Biomechanical pulping: a mill-scale evaluation

The utilization of western red cedar mechanical pulp is limited by low brightness caused by a high chromophore content. In this paper we identify these chromophores and provide a possible mechanism for their formation during the mechanical pulping process. Diffuse reflectance ultraviolet (DRUV) and Fourier-transform infrared (DRIFT) spectra were recorded for western red cedar chemimechanical pulp treated with hydrogen peroxide, sodium borohydride and acetic anhydride. Treatment with hydrogen peroxide was conducted over different time periods. The spectra indicate that three carbonyl-containing chromophores contribute to light absorption in the visible region. Two conjugated ortho-quinones contributed most of the color. These quinones were formed by oxidation and polymerization of lignans during the refining process. The third chromophore was coniferaldehyde. There was a large initial time lag for the reaction of peroxide with coniferaldehyde relative to reaction time with the quinones. We ascribe this to differences in topochemistry. It was deduced that coniferaldehyde was mainly associated with lignin in the interior of the fiber wall, whereas the quinones were derived from lignans that had been deposited on the fiber surface. Identification of the three chromophores provides a basis for studies of the kinetics of brightening of western red cedar mechanical pulps.

In this study, a comparison of two pulping methods namely mechanical and chemical, on the dissolution of Eucalyptus grandis (E. grandis) wood chips was undertaken. The wood chip pulp was treated with an ionic liquid (IL): 1-allyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride to extract the cellulose. The IL was mixed with unbleached mechanical pulp (UBMP), bleached mechanical pulp (BMP), unbleached kraft pulp (UBKP) and bleached kraft pulp (BKP) in ratios of 10%, 20%, 30%. Each solution contained IL, wood pulp and 2-mL of 16 v/v % of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). The 30 % IL pretreatment was the most effective IL pretreatment. The cellulose yield at 30 % IL pretreatment for UBMP, BMP, UBKP and BKP was 65.12%, 63.82%, 67.43%, 67.15%, respectively. This indicated that the kraft pulping method was more effective than the mechanical pulping method for the yield of cellulose after the IL pretreatment. The Crl value at 30 % IL pretreatment was highest for UBMP (72.03%) indicating that the pretreatment used was the least effective in reducing the cellulose crystallinity. The fractions of E. grandis wood chip namely, lignin, regenerated cellulose and hemicelluloses before and after the IL pretreatment, were characterized by a variety of analytical techniques such as High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) (carbohydrates), Fourier Transform Infra-Red Attenuated Total Reflection (FTIR-ATR) (functional groups), Pyrolysis-Gas Chromatography /Mass Spectroscopy (Py-GC/MS) (lignin fractions), Ultraviolet/Visible spectroscopy (UV/Vis) (acid soluble lignin), Thermo Gravimetric Analysis (TGA) (degradation of pulp), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) (crystallinity) and high resolution Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) (morphology). Kraft pulping was the most effective method for the yield of cellulose after the [AMIM][Cl]/DMSO pretreatment. The 30% [AMIM][Cl]/DMSO pretreatment gave the highest S/G ratio indicating that minimal bleaching was required.

The electric arc furnace operation at the Štore Steel company, one of the largest flat spring steel producers in Europe, consists of charging, melting, refining the chemical composition, adjusting the temperature, and tapping. Knowledge of the consumed energy within the individual electric arc operation steps is essential. The electric energy consumption during melting and refining was analyzed including the maintenance and technological delays. In modeling the electric energy consumption, 25 parameters were considered during melting (e.g., coke, dolomite, quantity), refining and tapping (e.g., injected oxygen, carbon, and limestone quantity) that were selected from 3248 consecutively produced batches in 2018. Two approaches were employed for the data analysis: linear regression and genetic programming model. The linear regression model was used in the first randomly generated generations of each of the 100 independent developed civilizations. More accurate models were subsequently obtained during the simulated evolution. The average relative deviation of the linear regression and the genetic programming model predictions from the experimental data were 3.60% and 3.31%, respectively. Both models were subsequently validated by using data from 278 batches produced in 2019, where the maintenance and the technological delays were below 20 minutes per batch. It was possible, based on the linear regression and the genetically developed model, to calculate that the average electric energy consumption could be reduced by up to 1.04% and 1.16%, respectively, in the case of maintenance and other technological delays.

