembly method. In order to ensure the precise installation and control of internal forces for steel girders and bridge deck slabs of composite beams while also considering the construction efficiency of composite beams, a control method for the installation and erection of the superstructure has been proposed. This method is based on optimizing the internal force and geometric states of segments throughout the entire process, achieved by establishing finite element calculation models for both the full bridge and segmented sections and combining these with comparative studies of on-site monitoring data. With the installation stress and precision of composite beams properly controlled, construction efficiency has been enhanced through the optimization of the pouring process for wet joints between steel girders and concrete bridge deck slabs, as well as the tensioning process for stay cables. The equivalent tension method is applied to the tension process of the stay cable, thus ensuring the uniformity of the cable force of the steel strand. The relevant conclusions are applicable to the same type of composite girder cable-stayed bridge erection construction.

O ne of the newer types of composite bridge construction, in common use today, involves the use of precast prestressed concrete panels which span between longitudinal girders and act as formwork and support for the cast-inplace deck (Fig. 1). This type of bridge has been studied previously,'6 and has generally performed well. Typically, 3 in. (76 mm) prestressing strand extensions project from the sides of the panels (Fig. 1). Elimination of the extensions would facilitate continuous bed manufacture of the panels. This study was undertaken to investigate the structural performance of panels without strand extensions. The study is described in detail in Ref. 7, and is summarized here. Scope and Objectives: A full scale bridge specimen was constructed and tested in the lahoratory_ The northern half of the specimen was made using panels with 3 in. (76 mm) transverse strand extensions, and the southern half, using panels without such extensions. In all other respects, the bridge was similar to actual bridges built for the Texas State Department of Highways and Public Transportation (Texas SDHPT). The specimen was tested under static, fatigue, and concentrated loadings. The primary objective was to determine if the absence of transverse panel strand extensions would affect the bridge's performance under fatigue and static loading conditions. Other objectives were to evaluate the response of the deck to concentrated loads, and to

We provide a simple, yet general and accurate framework for analyzing zero-forcing (ZF) precoding performance for a full-dimensional massive multiple-input multiple-output system. Exploiting an order two Neumann series, our framework approximates the expected (average) ZF signal-to-noise ratio and ergodic sum spectral efficiency, while catering for a finite multipath propagation model, as well as correlated and uncorrelated user equipment (UE) positions in both azimuth and elevation domains. The analysis provides clear insights on the influence of propagation and system parameters on ZF performance. We identify how far UEs must lie in azimuth and elevation for the ZF precoder to approach uncorrelated channels. Our framework is useful for predicting the ZF performance degradation arising from channel correlation. For optimal performance, UEs could be separated by around 30° in azimuth and 15° in elevation - conditions which are difficult to meet in reality.

PurposeThis paper aims to discuss why there is often a gulf of difference between policy rhetoric and reality. In particular, the paper seeks to explore issues with the policy rhetoric, implementation process and the lens through which reality is perceived, explaining why these issues can open up a policy rhetoric‐reality gap. This article also suggests a simple matrix framework to analyse a rhetoric‐reality gap.Design/methodology/approachThis paper is a reflection on, and analysis of, the issue of the difference between policy rhetoric and reality. The framework of analysis involves: issues with policy rhetoric; issues with the implementation process; issues with examining reality.FindingsAlthough policy rhetoric always has laudable aims, the underlying dynamics of change and interaction among the various actors at different levels of the system often means that the rhetoric may be compromised in reality. However, it is also possible that even when implementation reality may not correspond closely to policy rhetoric, the adaptation of the policy allows for a better fit with the local context while allowing the policy rhetoric to retain its evocative values for an ideal state of affairs.Practical implicationsPolicy rhetoric‐reality is not always “evil” and this gap can be systematically investigated.Originality/valueThis paper provides an explanation of the policy rhetoric‐reality gap and suggests a simple matrix framework to analyse such a gap.

This paper presents a simple analytical framework for the dynamic response of cirrus to a local radiative flux convergence, expressible in terms of three independent modes of cloud evolution. Horizontally narrow and tenuous clouds within a stable environment adjust to radiative heating by ascending gradually across isentropes while spreading sufficiently fast that isentropic surfaces stay nearly flat. Alternatively, optically dense clouds experience very concentrated heating, and if they are also very broad, they develop a convecting mixed layer. Along-isentropic spreading still occurs, but in the form of turbulent density currents rather than laminar flows. A third adjustment mode relates to evaporation, which erodes cloudy air as it lofts, regardless of its optical density. The dominant mode is determined from two dimensionless numbers, whose predictive power is shown in comparisons with high-resolution numerical cloud simulations. The power and simplicity of the approach hints that fast, subgrid-scale radiative–dynamic atmospheric interactions might be efficiently parameterized within slower, coarse-grid climate models.

