Blockchain technology as a potential risk source and a risk mitigator: US reflections and outlook

The number of institutions in the US banking industry has decreased from around 14,000 in the 1980s to fewer than 7,000 presently. Any change in the number of banks must be due to the formation of new banks, mergers among existing banks, and the failure of existing banks. Over the years from the mid-1980s to the present the causes underlying the continuing consolidation in the US banking industry have changed from bank failures, to mergers, and back to failures in the recent financial crisis. These trends have also reflected at various points the effects of banking legislation such as the Riegle-Neal Act of 1994. This paper will examine the changing nature of the causes of the ongoing consolidation in the US banking industry from the mid-1980s to the present.

Blockchain technology has emerged as a transformative innovation with significant potential to reshape financial markets, particularly in emerging economies. The decentralized, immutable, and transparent nature of blockchain systems offers solutions to long-standing challenges such as fraud, inefficiencies, and lack of transparency in financial transactions. This study explores blockchain technology adoption models tailored to the unique characteristics of emerging financial markets, emphasizing the integration of technological, organizational, and environmental (TOE) factors. By leveraging blockchain, financial institutions can enhance operational efficiency, build trust among stakeholders, and foster economic resilience. The research identifies key drivers and barriers to blockchain adoption in these markets, including regulatory frameworks, technological infrastructure, organizational readiness, and cultural attitudes toward technology. A comparative analysis of existing adoption models reveals that successful implementation requires a holistic approach, addressing both technical and socio-economic aspects. Furthermore, the study presents a conceptual framework that integrates stakeholder collaboration, data governance, and regulatory compliance to ensure effective blockchain deployment. Case studies from emerging markets illustrate the transformative impact of blockchain in improving transparency and accountability, particularly in areas such as cross-border payments, supply chain financing, and digital identity management. The findings highlight the role of blockchain in reducing transaction costs, minimizing fraud, and improving access to financial services for underbanked populations. Additionally, the study underscores the importance of fostering innovation ecosystems and public-private partnerships to drive blockchain adoption. The proposed adoption models incorporate critical success factors, such as scalability, interoperability, and user-centric design, to maximize blockchain’s potential benefits. The study concludes by outlining actionable recommendations for policymakers, financial institutions, and technology providers to accelerate blockchain adoption in emerging financial markets. This research contributes to the growing body of knowledge on blockchain technology, providing practical insights and strategies for its application in enhancing transparency, reducing fraud, and improving efficiency in financial systems.

Blockchain technology is creating triumph all over the world with its presence, and the combination of artificial intelligence and blockchain technology will prove to be more impactful in the coming decades. The various countries of the world are assimilating blockchain technology in the financial trading system because it is robust and secure. It has been observed that after the pandemic, Indian consumers have overcome the fear of using online transaction systems. The usage of smart gadgets, speedy networks, increased product services, and the flood of startups has created a conducive ecosystem for online financial transactions. This study attempts to assess the use of blockchain in financial sectors by various countries. Blockchain is the next generation of technology for any field that needs security, privacy, speed, and accuracy. Financial systems is a field facing problems like financial fraud, data theft, late settlement, and data manipulation. The use of blockchain technology on a large scale will create a secure financial ecosystem in India.

The financial world has been changed by blockchain technology, which improves security, openness, and speed. This research evaluates the block chain’s potential to change the Indian banking system, focusing on its ability to fix flaws, boost security, and help more people get access to money. Leading Indian banks like SBI, Punjab National Bank (PNB), ICICI Bank, HDFC Bank, Axis Bank, and foreign banks like HSBC and Citibank were looked at to see how they integrated blockchain technology., this research highlights real-world applications, operational benefits, and challenges faced in large-scale implementation. The study employs descriptive and exploratory research methodologies, utilizing primary and secondary data collection methods. Surveys, structured interviews, and case studies were conducted with banking professionals, fintech experts, and customers, while secondary data from regulatory reports, white papers, and blockchain implementations was analyzed. This study explores the impact, opportunities, and challenges of blockchain in banking, emphasizing its role in enhancing security and reliability. It highlights research gaps in blockchain adoption, regulatory implications, and financial reporting. Future research should focus on blockchain implementation in banking, regulatory frameworks, and its relevance in emerging economies.Key findings indicate that blockchain significantly enhances transaction security, fraud prevention, operational efficiency, and regulatory compliance in Indian banking. However, technological, regulatory, and infrastructural barriers remain critical challenges. The study emphasizes that in order to speed up adoption, scalable blockchain solutions, regulatory frameworks, and hybrid financial models are required. For blockchain technology to reach its full potential in banking, future studies should examine its scalability and interoperability.

