Biological Evolution as a Process Viewed Internally

Evaluating non-core technologies: Contrasting external and internal views on corporate research results

App stores or application distribution platforms allow users to present their sentiments about apps in the forms of ratings and reviews. However, selecting the “best one” from available apps that offer similar functionality is difficult task - especially, if the selection process only uses the average star rating of the apps. To address this challenge, we have introduced a trust-based selection and ranking system of similar apps by combining the programmatic view (“internal view”) and the sentiments based on users reviews (“external view”). The rankings based on the average star ratings are compared with the rankings generated by our approach. We empirically evaluate our approach by using the publically available apps from the Google Play Store. For this study, we have chosen a dataset of 250 apps with total 114,480 reviews from top 5 different categories - of which we focused our experiments on 90 apps that have at least 1000 reviews. Our experiments indicate that proposed holistic ranking that encompasses both the internal and external views is a better alternative than any ranking that focuses only on the internal or external view.

The view ahead influences the motion sickness of car passengers but has been found to have little influence on the sickness caused by low frequency fore-and-aft oscillation. Acceleration and deceleration of vehicles is accompanied by pitch motions that may influence sickness. It was hypothesized that: (1) a visual scene would influence sickness caused by combined fore-and-aft and pitch oscillation; and (2) sickness would be dependent on the phase between the fore-and-aft oscillation and the pitch oscillation. While viewing one of three visual scenes (internal view, blindfold, or external view), 6 groups of 20 subjects were exposed for 30 min to 1 of 2 motions (in-phase or out-of-phase combinations of 0.1 Hz fore-and-aft and pitch oscillation). The 0.1-Hz fore-and-aft oscillation at +/- 1.26 ms(-2) rms (displacement of +/- 3.18 m) was combined with +/- 3.69 degrees pitch oscillation either in phase (so the pitch increased acceleration in the plane of the seat to +/- 1.89 ms(-2)) or out of phase (to reduce acceleration to +/- 0.63 ms(-2)). With both types of motion (in-phase and out-of-phase oscillation) there was significantly less sickness with an external view than with an internal view or a blindfold. There was evidence of an interaction between the effects of viewing condition and the effect of the phase between the fore-and-aft and the pitch oscillation consistent with blindfolded subjects experiencing less sickness when they experienced greater forces. Motion sickness caused by combined fore-and-aft and pitch oscillation depends on both the visual scene and the phase between the fore-and-aft and pitch motions. The minimization of sickness arising from such motions should involve the optimization of both the visual environment and the phase.

A database approach towards flexible manufacturing: A conceptual framework

This chapter focuses on the changes which are directly affecting the value chain of large automotive manufacturers due to electro-mobility.The chapter also provides an external view and analysis on what deeply changes within the automobile market and how e-mobility is mainly changing the basic idea of mobility. Due to changes within the industry and the shifting idea of mobility, a more internal view (vies from manufacturers) will be given within the following chapter.

Opportunities for and Limits to an Economic Analysis of International Law

Opportunities for and Limits to an Economic Analysis of International Economic Law

At issue in the debate on the development of a ‘post-industrial’ society is the changing nature of paid work and its centrality within the sphere of human activities. The continuing gains in labour productivity, the reduction in the annual average amount of time spent in paid employment, and the growth of women’s participation in the labour force indicate that paid work has become both more intensive and more extensive. In other words, when people work, they are more productive than their predecessors and, for women, their involvement in paid work is spread more evenly through the potential working life.

This article proposes to reflect on the role of interviews with artists as a contention device in the interaction between two subjects, considering that the desire to apprehend works of art through their various ways turns the artist’s word into a privileged object. That can be seen by understanding the context of the 1960s/1970s, when a discursive dispute took place in the field of art as artists claim speech spaces. Artists’ words are not the truth about their works, since they are as historically, socially and culturally determined as the works themselves; therefore, interviews can be seen as mechanisms that open meaning-making and expand it in the crossing of internal and external views about artistic practice.

Emerging of cloud computing with flexibility, improve accessing data, and cost-saving makes this technology accessible and growing fast. As a result of the emergence of cloud computing bring interest to industries to used cloud computing. Although cloud computing brings so many benefits to customers, the previous study reveals that cloud computing penetration in the Healthcare area is still low. With effective cloud risk assessment methodology will gain the confidence to cloud users in this technology. Study in cloud risk assessment methodology still infant and the complexity in identifying security risk still debating. This paper explores the risk assessment process by highlighting the method in the risk evaluation process. Risk evaluation is an essential phase in the risk assessment process. It compares the result from the risk analysis process and determines whether to accept or tolerate the risk criteria to decide on the risk analysis. In this study, the Nominal Group Technique (NGT) is introduced to compare risk analysis results in the earlier phase. Since risk evaluation based on organizational objectives, external and internal context and stakeholders' views, NGT is promising for effective results. This study not only contributing to the prioritizing list of risks and threats in a systematical manner but indirectly NGT process makes stakeholders aware of the current cloud security risk situation in the organization. Equal opportunity expressing views in this focus group discussion is hope can generate a brilliant solution in risk assessment results.