A numerical framework for infinite slope stability analysis under transient unsaturated seepage conditions

Modern construction industry involves the construction of a group of piles and raft foundation over loose soil. This type of composite construction handles eccentric loading and also minimizes the settlement of soil. Analysis of a group of pile foundation is a problematic. Also, the design of raft foundation with piles along with soil-structure interaction effect is somewhat difficult to process as the nature of the structure is affected by superstructure as well as the nature of foundation and soil. This paper includes the analysis of raft foundation with a group of piles using ANSYS Workbench, a finite element software to study load–displacement response in loose sand with interaction effects. Liquefaction phenomenon develops when the structure of loose, saturated sand breaks down due to expeditiously applied load. Three different spacing of piles were considered for the study, viz., 3D, 4D and 5D (where, D is the diameter of circular pile or side of the rectangular pile) with three different configurations, viz., 2 × 2, 2 × 3 and 2 × 4 with a desire of finding an optimum number of piles and piles spacing for loose sand. Analysis of pile groups having 2 × 4 and 2 × 3 configuration has been done on ANSYS Workbench and discussion and solution on results are presented in this research. Also, a comparison of various stress analysis results between 2 × 2 and 2 × 3 configuration of piles is discussed.

This paper intends to recast the IS-LM to an analytical framework that reflects, more pertinently than the conventional version, Keynes's central analytical message in his General Theory resulting from his secession from the classics. The secession is imagined to be a process of transition from a simple analytical framework of the classics to this recast form of the IS-LM. Moreover the arguments in the paper occasionally touch on certain misleading conventional views pertaining to the issues.

The authors, Fleck and Deshpande (FD), are grateful for the interest shown in their work (1) by Tan et al. (2).The aim of the FD study (1) was to present a simple analytical framework in order to understand the sequence of deformation events in shock-loaded sandwich beams. The analytical framework, although limited in accuracy, provides physical insight and allows for the interpretation of full numerical simulations and experiments. We reply to the comments of Tan et al. (2) point by point.Points 1 and 2: We agree with Tan et al. (2) that the Taylor (3) analysis is of limited accuracy for strong air shocks. However, the FD analysis can handle strong air shocks provided one takes the transmitted impulse as an input to the model. This was done in the paper.Point 3: (i) A global energy balance is a possible assumption for the core compression phase, leading to an internally self-consistent theory. FD used it in order to obtain simple analytical expressions for the degree of core compression. Recently, the accuracy of this assumption in predicting the sandwich panel shock response has been assessed by Deshpande and Fleck (4) for the case of a foam core. For such a core, shock wave effects and rate effects are important. The simple energy balance then over-predicts the degree of core compression as it neglects additional mechanisms of dissipation (largely viscous we believe).Recall that the FD model was developed for lattice cores such as the corrugated core. The application of shock theory to those cores remains in open topic and hence FD used a simple energy balance argument to develop an initial understanding of the sandwich beam response.Point 3: (ii) Tan et al. (2) argue that large internal energy can accrue in a metallic foam made from a rate independent plastic solid material by a switch in the deformation mode from bending to stretching of the cell walls. It is difficult to see how this mechanism switch can explain increases in plastic work by an order of magnitude or more at high velocities. This can argued as follows. An ideal work calculation can be performed by equating the change in internal energy shown in the FE calculations of Tan et al. (2) to the degree of axial stretch of the cell walls of the foam in the extreme case of all the cell walls equally sharing this energy change. In the case of an impact velocity vo=200ms−1, each cell wall would need to undergo a nominal compressive strain of 0.991 or equivalently the cell walls thickening by more than a factor of 100. This is physically unrealistic and not borne out by experiment (5). It is the opinion of FD that a major component to the internal work in the simulations of Tan et al. (2) (Figs. 1 and 2) is from the artificial viscosity inherent in the explicit FE simulations using ABAQUS.Point 4: We agree that the dynamic strength of lattice cores can exceed the static strength. This can be due to rate sensitivity and∕or inertial effects. The FD analysis neglects both effects. Despite these simplifications (not inconsistencies) the model is remarkably robust.Comparison of the FD analysis with more sophisticated calculations and experiments remains an active research topic, and FD welcome such activity.

Environmental policy integration (EPI) is a key defining feature of sustainable development. Despite the fact that EPI has been the subject of much debate both in academic and policy-making circles, conceptual issues relating to EPI have received relatively little treatment. The conceptual work that has been completed on EPI generally fails to place the concept in an appropriate environmental policy context, and this in turn appears to betray the fact that the concept clearly implies a relatively strong revision of the traditional hierarchy of policy objectives. In this article the authors discuss the origins of the concept and provide conceptual clarification regarding its definition and context. Further, the article derives a simple analytical framework consisting of vertical and horizontal dimensions of EPI, which can serve as a useful point of departure for further empirical work on the implementation of EPI.

Limited asset markets participation, monetary policy and (inverted) aggregate demand logic

BackgroundCellular constituents such as proteins, DNA, and RNA form a complex web of interactions that regulate biochemical homeostasis and determine the dynamic cellular response to external stimuli. It follows that detailed understanding of these patterns is critical for the assessment of fundamental processes in cell biology and pathology. Representation and analysis of cellular constituents through network principles is a promising and popular analytical avenue towards a deeper understanding of molecular mechanisms in a system-wide context.FindingsWe present Functional Genomics Assistant (FUGA) - an extensible and portable MATLAB toolbox for the inference of biological relationships, graph topology analysis, random network simulation, network clustering, and functional enrichment statistics. In contrast to conventional differential expression analysis of individual genes, FUGA offers a framework for the study of system-wide properties of biological networks and highlights putative molecular targets using concepts of systems biology.ConclusionFUGA offers a simple and customizable framework for network analysis in a variety of systems biology applications. It is freely available for individual or academic use at http://code.google.com/p/fuga.