In the domain of supply chain, there exists an immense potential for Blockchain technology. When implemented in the right way, Blockchain can improve the efficiency and competitiveness of manufacturing supply chain networks and thereby increase customer satisfaction. In spite of its undisputed capability in improving the efficiency of supply chain networks, the degree of acceptance of Blockchain, since its inception, remains very low. This paper studies the major hindrances experienced by manufacturing firms in adopting Blockchain for supply chain. A theoretical model is developed based on Technology-Organization-Environment (TOE) framework and analysed using the SmartPLS tool for partial least squares technique. The findings of this study suggests that there is a significant impact of all three latent variables of TOE Framework i.e., technological barriers, organizational barriers and environmental barriers on Blockchain adoption by manufacturing supply chains. The parameters in these barriers are lack of block-chain standardization, lack of government regulation and lack of financial resources. The results are implied for policy makers and related agencies to take suitable actions to overcome these barriers and encourage adoption of block chain in Indian manufacturing supply chain. It will also help researchers to further study the way to reduce the impact of these barriers.

In search of a safe haven in times of turbulence: Effects of First Republic Bank failure on global asset markets

This paper purports to show that the deregulation of the United States banking System is an absolute necessity. The US banking regulation has indeed had negative effects on the size, structures, risks, profitability and Prudential supervision of banks. Some progress was achieved in the 1970s and 1980s, largely due to external or specific factors such as banking innovation or the bankruptcies of Savings and Loans. However the preocess has remained uncompleted because the US Congress has been reluctant to alleviate regulations substantially. Therefore the US banking System still operates under a wide array of regulatory constraints.

The post-crisis slump in the Euro Area and the US: Evidence from an estimated three-region DSGE model

Chapter 2 - Banking Fragility, United States, 1790–2009

Blockchain technology (BC) and big data analytics capability (BDAC) are two crucial emerging technologies that have attracted significant attention from businesses and academia. However, their combined effect on business model innovation (BMI), along with the moderating role of environmental uncertainty and the mediating influence of corporate entrepreneurship, remains underexplored. To fill this gap, the present study investigates the combined effects of BDAC and blockchain adoption on BMI and explores the mediating role of corporate entrepreneurship as well as the moderating effect of environmental uncertainty. Drawing on the dynamic capability view (DCV) and the related literature, this study investigates these relationships using a conceptual framework hypothesising that (1) BDAC and blockchain adoption affect BMI through corporate entrepreneurship and (2) environmental uncertainty moderates these relationships. Consistent with the main theoretical arguments, our results, based on a sample of 284 employees working in Australian firms, indicate direct and indirect impacts of both BDAC and blockchain adoption on BMI. Corporate entrepreneurship was found to play a partial mediating role in the relationship between the two technologies, while BMI and environmental uncertainty were found to be significant moderators. These findings have significant theoretical and practical implications for companies striving to innovate their BMI. The results suggest that the synergistic effects of BDAC and blockchain technologies together create entrepreneurial activities and strategies to generate value, thus enabling BMI. Furthermore, the mediating role of corporate entrepreneurship and the moderating effect of environmental uncertainty have important theoretical implications for innovative BMI and management. As such, this study highlights the potential of BDAC and blockchain technologies to drive sustainable business practices, offering insights into how these technologies can contribute to economic, social, and environmental sustainability through innovative business models.

