Bioethics and empirical evidence.

Evidentiary Problems of Multidisciplinarity in the Litigation of Business Method Patents

Should borderline personality disorder be included in the fourth edition of the Chinese classification of mental disorders?

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This Handbook chapter examines the main distinct concerns facing the application of empirical behavioral evidence to antitrust law and economics—also known as “behavioral antitrust.” More than many (though not all) other legal fields, antitrust law is primarily concerned with the conduct of firms in markets rather than in individual behavior per se. Yet much of the empirical evidence that behavioral antitrust draws on concerns individual behavior outside the firm, often in nonmarket settings. Hence besides adducing additional, direct empirical evidence on behavioral phenomena within firms and markets, there is a need to determine when and how the behavioral evidence on human judgment and decision behavior more generally is informative for antitrust. To this end, the chapter considers the ways in which markets and firms shape behavior. Direct evidence and theoretical analysis both reveal these institutions variously to facilitate rationality and deviations from it. After illustrating the implications of the complex interaction among markets, firms, and the rationality of antitrust actors across different areas of the law and enforcement policy, the chapter concludes by sketching some important open questions and future research directions in behavioral antitrust.

view Abstract Citations (48) References (65) Co-Reads Similar Papers Volume Content Graphics Metrics Export Citation NASA/ADS Empirical evidence concerning absorption lines and radiation pressure in quasi-stellar objects. Burbidge, E. M. ; Burbidge, G. R. Abstract Empirical spectroscopic evidence is examined for the hypothesis that radiation pressure having large gradients with wavelength plays a crucial role in maintaining patterns of redshift differences in quasars. Seventy-four absorption-line redshift systems in 32 quasars and two Seyfert galaxies are analyzed and discussed in terms of the radiation-pressure line-locking hypothesis. Redshift line ratios greater than unity are computed for each quasar and plotted as histograms. Ratios which may indicate line and edge locking are identified, including those of the C IV and Mg II doublets and those of the N III/C III, He II/O III, C II/He I, Ly-beta/H I, and H I/He I ionization edges. Publication: The Astrophysical Journal Pub Date: December 1975 DOI: 10.1086/153975 Bibcode: 1975ApJ...202..287B Keywords: Absorption Spectra; Quasars; Radiation Pressure; Red Shift; Gas Flow; Line Spectra; Mathematical Models; Seyfert Galaxies; Spectroscopic Analysis; Stellar Radiation; Astrophysics full text sources ADS | data products SIMBAD (5) NED (5)

Opportune Niches in Data Ecosystems: Open Data Intermediaries in the Agriculture Sector in Ghana

Intermediary institutions have been at the heart of financial systems in efficient allocation of resources in emerging economies and a reliable assessment of that system is a prerequisite to managerial decision-making. After more than 30 years of development, the capital market system has been basically formulated in Turkey, and the intermediary institutions have experienced a rapid development as well. However, due to the late start of intermediary institutions development in Turkish capital markets, empirical evidence on the efficiency profiles of them is quite scarce and comprehensive efficiency evaluation process has been required. The main purpose of the research is to assess the efficiency profiles and productivity change of Turkish intermediary institutions during the years 2005 and 2016 using a comprehensive framework based on survey results, Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) and Malmquist Total Factor Productivity Index. Based on DEA findings, that unique dataset allows to analyse that intermediary institutions in Turkey have highest efficiency scores in terms of scale efficiency. Furthermore, listed ones are significantly more technical, pure technical and scale efficient than their non-listed peers. According to Malmquist index, listed intermediary institutions have more stable in terms of total productivity change than the others during the observation period. Both for the groups, the volatility in technological change is higher than the other efficiency changes. Empirical findings evidence that, on average, the intermediary institutions operating in Turkey have not yet to enhance optimum levels of technical efficiency. That study may provide a starting point for further investigation and validation into the efficiency of the Turkish intermediary institutions. This strand of research could provide significant information for policy makers for enhancing the level of technological efficiency as well.

PurposeThis paper aims to examine the recent performance of European Union (EU) telecommunications policy in the context of the policy aims set out in the original green paper of 1987. It also aims to consider some problems encountered in applying the regulatory rules to interconnection, mobile roaming and broadband.Design/methodology/approachThe paper draws on economic and institutional analysis undertaken in 2007, complemented with monitoring of the EU policy response and empirical evidence until 2012.FindingsThe paper finds that, despite the success of the regulatory reform of 2003, the EU has encountered problems in dealing with a few “big ticket” policy items via its market reviews. The difficulties stem from a mix of factors, including poor methodological design and an erroneous assumption that effective competition is feasible in all market segments. Three main avenues for improvement are suggested, whilst retaining the basic structure of the cycle of market reviews.Originality/valueThe paper draws on theory, as well as empirical and institutional evidence over two decades, to highlight some flaws in dealing with some key telecommunications policy issues in the EU. It is of value to policy makers, industry analysts and academics.

