Biodiesel for Future Transportation Energy Needs

Physicochemical relationships of the phase distribution of the reactants in epoxidation of fatty acid methyl esters of vegetable oils with performic acid generated in situ were determined.. The progress of epoxidation is accompanied by redistribution of the organic and aqueous phase volumes. The major cause of changes in the phase volumes is the transfer of peroxide oxygen from the aqueous phase into the organic phase upon formation of epoxy groups. A comparable change in the phase volumes is due to reactive extraction of aqueous phase components with the epoxy compounds formed.

Recycling waste frying oils is an important issue concerning environmental and economic problems. Biodiesel production from waste oil is an effective method to obtain a sustainable energy source. Biodiesel attracts attention as a renewable and environmentally friendly alternative that can replace traditional fossil fuels in diesel engines. However, various process parameters such as process temperature, alcohol/oil ratio, and type of catalyst need to be carefully adjusted to increase the efficiency and optimize the quality of the biodiesel production process from waste oils. This study uses the Taguchi method to determine the most suitable process parameters for experimental biodiesel production from waste oils. The study's findings, which identified the optimum conditions for biodiesel production from waste frying oil, have the potential to impact the field of sustainable energy significantly. Three essential parameters were selected for investigation: the molar ratio of alcohol to oil, reaction temperature, and reaction time. Each parameter was examined at two levels, denoted as L-4 (23). Four experimental runs were conducted using the selected parameters and their respective levels to produce biodiesel from waste frying oil. Optimum conditions were found to be 1:6 for oil/methanol molar ratio, 60°C for reaction temperature, and 60 min for reaction time. Under optimum reaction conditions, biodiesel yield was an average of 97.7 %.

Biodiesel is an alternative fuel for diesel engine. The methyl esters of vegetable oils, known as biodiesel are becoming increasingly popular because of their low environmental impact and potential as a green alternative fuel for diesel engine. This paper deals with the manufacturing process of Biodiesel from jatropha and neem oil. Biodiesel was prepared from neem oil and jatropha oil, the transestrified having kinematic viscosity of 3 & 2.6 centistokes, methanol ratio is 6:1 & 5.1respectively. The secondary solution is preheated at 65 C & 60 C and reaction temperature is maintained at 60C & 55 C and reaction time is 60 minutes approximately with NaOH catalyst and low viscosity oil is allowed to settle 24 hours. The average yield of neem and jatropha methyl esters was about 85%. These methyl esters shows excellent alternative under optimum condition for fossil fuels.

в Україні. Розглянуто стан паливно-енергетичного та транспортного сектору України. Показано, що однією із найактуальніших проблем енергетики України є скорочення споживання власних нафтопродуктів, і, як наслідок пошук нових відновлюваних джерел енергоресурсів. Представлено огляд сучасного стану розвитку біопаливної галузі в Україні та світі, зокрема у галузі виробництва біодизельного палива. Наведено основні нормативно-технічні документи щодо виробництва та використання біодизельного палива. Розглянуто доступні на сьогодні сировинні ресурси, що можуть застосовуватися для виробництва біодизельного палива — усі види рослинних олій, що є традиційними для України (соєва, соняшникова, кукурудзяна), але найчастіше ріпакова олія та порівняно нова рижієва олія. Проведено порівняльний аналіз агротехнічних характеристик ріпакової та рижієвої олії. Показано, що культура рижію характеризується високою холодо- і посухостійкістю, меншою вимогливістю до родючості ґрунтів і особливо до застосування хімічних засобів захисту від шкідників та хвороб, що майже у двічі знижує собівартість насіння. Проведено порівняльний аналіз зразків біодизельних палив на основі метилових та етилових естерів ріпакової та рижієвої олії. Сформульовано та наведено переваги використання рижієвої перед ріпаковою, як альтернативи для виробництва біодизельного палива. Показано, що фізико-хімічні та експлуатаційні властивості зразків досліджених біопалив, зокрема на основі рижієвої олії, цілком задовольняють вимоги стандартів на біодизельне паливо. У результаті проведеного дослідження зроблено висновок, що рижієва олія може бути ефективно використана для виробництва біодизельного палива і використання для повної або часткової заміни традиційного нафтового дизельного палива.

The biorefinery is a system that uses as feedstocks biomasses and recover from these energy, fuel and chemicals. There are many processes considered in the biorefinery system, but in this thesis the biorefinery that uses as feedstock oil, in particular dedicated crops and waste vegetable oils were considered. In the first part of this thesis the biodiesel production process was studied. One possible route to produce biodiesel from waste oils (carachetrized by high concentrations of Free Fatty Acids, FFAs), is the use of a two steps process: an esterification reaction of FFAs with glycerol and a successive transesterification reaction with methanol of the whole mixture using a basic catalyst. In this thesis the esterification step of FFAs with glycerol, in presence of a new acid heterogeneous catalyst based on sulfonated polymers with enhanced temperature resistance, was studied. The use of this type of catalyst has the advantage of using a relatively high temperature favouring the reaction by stripping of water formed during the esterification The use of an acid catalyst that is able to tranesesterify the glycerides and to esterify the FFAs is onther way to obtained biodiesel from waste or non edible oils. In this thesis the reactions of contemporany esterification of FFAs and tranesterification of glycerides were studied using new homogeneous or supported homogneous Zn(II) catalysts and a NbO2/SiO2 heterogeneous catalyst. The second part of this thesis was devoted to study of new catalysts for chlorination reaction of glycerol recovered from biodiesel production process.The behavior of three series of homologous catalysts, chloroacetic acid series (acetic acid, monochloroacetic, dichloroacetic and trichloroacetic acid), glycolic acid series (glycolic acid, di‐glycolic acid and thio‐glycolic acid) and amminoacid series (glutamic acid, aspartic acid and cysteine), were investigated for their activity and selectivity to produce dichlorohydrins, important intermediates for epichlorohydrin production. In the present study we explored also a completely new class of catalysts for glycerol chlorination, represented by acyl chlorides, never reported in the literature. The catalysts studied are acetyl chloride, propanoyl chloride, adypoyl chloride, butandioil di-chloride, propandioil di-chloride and phenylacetyl chloride and more precisely it is reported a comparison between the acyl chlorides respect to corresponding carboxylic acid. The influence of some reaction parameters are studied as for example the effects of the pressure on activity and selectivity. Finally I use acyl chloride in stoichiometric amount in order to open new opportunities for chlorination process of glycerol with hydrochloric acid performed in situ.