Domestic barriers to entry and external vulnerability in emerging economies

The article examines the problems of the formation of cryptospace in modern Russia, determines the objective prerequisites for the formation of a parallel fi nancial system, which is based on blockchain technology and the idea of cryptocurrency circulation. The author presents the characteristic features of centralized and decentralized financial systems, considering differences in the way to achieve goals, the functioning of regulatory norms of legislation, the degree of fi nancial independence and manufacturability. It is indicated that the very ideology of a free market economy and free circulation of information in the context of digitalization led to the emergence of these phenomena. The objectivity of these phenomena raises the question of the admissibility of their introduction into the fi nancial system of the Russian Federation. The author critically comprehends the provisions regarding the advantages and disadvantages of cryptocurrencies in the context of the development of the fi nancial system. It is indicated that this form of circulation of fi nance is new and promising, although it carries signifi cant risks for both the fi nancial system and users. At the same time, arguments are given in favor of the legalization of cryptocurrencies in Russia, a model for the circulation of cryptocurrencies is given that considers the interests of all participants in virtual monetary relations, and a promising direction for further research on cryptocurrencies and blockchain technology is identified.

Can We Connect? Benefits and Barriers to Adoption of Transformative Technology in Global Supply Chains

In this technology and automation era, blockchain technology travels in the direction of consistent studies and adoption in different sectors. Blockchain technology with a chain of the block provides security and establishes a trusted environment between individuals. In the past couple of years, blockchain technology attracted many research scholars, industrialists to study, analyse and apply the technology in their own application needs. The major advantage of blockchain technology is the security, user privacy preserved, transparency. The purpose of this proposed paper is to provide a survey on blockchain scope in healthcare providing high security of patient health information's during sharing and their impact to reduce the operational and capital investments. Also, this paper briefs on the new business opportunities in the health sector integrating blockchain technology.

Fresh products are characterized by a certain deterioration rate, and the fresh supply chain typically relies on third-party cold chain logistics companies (3PLs) for transportation. This study constructs a fresh supply chain composed of supplier, retailer, and third-party cold chain logistics company, where shipping costs are borne by either the supplier or the retailer. The shipping costs bearer considers whether to adopt blockchain technology to enhance the transparency of fresh logistics and improve consumers’ perceived value. Using game theory, the paper attempts to explore who should bear the shipping costs (supplier or retailer), clarifying the shipping costs bear’s blockchain adoption strategy. The results indicate that: First, the 3PL’s profit is negatively correlated with the research and development (R&D) cost coefficient of carbon emission reduction (CER) and the deterioration rate of fresh products, while it is positively correlated with consumer low-carbon preferences. When the R&D cost coefficient of CER is high, or the deterioration rate of fresh products is low, or consumer low-carbon preferences are low, the 3PL prefers RCB model, otherwise SNB model. Additionally, the 3PL’s carbon reduction level is higher when blockchain technology is adopted, especially with low R&D cost coefficient of CER and high consumer low-carbon preferences. Second, regarding who should bear the shipping costs, when blockchain technology is not adopted, it is optimal for the supplier to bear the shipping costs, maximizing the overall profit of the supply chain. In contrast, when blockchain technology is adopted, having the retailer bear the shipping costs maximizes the overall profit of the supply chain. Specifically, when the R&D cost coefficient of CER is high, regardless of blockchain adoption, the supplier bearing the shipping costs maximizes the overall profit of the supply chain. Finally, concerning whether the bearer should invest in blockchain technology, when the R&D cost coefficient of CER is low and consumer low-carbon preferences are high, adopting blockchain technology leads to Pareto optimal profits for both the supplier and the retailer, regardless of who bears the shipping costs. This study provides a decision framework for optimizing cost allocation and technology adoption in sustainable cold chain management, particularly relevant for perishable goods with short shelf lives.