A key determinant of diet quality in outer regional to very remote areas is the higher cost of food. This systematic scoping review aims to identify evidence gaps on drivers of the cost of food, to guide future research and policy development to improve food security across outer regional to very remote areas of Australia. The Joanna Briggs Institute three step literature search was utilised and the review was conducted in accordance with PRISMA guidelines. Five electronic databases (Ovid MEDLINE, CINAHL, Informit, Embase, Scopus) were systematically searched in September 2024. Peer-reviewed literature set in outer regional to very remote regions of Australia were included if they were on the topic of food and food price and the drivers influencing these. Title and abstract screening were performed by two authors, as well as double screening of full texts by two authors. Data were extracted from included articles regarding remoteness category, aims, sampling, methodology, drivers influencing food price, outcomes and implications on policy, as well as author commentary on the drivers of food price. The CREATE tool for research involving Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander communities was completed by two authors, with guidance from two First Nations authors and the senior author. Twenty articles published between 1987 to 2022 met the inclusion criteria. Most studies reported on remoteness itself as the determinant of high food price. Other drivers of food price included freight, high operating costs of smaller stores and weather events. Those living in outer regional to very remote Australia pay more for food, however there is a lack of empirical detailed evidence on the drivers of higher food price. To effectively address the higher cost of food in outer regional, rural, and remote Australia and promote food security in these areas, empirical evidence on system determinants could complement existing expert evidence for targeted policy and government support.

Density-dependent mortality is a key mechanism regulating fish population dynamics, yet empirical evidence from tropical systems remains limited. This study investigated density-dependent survival during early life stages of 25 dominant taxa from trawl landings in the Gulf of Thailand, a productive tropical system dominated by multispecies and multi-gear fisheries, where trash fish (TF) catches from trawlers comprise proportions of juveniles. Temporal variation in the abundance of fish at ages smaller than L 25 was linked to subsequent survival patterns to evaluate compensatory dynamics. Growth parameters revealed wide interspecific variation in life-history strategies, ranging from fast-growing ( Encrasicholina spp.) to a slower-growing demersal group (Sciaenidae). Most taxa exhibited a negative density– survival relationship, with 11 taxa (including Rastrelliger kanagurta, Atule mate , and Lutjanus lutjanus ) showing strong and significant compensatory density dependence ( p < 0.001), indicating elevated mortality at higher juvenile densities. Evidence for depensatory dynamics was weak and statistically unsupported. These results provide empirical biological evidence that compensatory density-dependent mortality commonly operates during early life stages in tropical multispecies and multi-gear fisheries. The findings suggest that juvenile removal via TF catches does not uniformly translate into reduced long-term productivity, highlighting the importance of incorporating early-life density dependence into stock assessment and management frameworks.

This paper analyzes the effects of changes in relative commodity prices on the distribution of income among factors of production in the context of two models of a simple, two-good economy. In the first model capital is treated as a specific factor in each industry, with labor mobile between industries. The assumption of specificity determines the direction of factor income changes, with magnitudes depending on substitutability between factors and on intensities of factor use within the two industries. In the second model, capital is viewed as a quasi-fixed factor. For the short run, this model is identical to the model first considered. For the long run, this model is identical to the Stolper-Samuelson model in which the direction and magnitude of factor income changes depend solely on relative factor intensities. The difference between the short-run and long-run determinants of changes in factor incomes gives rise to a conflict between factor owners' short-run and long-run interests.

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to survey and analyze current process improvement (PI) approaches, their empirical results reported in the literature, and develop accordingly a conceptual framework and implementation guidelines.Design/methodology/approachA literature review of the popular business database to search for case studies and empirical research on PI methods was conducted. The empirical evidence on success and failure factors were inferred and tabulated. Based on synthesis of the lessons learned from this empirical evidence along with concepts drawn from economics, and operations management, a conceptual framework is developed.FindingsIt was found that the framework would serve as a diagnostic tool for identification of, and recovering from root causes of problems and inefficiencies faced in business environments. The framework proposed synthesizes and extends earlier PI tools and basic approaches used for mitigating disruptions faced in operations practice. The framework design consists of three main phases: Specify; Analyze; and Monitor closely. Accordingly, it is denoted by SAM.Practical implicationsDecision makers can be altered to both the success factors and causes of failure of different PI approaches, and a framework is provided along with implementation guidelines that help assure practical effectiveness of PI efforts. The guidelines provided for practicing managers comprise two categories: specific; tool‐based, and general; system‐based.Originality/valueThe contribution of this paper is two fold: first, empirical evidence on the drivers of success and failure of four main PI approaches, were synthesized. These include: six sigma, benchmarking, reengineering and process mapping. Second, based on this empirical evidence, a conceptual framework that guides both the choice and implementation of business process improvement programs is developed. The proposed framework and its implementation guidelines help assure actual effectiveness of PI practice.

