Biosecurity in Animal Production and Veterinary Medicine

Nanotechnology is the discipline and technology of small and specific things that are < 100nm in size. Because of their extremely miniscule size, any changes in their chemical and physical structure may show higher reactivity and solubility than larger particles. Nanotechnology plays a vital role in every field of life. It is considered one of the most bleeding edge field of scientific research. It has already several applications in a myriad of disciplines while its application in the field of animal production and veterinary medicine is still experimental in nature. But, in recent years, the role of nanotechnology in the aforementioned fields of scientific inquiry has shown great progress. These days, nanotechnology has been employed to revolutionize drug delivery systems and diagnose atypical diseases. Applications of nanoparticle technology in the field of animal reproduction and development of efficacious vaccines have been at the forefront of scientific endeavors. Additionally, their impacts on meat and milk quality are also being judiciously inquired in recent decades. Veterinary nanotechnology has great potential to improve diagnosis and treatment, and provide new tools to this field. This review focuses on some noteworthy applications of nanoparticles in the field of animal production and their future perspectives.

Afghanistan is an agricultural country where livestock is the main source of income for most of the people. Although hundreds of thousands of metric tons of livestock products are produced, large amounts of animal products are still imported to the country. Therefore, a cross-sectional study was conducted to identify the opportunities and challenges confronting Afghanistan's self-sufficiency in livestock products. The data were collected from 48 key professionals by semi-structured interviews using a pre-designed questionnaire. More than 52% of the respondents hold bachelor's/DVM degrees, while the rest have master's (35.4%) and PhD (12.5%) degrees in veterinary (72.1%) and animal science (27.9%) fields. About 80% of the respondents believed that Afghanistan has sufficient capacity to become self-sufficient in the animal products sector. At the same time, only half of them thought that Afghanistan is moving on the right track towards self-sufficiency in animal production. Destruction of pastures (95.7% ), neighboring countries' interventions in the market (95.1%) and importation of low-quality animal products (89.4%), insufficient scientific research projects (84.8%) and funds (84.5%) in the animal health and production sector, lack of proper packaging (87.2%) and suitable domestic market (80%) for animal products, traditional husbandry system (83.3%), shortage of concentrated feeds (78.3%) and excessive paperwork for the investors (69.6%) are the main challenges in front of self-sufficiency in animal products. The results of this study could help policymakers prioritize the animal health and production sector and adjust existing policies regarding animal products to meet the country's needs and accepted standards.

Journal of Fish DiseasesVolume 34, Issue 2 p. 167-171 Analysis and characterization of the complete genomic sequence of the Chinese strain of hirame rhabdovirus S Yingjie, S Yingjie College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine; Jilin University, Changchun, China Liaoning Exit-Entry Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, Dalian, Liaoning, ChinaSearch for more papers by this authorZ. Min, Z. Min The Institute of Animal and Plant Quarantine, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing, ChinaSearch for more papers by this authorL. Hong, L. Hong Shenzhen Exit-Entry Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, Shenzhen, Guangdong, ChinaSearch for more papers by this authorY. Zhiqin, Y. Zhiqin Shandong Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, Qingdao, ChinaSearch for more papers by this authorZ. Xiaocong, Z. Xiaocong Shenzhen Exit-Entry Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, Shenzhen, Guangdong, ChinaSearch for more papers by this authorW. Zhe, W. Zhe College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine; Jilin University, Changchun, ChinaSearch for more papers by this author S Yingjie, S Yingjie College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine; Jilin University, Changchun, China Liaoning Exit-Entry Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, Dalian, Liaoning, ChinaSearch for more papers by this authorZ. Min, Z. Min The Institute of Animal and Plant Quarantine, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing, ChinaSearch for more papers by this authorL. Hong, L. Hong Shenzhen Exit-Entry Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, Shenzhen, Guangdong, ChinaSearch for more papers by this authorY. Zhiqin, Y. Zhiqin Shandong Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, Qingdao, ChinaSearch for more papers by this authorZ. Xiaocong, Z. Xiaocong Shenzhen Exit-Entry Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, Shenzhen, Guangdong, ChinaSearch for more papers by this authorW. Zhe, W. Zhe College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine; Jilin University, Changchun, ChinaSearch for more papers by this author First published: 17 January 2011 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2761.2010.01218.xCitations: 11 L Hong, Shenzhen Exit-Entry Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, B801 room of Heping Building, 2049 building of Heping Road, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518001, China (e-mail: ciqliuhong@gmail.com) Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume34, Issue2February 2011Pages 167-171 RelatedInformation