Application of real options analysis for pharmaceutical R&D project valuation—Empirical results from a survey

Wetmore (1931) assigned two fragments of tarsi and a femur from Pleistocene deposits excavated at Seminole Field, Pinellas County, Florida, to the Gray-necked Wood Rail, Aramides cajanea. This species is presently distributed from southern M6xico to Argentina. In view of the Neotropical flavor of much of the Pleistocene fauna of Florida, it was not a wholly unexpected discovery but, unfortunately, the record is based on incorrectly identified material. On restudying the specimens involved (USNM 12192), I found that none pertains to Aramides. The femur is from a small individual (probably a male) of Redshouldered Hawk, Buteo lineatus. The distal right tarsus and proximal right tarsus are from different individuals and are rallid; however, both are from the King Rail, Rallus elegans. Both Buteo lineatus and Rallus elegans were recorded by Wetmore from the Seminole Field site. The tarsi of Aramides and Rallus are quite distinct in their entirety but in the fragmentary condition of the fossils are less easily separated. In the distal fragment, the distal foramen in posterior view is oval and placed higher than in Aramides cajanea, in which the distal foramen is round. The middle trochlea is not as heavy and expanded distally as in A. cajanea, but the scar for the hallux is deeper. In external view, the shaft extending to trochlea 4 is wide and heavy, unlike A. cajanea in which this shaft is narrow and flattened; also, the groove in trochlea 4 does not extend through most of the anterior face of the trochlea as it does in Aramides. In anterior view, the outer extensor groove is longer and deeper than in Aramides. In all these respects, the fossil agrees with Rallus elegans. In the proximal tarsal fragment, in anterior view the intercotylar prominence is lower and flatter than in Aramides; the hypotarsus is not as deeply excavated on the internal face and in internal view the ridge from the internal cotyla is broader and not as sharply marked off from the hypotarsal area as it is in A. cajanea. In these respects this specimen, too, agrees with Rallus elegans. Aramides cajanea must therefore be removed from the fossil record of North America.

This paper introduces and analyzes an evolutionary model of a financial market with a risk-free asset. Focus is on the study of local stability of the wealth dynamics through the application of recent results on the linearization and stability of random dynamical systems (Evstigneev, Pirogov and Schenk-Hoppe, Proceedings of the American Mathematical Society 139, 1061-1072, 2011). Conditions are derived for the linearization of the model at an equilibrium state which ensure local convergence of sample paths to this equilibrium. The paper also shows that the concept of local stability is closely related to the notion of evolutionary stability. A locally evolutionarily stable investment strategy in the evolutionary model with a risk-free asset is derived, extending previous research. The method illustrated here is applicable for the analysis of manifold economic and financial dynamic models involving randomness.

Cyberattacks are typically preceded by a reconnaissance phase in which attackers aim at collecting valuable information about the target system, including network topology, service dependencies, operating systems (OSs), and unpatched vulnerabilities. Unfortunately, when system configurations are static, given enough time, attackers can always acquire accurate knowledge about the target system through a variety of tools—including OS and service fingerprinting—and engineer effective exploits. To address this important problem and increase the resiliency of systems against known and unknown attacks, many techniques have been devised to dynamically and periodically change some aspects of a system’s configuration in order to introduce uncertainty for the attacker. However, these techniques, commonly referred to as moving target defenses, may introduce a significant overhead for the defender. To address this limitation, we present a graph-based approach for manipulating the attacker’s view of a system’s attack surface, which does not require altering the actual configuration of a system. To achieve this objective, we first formalize the notions of system view and distance between views and then define a principled approach to manipulating responses to attacker’s probes so as to induce an external view of the system that satisfies certain desirable properties. In particular, we propose efficient algorithmic solutions to two classes of problems, namely, (i) inducing an external view that is at a minimum distance from the internal view while minimizing the cost for the defender and (ii) inducing an external view that maximizes the distance from the internal view, given an upper bound on the cost for the defender. In order to demonstrate practical applicability of the proposed approach, we present deception-based techniques for defeating an attacker’s effort to fingerprint OSs and services on the target system. These techniques consist in manipulating outgoing traffic so that it resembles traffic generated by a completely different system. Experimental results show that our approach can efficiently and effectively deceive an attacker.

Research on symbiosis models in manufacturing innovation ecosystems