Electrical energy affect to economic, electrical energy consumption will increase and decrease likely economics. In this globalization era, electricity consumption was increased trend yearly since industrialization era. The reliability Electrical energy is very important for economic growth. The lower SAIDI and SAIFI is the bench mark for reliability of electrical energy supply. The reliable of insulator cover type: YSL-70-AP affect to the reliability electrical distribution energy on over head distribution circuit. Insulator cover protected to over head distribution circuit againt animal, bird, tree ang other temporary disturbance. Insulator cover also to protect half insulated medium voltage cable againt partial discharge and flashover.   Over voltage stress more often during operation, to impact to the material insulation performance. This quantitative research founding:  insulator cover type: YSL-70-AP still feasible to use after voltage breakdown stress. The fault current is still under the maximum allowable leakage current (11,600 micro ampere) which is 41.61 micro ampere, and breakdown voltage is still   higher than minimum that specified (24 kilo volt), which is 49.63 kilo volt. Post breakdown voltage the material insulation performance of insulator cover type: YSL-70-AP is good, and reliable to continuous operation over head distribution circuit.

In this paper we present an economic model predictive control (econ MPC) strategy for a two-stage (primary and secondary refining) Mechanical Pulping (MP) process. The MP process is a complex multi-input multi-output (MIMO) nonlinear process with strong interactions among the variables. In order to guarantee both stability and convergence of the closed-loop nonlinear MP process, two different econ MPC schemes are proposed: one with penalty on the increment of the input and one with penalty on the offset of the input from its steady-state target. We demonstrate that both econ MPC schemes achieve significant amount of energy reduction in terms of the specific energy consumed by the process while ensuring closed-loop stability and convergence to a nearby steady-state. In addition, we show that more energy reduction can be achieved by using the econ MPC with penalty on the input increment compared with the other scheme. Simulation results also demonstrate the potential benefits of using econ MPC over the standard MPC technique.

A comparative study of quantum yield and electrical energy per order ( EEo) for advanced oxidative decolourisation of reactive azo dyes by UV light

This research introduces a dual design proportional–integral–derivative (PID) controller architecture process that aims to improve system performance by reducing overshoot and conserving electrical energy. The dual design PID controller uses real-time error and one-time step delay to adjust the confidence weights of the controller, leading to improved performance in reducing overshoot and saving electrical energy. To evaluate the effectiveness of the dual design PID controller, experiments were conducted to compare it with the PID controller using least overshoot tuning by Chien–Hrones–Reswick (CHR) technique. The results showed that the dual design PID controller was more effective at reducing overshoot and saving electrical energy. A case study was also conducted as part of this research, and it demonstrated that the system performed better when using the dual design PID controller. Overshoot and electrical energy consumption are common issues in systems that can impact performance, and the dual design PID controller architecture process provides a solution to these issues by reducing overshoot and saving electrical energy. The dual design PID controller offers a new technique for addressing these issues and improving system performance. In summary, this research presents a new technique for addressing overshoot and electrical energy consumption in systems through the use of a dual design PID controller. The dual design PID controller architecture process was found to be an effective solution for reducing overshoot and saving electrical energy in systems, as demonstrated by the experiments and case study conducted as part of this research. The dual design PID controller presents a promising solution for improving system performance by addressing the issues of overshoot and electrical energy consumption.

Electrical system in the Central Java Province is managed by PT PLN (Persero). The Electrical energy distribution is carried by the APJ (Service Area Network). One of APJ operating in the Central Java Province is APJ Cilacap, APJ Cilacap which is responsible to fulfill the electricity needs in the District of Cilacap and Kebumen. It makes APJ Cilacap as manager of the utility company should be able to provide the energy needs of electricity in both area. In addition of electrical energy demand’s problem, the problems belong to SAIDI, SAIFI and line losses also becomes a problem of electrical energy distribution. Therefore, it needs to have the electrical energy planning so that energy needs, SAIDI, SAIFI and line losses can be known for the following years. In Preparation of Planning estimates that the software used are LEAP (Long Range Energy Planning System) version 2008.0.0.96. In Planning Making using two scenarios namely BAU (Base As Usual) is the result of scenario planning is still the same trend with the growth of base year or there is no policy affected and RPTL PLN which is based on RUPTL PLN (General Planning of Electricity Supply) in period 2012-2016. From the results of planning using LEAP, projected electricity supply, BAU scenario growth in electrical energy consumption, has the average value of customers equal to the Household sector in UPJ Cilacap, Majenang, Sidareja, and Kroya that is 0.41% per year, while the commercial sector, Industrial, and General are 5.39%, 2.33%, 4.60% per year, while UPJ Kebumen and Kroya for each sector 0, 51%, 4.27%, 7.40%, 4.48% per year. While the projections for electricity supply, outage rate index (SAIDI SAIFI), and losses, RPTL PLN scenario of electricity energy consumption growth follows a policy document RUPTL PLN year 2009-2019. Policy scenarios in RPTL PLN where the electrical energy consumption projections estimates the population growth of 0.3% per year, PDRB growth of 4.5% -5.83% per year, Electrification Ratio in 2019 is targeted at 97.5%, and 4.99% growth in connected power per year. For Policy in making electric energy losses in 2019 is targeted at 5.65%. While in making target of outage Index (SAIDI SAIFI) predicted value of SAIDI in the year 2019 at 77,44 minute/consument/years and the value of SAIFI in 2019 by 4,4 times /consument/years. Keyword : Electricity, SAIDI SAIFI, Energy losses, Planning, LEAP