The article is devoted to the topical problem of rational use of energy and nutrient content of feed in obtaining livestock products (milk) from cows by shifting the energy balance of the animal’s body towards “productive energy”, i.e. the synthesis of fat and proteins. The authors would like to point out that one of the main factors influencing fluctuations in the energy balance of an animal are microclimate parameters, as the deviation of the microclimate parameters from the established optimal limits leads to a reduction in milk yields by 10 to 20%. Therefore, the aim of our work is to develop an energy-saving technology for the formation of optimal microclimate in livestock facilities using air conditioning systems, which can regulate most of the parameters of the microclimate inside them, namely: temperature, relative humidity and internal air velocity, concentration of harmful gases (carbon dioxide, ammonia, and hydrogen sulfide), dust and microorganisms. The presence of the mode enabling recirculation air purification allows to save heat energy and energy coming with feed by up to 50% compared with typical microclimate systems. To this end, we have systematized separate data from scientific researches done by various scientists in the fields of animal hygiene and veterinary medicine and obtained dependencies of influence of microclimate parameters (temperature, relative humidity, internal air velocity) on the productivity of animals (cows) and feed consumption.

The African Chicken Genetic Gain (ACGG) project (https://africacgg.net/) aims at backyard poultry optimization by commercial dual-purpose breeds introduction into Africa. To measure benefits, genotype by environment interaction (GxE) analysis provides guidance while predicting environmental effects on production traits of breeds. A survey among Ethiopian poultry smallholders showed egg sale being the most important purpose of keeping village chickens in Oromia. Data was available about laying of 894 ACGG chickens in Oromia. Hence current research questions were: 1) Does GxE take place? 2) Which breed performs best regarding laying and in which environment within Oromia? Traits investigated were egg number and egg weight of five breeds (S-RIR, Sasso, Horro, Kuroiler and Koekoek) located in three zones (East Hararge, East and West Shoa) and 5 districts (Adami Tulu, Bako Tibe, Dano, Dugda and Haromaya) in Oromia. Observations were taken as group measure performing weighted analyses. GxE was only present for egg number with magnitude strongest for zone. S-RIR performed best for both traits in both environments, except Kuroiler performing better in East Shoa for egg number and Koekoek for egg weight. This indicates success of crossbreed S-RIR. Sasso and Horro performed worst supported by previous research for Horro but not Sasso. Low precipitation in East Shoa caused bigger distance in egg number predictions, being higher for S-RIR and lower for Horro and Sasso compared to West Shoa. Apart from these final conclusions, social context of breeding and data collection difficulties should not be forgotten. Just like relevance of other performance trait analyses.

Perspectives on advancing preventative medicine through vaccinology at the comparative veterinary, human and conservation medicine interface: Not missing the opportunities

The interaction between bacteria and fungi is one of the key interactions of microbial ecology, including mutualism, antagonism, and competition, which profoundly affects the balance and functions of animal microbial ecosystems. This article reviews the interactive dynamics of bacteria and fungi in more concerned microenvironments in animals, such as gut, rumen, and skin. Moreover, we summarize the molecular mechanisms and ecological functions of the interaction between bacteria and fungi. Three major bacterial–fungal interactions (mutualism, antagonism, and competition) are deeply discussed. Understanding of the interactions between bacteria and fungi allows us to understand, modulate, and maintain the community structure and functions. Furthermore, this summarization will provide a comprehensive perspective on animal production and veterinary medicine, as well as guide future research directions.