Wei, B.; Guo, X., and Wang, Z., 2020. PPP mode and regional economic development – empirical evidence from coastal areas of China. In: Li, L. and Huang, X. (eds.), Sustainable Development in Coastal Regions: A Perspective of Environment, Economy, and Technology. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 112, pp. 262-268. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208.Based on China's provincial data from 2000 to 2017, this paper investigates the role of infrastructure investment under PPP mode in promoting coastal and inland economic development. The study finds that the PPP mode can significantly promote China's economic growth by breaking down administrative monopolies, improving resource mismatches and increasing total factor productivity. What's more, we find that the impact of the PPP mode on regional economic growth has a significant inverted U-shaped characteristic by using threshold model. Compared with inland regions, PPP mode can no longer significantly promote economic growth of coastal areas. The discrepancy is due to differences in regional infrastructure capital stock, local leading industries, and the degree of regional marketization. This research offers theoretical reference to the local governments which plan to introduce PPP mode, and also provides enlightenment on how to develop the economy under the "New Normal".

1. Introduction Part One - Theory 2. The Balance of Payments Constraint as an Explanation of International Growth Rate Differences - A. P. Thirlwall 3. The Balance of Payments Constraint, Capital Flows and Growth Rate Differences Between Developing Countries - A. P. Thirlwall and M. Nureldin-Hussain 4. Economic Growth, the Harrod Foreign Trade Multiplier and the Hicks' Super-Multiplier - John McCombie 5. Economic Growth, Trade Interlinkages and the Balance of Payments Constraint - John McCombie 6. International Competitiveness, Relative Wages and the Balance of Payments Constraint - R. Blecker 7. The Stability of Thirlwall's Model of Economic Growth and the Balance of Payments Constraint - M. Pugno 8. The Balance of Payments Constraint - from Balanced Trade to Sustainable Debt - N. Barbosa-Filho Part Two - Developed Countries 9. On the Empirics of Balance of Payments Constrained Growth - John McCombie 10. The 45-Degree Rule Revisited - P. Anderson 11. A New Approach to Balance of Payments Constraint - Some Empirical Evidence - J. A. Alonso 12. An Application of Thirlwall's Law to the Spanish Economy - M. Leon-Ledesma Part Three - Developing Countries 13. Balance of Payments Constrained Growth and Developing Countries - an Examination of Thirlwall's Hypothesis - J. Perraton 14. The Balance of Payments Constraint and Growth Rate Differences Between African and East Asian Economies - M. Nureldin Hussain 15. The Chronicle of Growth in Southeast Asian Countries - Does Thirlwall's Law Provide an Adequate Explanation? - N. Ansari, H. Hashemzadeh and Y. Xi 16. Thirlwall's Law and Beyond - the Latin American Experience - J. Lopez and A. Cruz 17. Balance of Payments Constrained Growth in Central America - 1950-96 - J. C. Moreno Brid and E. Perez 18. Balance of Payments Constrained Growth - the Case of Mexico - J. C. Moreno Brid 19. A Generalised Version of the Balance of Payments Constrained Growth Model - An Application to Neighbouring Regions - K. Nell

The publisher of Management Decision is issuing an expression of concern for the following article by “Zhu, M. and Tao, Y. (2022), “Economic policy uncertainty, entrepreneurial risk appetite, and corporation innovation in innovative cities – empirical evidence from the Shenzhen Special Economic Zone”, Management Decision, Vol. 62 No. 8 pp. 2451-2471, doi: https://doi.org/10.1108/MD-05-2022-0583,” which was submitted to the guest-edited special issue “Navigating the role of circular economy in entrepreneurship: Opportunities and challenges”. An investigation by the publisher found a number of articles with multiple concerns, including but not limited to compromised editorial handling and reviewing, undisclosed conflicts of interest and lack of suitability for the scope of the journal. As a result of these concerns and as trust in the content is central to the integrity of the publication process, the Editor-in-Chief and publisher have taken the decision to publish an expression of concern for all articles within this special issue. The journal has not been able to confirm whether the authors were aware of these concerns. An investigation is ongoing and is currently unresolved. Further information will be provided by Management Decision as it becomes available.