So far, chemical pulp fibres have been utilized as conventional stock materials for nanocellulose production. The main aim of this work is to use stock materials from mechanical or chemi-thermomechanical pulping process to produce lignin containing nanofibres, which are referred to as nano-ligno-cellulose (NLC) in this study. The present study shows the influence on handsheets of chemi-thermomechanical pulp (CTMP) fibres blended with NLC. For comparison reasons, nanocellulose (NC) from bleached kraft pulp (BKP) was produced in a similar approach as NLC. Both the NLC and the NC were blended with their respective pulp fibres and their corresponding handsheets properties were evaluated with respect to sheet density. It was found that the handsheets of pulp fibres blended with NLC/NC improved the mechanical properties of handsheets with only a slight effect in relation to the sheet density. Improvements in strength properties of handsheets such as z-strength, tensile index, tear index, burst index, Emodulus, strain at break, tensile stiffness, air resistance were observed.

The national demand for primary energy has experienced an average increase of almost 5% in recent years, driven by the growth in electricity consumption, which grew by an average of 6% per year between 2003 and 2017, by virtue of the almost generalization of rural electrification and the dynamism of our economy and especially the policy of major works in infrastructure, industry, agriculture, tourism, and social housing. In fact, forecasting the demand for electrical energy remains a controversial issue in the development of the electricity grid and energy management. The ARIMA (1, 1, 1) model is applied to model electrical energy consumption for the annual period from 1971 to 2020. The same data are also used to predicting for 2021–2030 in order to verify the adequacy of the model and to provide information on the state of energy demand in Morocco in the future. The main results indicate an upward trend in electrical energy consumption by the end of 2030, with electricity consumption expected to be in the range of 2039639.09–53589.00 GWh per year.

Lubricants influence energy efficiency mainly through reducing energy losses, which include churning losses and friction losses in hydrodynamic, elastohydrodynamic and boundary lubrication regimes. The total energy loss depends on lubricant viscosity and chemical composition. Different sources of lubricant-related power losses in industrial systems are described. The dependence of churning and friction losses on oil properties is analyzed. Viscosity shear-thinning and pressure-thickening effects and their dependence on base oil and viscosity index improver chemical composition are examined. The role of pressure-viscosity relationships is emphasized. Some aspects of oil compressibility and viscoelasticity are discussed in regard to oil energy efficiency. The mechanism and role of friction modifiers in industrial oil formulations are described. Significant savings in machinery energy consumption can be achieved by using energy-efficient lubricants. Methods for improving industrial lubricant energy efficiency are discussed and potential savings in energy consumption are estimated. Presented at the 54th Annual Meeting Las Vegas, Nevada May 23–27, 1999

Bu çalışmanın amacı Türkiye’de yenilenebilir elektrik enerjisi üretimine etki eden faktörleri araştırmaktır. Bu amaçla 1998-2014 yılları arası Türkiye’nin yenilenebilir elektrik enerjisi üretimi, toplam elektrik enerjisi tüketimi, toplam elektrik enerjisi tüketimi içerisinde yenilenebilir enerji tüketiminin payı ve kişi başına Gayri Safi Yurt İçi Hâsıla yıllık büyüme oranı verileri Dünya Bankası verilerinden elde edilmiştir. OLS tahmin modeli kullanılarak yapılan analiz sonucunda Türkiye’de toplam elektrik enerjisi tüketiminin, toplam elektrik enerjisi tüketimi içerisinde yenilenebilir enerji tüketiminin payının ve kişi başına GSYH’nin yenilenebilir elektrik enerjisi üretimine anlamlı ve pozitif yönde katkı sağladığı bulunmuştur. Yenilenebilir elektrik enerjisi üretimi ile kişi başına GSYH büyüme hızı arasında pozitif yönde çift yönlü nedensellik bulunmuştur. Dahası, toplam elektrik enerjisi tüketimi değişkeni ile toplam elektrik enerjisi tüketimi içerisinde yenilenebilir enerji tüketiminin payının değişkenleri hem yenilenebilir elektrik enerjisi üretimini hem de kişi başına GSYH büyüme hızı değişkenlerini tek yönlü olarak pozitif yönde etkilemektedir.