The articles published in the volume 26-30 (2008-2012) of the Tropical Veterinarian (TV) were subjected to some bibliometric examinations on the authors, geographical spread of both authors and the articles of the contents of the literature of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine as represented by the journal. 273 authors published severally in the 5 volumes of the tropical veterinarian. 71.9% of the publishing authors are from the South West Zone of Nigeria; the seat of the publisher of the journal, University of Ibadan. Contributions are however received from all the geographical zones of Nigeria and some from internationally located authors. 98% the periodical articles published by the T.V. were jointly authored, which conforms with the trend obtainable globally in science and technology. There is an appauling scenario in the number of the articles published in every volume as 5 articles per issue is low and calls for the attention of the editors and publishers. As an international journal interested in expounding the frontiers of knowledge in animal science and veterinary medicine, papers on the study of the literature of the subject of information science should be published.

Nanoparticles have been used as diagnostic and therapeutic agents in the human medical field for quite some time, though their application in veterinary medicine and animal production is still relatively new. Recently, production demands on the livestock industry have been centered around the use of antibiotics as growth promoters due to growing concern over microbial antibiotic resistance. With many countries reporting increased incidences of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, laws and regulations are being updated to end in-feed antibiotic use in the animal production industry. This sets the need for suitable alternatives to be established for inclusion in feed. Many reports have shown evidence that nanoparticles may be good candidates for animal growth promotion and antimicrobials. The current status and advancements of nanotechnological applications in animal production will be the focus of this review and the emerging roles of nanoparticles for nutrient delivery, biocidal agents, and tools in veterinary medicine and reproduction will be discussed. Additionally, influences on meat, egg, and milk quality will be reviewed.