<div class="htmlview paragraph">The methyl esters of vegetable oils known as biodiesel, are receiving increasing interests because of their potential for low environmental impact as an alternative fuel to diesel vehicles. There is not much data collected on engine and vehicles using biodiesel from non-edible oils, particularly on new generation Common Rail Diesel Engines (CRDe).The present experimental study reports the performance and exhaust emissions of a CRDe engine using 10% & 20% (by vol.) blends of Jatropha and Karanja oil methyl ester (JCME & KOME) with conventional diesel fuel. To begin with studies were conducted on a SUV, powered by Euro III / BSIII optimized ECU controlled 2.6 l Common Rail Diesel engine (CRDe) configured with a diesel oxidation catcon and exhaust gas recirculation system. The impact of using biodiesel blends was studied in terms of cold startability, drivability, acceleration, max speed, gradeability, fuel economy and exhaust emissions. Compared to conventional diesel fuel, biodiesel operation shows lower emissions of CO, UBHC, PM and FAS but slightly higher NOx. The overall noise level of the vehicle was also touched upon during the studies.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">The study was also extended to evaluate relative vehicle performance at high altitude and cold conditions. The highlights of this study are the performance evaluation at world's highest motorable pass.</div>

NATURAL GAS AND OTHER ALTERNATIVE FUELS FOR TRANSPORTATION PURPOSES

The article reviews the ways of improving economic sustainability by means of growing bio-raw materials for the production of energy resources. Biogas and its derivative – biomethane, are considered the most promising in terms of the efficient use of various types of biofuels (bioethanol, rapeseed oil, methyl esters of vegetable oils, biogas or biomethane) per unit area. The production of gaseous biofuels will replace fossil non-renewable energy resources and reduce the production costs of agricultural items. It is worth noting that animal waste and plant raw materials are effectively used in biogas complexes.

In many countries, methyl esters of vegetable oils are blended with petroleum diesel and used as a partial substituent to petroleum diesel. In our experimentation, neat cotton seed methyl ester (without blending) was implemented as fuel for a direct injection compression ignition engine. Cotton seed methyl ester cetane number and calorific value are close to petroleum diesel. But the flash point, auto-ignition temperature and viscosity are higher than petroleum diesel. If it is preheated, the viscosity will decrease and flow ability in the fuel lines will increase. While injecting, the atomization level of the fuel was also improved by the preheating. But too much heating is not preferable, because it causes formation of vapors in the fuel lines. Preheating of methyl ester to the correct temperature gives better thermal efficiency and lower environmental pollution. Hence in our investigations, cotton seed methyl ester is preheated to different temperatures (27°C, 35°C, 40°C, 45°C, 52°C and 55°C) and implemented as fuel for a direct injection compression ignition engine. At these temperatures, engine performance, fuel combustion and pollutants in the exhaust gas are analyzed. It was found, preheating of cotton seed methyl ester to a temperature between 45°C and 52°C gives lower pollutants and better thermal efficiency.

Recent concerns over the environment, increasing fuel prices and scarcity of its supply have promoted the interest in development of the alternative sources for petroleum fuels. The methyl esters of vegetable oils, known as biodiesel are becoming increasingly popular because of their low environmental impact and potential as a green alternative fuel for diesel engine and they would not require significant modification of existing engine hardware. Methyl ester of Karanja (KME) derived through transesterification process. Experimental investigations have been carried out to examine properties, performance and emissions of different blends ( KB10,KB20, KB30, KB40 and KB50) of KME. However, its diesel blends showed reasonable efficiencies, lower smoke, CO and HC.

Ultrasonic versus silent methylation of vegetable oils

Simultaneous determination of glycerol, and mono-, di- and triglycerides in vegetable oil methyl esters by capillary gas chromatography

Biodiesel is a renewable fuel obtained from vegetable or animal oils and a good alternative to fossil fuels. Since the raw material cost constitutes much of the total biodiesel production cost, cheaper waste oils are potential substitutes for vegetable oils in biodiesel production. Coffee is the product with the second-highest trade volume in the world after oil, at approximately 1.5–2 million tons annually, and results in a huge amount of waste. Recycling such waste into fuels is a promising way to solve the waste problem and this waste is potential raw material for biodiesel production. In this study, biodiesel was produced from the oil extracted from Turkish coffee waste, which has approximately 10–15% oil. The molar ratio of methanol to Turkish coffee waste oil (12, 15, 20), catalyst concentration (1, 1.5, 2 wt.%), and time (60, 120 min.) were the studied parameters. Potassium hydroxide and ion exchange resin were used as catalysts in the experiments. The highest biodiesel yield was obtained with potassium hydroxide catalyst, while the results obtained by using ion exchange resin may be improved. After the parametric study was completed for biodiesel production, the physical and chemical properties of the produced biodiesel were compared with the international biodiesel standards. The values of properties were at an acceptable level and are suitable for improvement.

Reduction of diesel smoke opacity from vegetable oil methyl esters during transient operation

Environmental and enviroeconomic researches on diesel engines with diesel and biodiesel fuels