The electric energy consumption in passenger vehicles is rapidly increasing. To limit the associated increase in fuel consumption, an energy management system has been developed. This system exploits the fact that the losses in the internal combustion engine vary with the operating point, and uses the possibility to temporarily store electric energy in a battery, such that electric energy is only produced at moments when it is cheap to generate. To come to a practically applicable solution, a vehicle model is derived, containing only the component characteristics relevant for this application. The energy management problem is formulated as an optimization problem. The fuel consumption over a driving cycle is minimized, while respecting physical limitations of the components and maintaining an acceptable energy level of the battery. Several optimization methods are studied to come to a solution. The dynamic optimization problem is solved using Dynamic Programming. After rewriting it as a static optimization problem and approximating the cost function by a quadratic function, the problem is solved using Quadratic Programming, which requires less computation time. A real-time implementable strategy has been derived from the Quadratic Programming problem, that does not require a prediction of the future driving cycle. This strategy compares the current cost of producing electric energy with the estimated average cost. By adapting the average cost based on the energy level of the battery, it is ensured that the battery energy level will remain around the desired value. Simulations show that a fuel reduction up till 2% can be obtained on a conventional vehicle without major hardware changes. Higher reductions are possible on the exhaust emissions. To predict and explain the amount of fuel reduction that can be obtained with a given vehicle configuration, a set of engineering rules is derived based on typical component characteristics. Their results correspond reasonably well with the simulations. An advanced power net topology is studied which contains both a battery and an ultracapacitor that are connected by a DC-DC converter and a switch. Because of the increased complexity, this system is modeled using linear and piecewise linear approximations of the component characteristics, such that the energy management problem can be casted as a Linear Programming problem. The discrete switch makes it a Mixed Integer Linear Programming Problem. A realtime strategy, similar to the strategy for the conventional power net, has been derived. The addition fuel reduction that is obtained with the dual storage power net is small, because the maximum profit that can be obtained with an ideal lossless battery is not much higher than with a normal battery. Subsequently, hybrid electric vehicles are studied that use an Integrated Starter Generator which can be used for generating electric power and for vehicle propulsion. Several conSummary figurations are studied with respect to their potential fuel reduction. Configurations that enable start-stop operation of the engine obtain a much higher fuel reduction, up to 40%. The controllers are tested in real-time on a Hardware-in-the-Loop environment, where a vehicle simulation model is combined with existing electric components. It is shown that the electric power setpoints provided by an energy management strategy can be realized in practice.

BACKGROUND The utility of the ascomycete Hormonema sp. CECT‐13092, an endophytic fungal strain recently isolated and identified from an eucalyptus tree in Spain , was investigated in different biorefineries‐industrial processes. The strain was used to improve the enzymatic saccharification and pulping of Eucalyptus globulus wood; and liquid culture of the strain enriched in laccase activity was used for E. globulus Kraft pulp biobleaching in the presence of acetosyringone as mediator. RESULTS With regard to enzymatic saccharification, treatment with Hormonema sp. and autohydrolysis pretreatment boosted enzymatic hydrolysis (eight‐fold increase in sugar yields compared with control without any pretreatment). This fungus provided 26.7% higher delignification than the control during Kraft pulping and a higher refining degree during mechanical pulping (69° SR vs. 48° SR control). Chemical and mechanical pulps from fungal pretreatment also showed better physical properties than control pulps (increases in tensile, tear and burst indexes of 28.4%, 15.6% and 43.9%, respectively). Regarding biobleaching, after the enzymatic treatment and a hydrogen peroxide stage, a brightness increase (2.3 points %ISO) was obtained. CONCLUSIONS The potential of the endophytic fungal strain Hormonema sp. for biotechnological applications such as fermentable sugars production, biopulping and biobleaching has been demonstrated. In this sense, this is the first study on the use of an endophytic fungus for a biobleaching sequence. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry

Electrochemical reforming vs. catalytic reforming of ethanol: A process energy analysis for hydrogen production