Article Details: Received: 2020-07-12 | Accepted: 2020-08-03 | Available online: 2021-03-31 https://doi.org/10.15414/afz.2021.24.01.64-77 A 25-weeks trial was carried out to determine the efficacy of feeding Rhizopus stolonifer fermented cocoa pod husk meal (FCPH) meal supplemented with Ronozyme multigrain enzyme (RME) on performance at various stages of growth and age at sexual maturity of grower pullets. Two hundred and forty (240) day old Isa Brown chicks were randomly assigned to six (6) dietary treatments. Each treatment was replicated four times comprising of ten (10) chicks per replicate and arranged in a 3 x 2 factorial in Completely Randomized Design. Rhizopus stolonifer FCPH meal was incorporated into the diet as test ingredient at varying inclusion level of 0%, 10% and 20% based on 100% diet. Each diet was then divided into two, one part void of enzyme and designated as diets I, III and V and the other parts supplemented with RME at 200 mg/kg of the diet and designated as diets II, IV and VI respectively. Weight gain, Feed intake and feed gain ratio were significantly ( p &lt; 0.05) influenced by the dietary treatments with birds fed diet containing 10 % FCPH meal without RME supplementation having highest weight gain across different stages of growth. The effect of enzyme and the interaction between diet and enzyme were not significant ( p ˃ 0.05). Hematological and serum biochemical indices were not significantly ( p ˃ 0.05) influenced by the dietary treatments and were all within normal range. Age at first lay and Egg weight at first lay were also significantly ( p &lt; 0.05) influenced by the dietary treatment. The use of Rhizopus stolonifer FCPH meal supplemented with RME in grower diets markedly increased age at sexual maturity and weight of first egg laid, with birds fed diets containing 10 % FCPH meal fast coming to lay and birds fed 20 % FCPH meal having higher weight of egg at first lay. Egg weight, egg width, shell surface area, shell thickness, yolk length and albumen length were also significantly ( p &lt; 0.05) influenced by the diet treatment. Rhizopus stolonifer FCPH meal up to 10% without RME supplementation can effectively be used in pullet grower’s diets without adversely affecting production performance or sexual maturity into lay. Keywords: Isa Brown, fungi, solid state fermentation, first lay, enzyme supplementation References Adegbenro, M., Oyedun, O.I. and Aletor, V.A. (2020). Evaluation of bread waste fortified with moringa leaf meal on performance and health status of broiler chickens. Journal of Experimental Agriculture International, 42(2), 152–160. Adeyeye, S. O., Ayodele, S., Oloruntola, O.D. and Agbede, J. (2019). Processed cocoa pod husk dietary inclusion: Effects on the performance, carcass, haematogram, biochemical indices, antioxidant enzyme and histology of the liver and kidney in broiler chicken. Bull Natl Res Cent., 43(54). https://doi.org/10.1186/s42269-019-0096-8 Adeyina, A.O., Apata, D.F., Annongu, A.A., Olatunde, O.A., Alli, O.I and Okupke, K.M. (2012). Performance and physiological response of weaner rabbits fed hot water treated cocoa bean shell-based diet. Research Journal, Animal Veterinary Science, 5, 53–57. Afolayan, G. G., Olorede, B. R., Uko, J. O., Junaidu, A. U. and Fanimo, A. O. (2012). The replacement value of maize bran for maize in broiler finisher diets. Proceedings of 27 Annual Conference of Animal Science of Nigeria. (A.S.A.N) Sept. 2003, Abeokuta, pp. 91–93. Agbede, J. O., Arimah, A. A., Adu, O. A., Olaleye, M. T. and Aletor, V. A. (2011). 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Propolis is a resinous substance from a mixture of different plant parts and molecules bees compose. This narrative review article explored the application of propolis in large and small animal practices in PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar databases. Propolis is applied in different pharmaceutical forms. Due to its numerous biological actions, such as antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antiparasitic, antiulcer, antitumor, and immunomodulatory, propolis can improve animal health and production. Propolis could be used as an alternative treatment for many diseases, such as mastitis, lumpy skin disease, foot and mouth disease, reproductive disorders, and diarrhea in cattle. Moreover, it could improve weight gain in cattle. In equine, propolis has been used as a local anesthetic and for treating dermatomycosis, chronic bronchitis, and skin wounds. In pigs, propolis has been used to treat enzootic pneumonia and as a prophylaxis for gastrointestinal and respiratory diseases in weak pigs. Propolis has been applied to treat caseous lymphadenitis and parasitic diseases in sheep and goats. Furthermore, it improves the immune status of kids and the health status of late pregnant ewes. In dogs and cats, propolis has been applied to treat otitis externa, eye diseases, Cushing’s syndrome, and dermatophytosis. In dogs, propolis can treat transmissible venereal tumors. Moreover, propolis positively affects animal production, average daily gain and milk yield in sheep, growth of calves, lambs, and piglets, and cow’s milk nutritional quality. On the other hand, the addition of propolis to the diet of feedlot bulls and pigs has no effect on their feed intake, hematological, biochemical, and immunological parameters, nutrient digestibility, microbial synthesis, and carcass characteristics. Based on the available clinical studies, propolis has potential benefits for animal health in cattle, equine, sheep, goats, pigs, dogs, and cats. According to the available literature, propolis is a natural promising agent that can alternate conventional pharmaceuticals, particularly antibiotics. It improves animal health and production with no adverse effects and low cost. Most conducted studies on the efficacy of propolis on animal health and production are in vitro. Due to its scarcity, further controlled clinical trials are recommended to evaluate the exact usefulness of propolis in veterinary medicine and to obtain reliable conclusions on the benefits of propolis in animal health and production.

A summary is given on the use of nuclear methods in animal production and veterinary science featuring the application of the radio tracer method. Beprescntative examples are given as regards the use of the most varied research and practice methods in animal production and veterinary science. Conclusions are drawn for future applications of nuclear methods in basic and clinical research, routine diagnostics and animal production.

Quantitative-morphological studies about the effect of progestins on the hypothalamic-pituitary-system in cattle: Smollich, A., H.-J. Voigt & W. Busch: Endokrinologie, [formula omitted](1):39–46, 1974. Dept. Histology & Embryology, and Dept. Physiology & Pathology of Reproduction in Domestic Animals, Section Animal Production and Veterinary Medicine, Humboldt University, Berlin-East, German Democratic Republic

Received: 2015-07-16 | Accepted: 2016-05-20 | Available online: 2016-05-30 dx.doi.org/10.15414/afz.2016.19.02.51-53 The occurrence of coccidiosis is an enormous problem of pheasant farming. The aim of this study is to show, that this disease can be cured by unconventional dietary supplements. Dietary supplements which were used in this study were as follows: prebiotics (Ascophyllum nodosum), probiotics (Lactobacillus thermophilus) and homeopathics. Four groups of pheasants were made - three experimental groups and one control group. All groups were consisted of 12 individuals. The pheasant Phasianus colchicus was used in this experiment. Dietary supplements were served for 30days. The favourable effect of homeopatics (P < 0.05) and Lactobacillus thermophilus (P < 0.05) on the intestinal tract of pheasant was statistical significant. Keywords : Eimeria tenella , homeopatics, prebiotics, probiotics, Phasianus colchicus References Ayed, M.H. and Ghaoui, F. (2011) Efficiency of supplementing Saccharomyces cerevisiae var. ellipsoideus for improved growth performance and carcass yield in broilers. Research Opinions in Animal and Veterinary Sciences , vol. 1, pp. 371-374. Berchieri, A. et al. (2006) Evaluation of isopathic treatment of Salmonella enteritidis in poultry. Homeopathy , vol. 95, pp. 4-97. Dibaji, S.M., Seidavi, A. and Asadpour, L. (2012) Effect of dietary inclusion of the synbiotic Biomin IMBO on broilers’ some blood metabolites. Research Opinions in Animal and Veterinary Sciences , vol. 2, pp. 10-13. FULLER, R. (1989) Probiotics in man and animals. Journal of Applied Bacteriology , vol. 66, pp. 365-378. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2672.1989.tb05105.x GASSAL, S. (2003) Untersuchungen zum Ekto- und Endoparasitenbefall von Fasanhahnen ( Phasianus colchicus ). Dissertation, Veterinarmedizinische Fakultat der Universitat Leipzig, p 255. Houndonougbo, M.F., Chrysostome, C.A.A.M. and Amoussa, Z.L.A.O. (2011) Tchoukoutou residue and yogurt as feed additives in broilers feed. Research Opinions in Animal and Veterinary Sciences , vol. 1, pp. 597-600. KALAC, P. (2003) Functional foods – Steps to Health. Czech Budejovice, Dona, p. 130 (in Czech). Khan, R.U., Rahman, Z., Javed, I. and Muhammad, F. (2012) Effect of vitamins, probiotics and protein on semen traits in post-molt male broiler breeders. Animal Reproduction Science , vol. 135, no. 4, pp. 85-90. Panda, A.K. et al. (2003) Production performance, serum/yolk cholesterol and immune competence of white leghorn layers as influenced by dietary supplementation with probiotic. Tropical Animal Health and Production , vol. 35, pp. 85-94. ROCHA, D.R.A. and PACHECO, R.D.L. (2006) Amarante AFT, Efficacy of homeopathic treatment against natural infection of sheep by gastrointestinal nematodes. Brasilia Journal Parasitology Veteterinaria , vol. 16, no. 1, pp. 24-27. Sojoudi, M.R., Dadashbeiki, M. and Bouyeh, M. (2012) Effects of different levels of symbiotic. Research Opinions in Animal and Veterinary Sciences , vol. 2, pp. 243-248. STREITZ, E. (2006) Alternative additives – an area with great potential. DGS Magazin , vol. 26, no. 1, pp. 30-33. Velkers, F.C. et al. (2005) Isopathic and pluralist homeopathic treatment of commercial broilers with experimentally induced colibacillosis. Research Veterinary Science , vol. 78, pp. 77-83. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rvsc.2004.06.005

Animal (veterinary) medicine, that other branch of medical healing, forms a part of medical history and there are themes in common between human and veterinary medical historiography. Some of these themes include "great docs, great diseases," struggles with professionalization, institutional stories, general chronological overviews, development of medical disciplines, and the role of women. The "patient's view" in veterinary historiography is somewhat different. Veterinary history includes the theme of "great animals" but this is not, in the medical historical sense, a "patient's" view. Much work in this area of Canadian history remains to be accomplished.