Body composition analysis via spatially resolved NIR spectroscopy with multifrequency bioimpedance precision.

Introduction: Weight gain and obesity are common concerns for midlife women. Obesity is characterized by an accumulation of body fat resulting in body weight at least 20% above the optimum. Objective: To evaluate the efficacy of cryolipolysis on body composition in midlife women. Methods: Thirty women aged 30-55 with overweight underwent three cryolipolysis sessions, (45 minutes each), spaced 15 days apart. Body composition was assessed using bioelectrical impedance before and after the intervention. Parameters measured included fat mass, lean mass, muscle mass, muscle/fat ratio, and total body water (TBW) percentage. Results: Significant reductions were observed in both absolute fat mass (from 26 ± 1.5 kg to 24.4 ± 1.51 kg, p<0.05) and fat mass percentage (from 34.4 ± 1.2% to 32.8 ± 1%, p<0.05). Lean mass remained stable (48.91 ± 1.56 kg to 48.82 ± 1.4 kg), with a significant increase in lean mass percentage (65 ± 1.2% to 67 ± 1.2%, p<0.05). Muscle mass percentage rise from 29 ± 0.6% to 31 ± 0.7% (p<0.05). The muscle/fat ratio improved significantly from 0.85 ± 0.04 to 0.95 ± 0.2 (p<0.05), and TBW percentage increased from 46.5 ± 0.9% to 48 ± 0.9% (p<0.01). Conclusion: Cryolipolysis significantly enhances body composition by reducing fat mass, maintaining lean mass, and improving muscle/fat ratio and hydration status. These findings underscore cryolipolysis as an effective non-invasive alternative for body contouring with potential health benefits, including improved metabolic and cardiovascular health. Future research should explore long-term effects and mechanisms to optimize clinical applications.

To evaluate the associations of body composition, including percentage of lean and fat mass, with the percentage of mammographic density and mammographic dense area among pre- and postmenopausal Hispanic and non-Hispanic white women. In this cross-sectional study, a total of 238 women aged 41 to 50 or 56 to 70 years were recruited from local mammography clinics and community health centers. Postmenopausal status was defined as an absence of any menstrual cycle within the past 12 calendar months or having a follicle-stimulating hormone level between 22 and 138 mIU/mL. The participants' most recent mammograms were used for the mammographic density analysis. Body composition was measured by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. The associations between the percentage of mammographic density or mammographic dense area and body composition components were analyzed using logistic regression. Mammographic dense areas were similar in Hispanic and non-Hispanic white women. The percentage of mammographic density varied by ethnicity in premenopausal (P = 0.023), but not in postmenopausal women. Body composition, both higher lean mass and lower fat mass, was associated with a higher percentage of mammographic density (P < 0.05). Interestingly, a higher percentage of total body fat mass and a lower percentage of total body lean mass were correlated with larger breast dense areas in premenopausal women but with lower breast dense areas in postmenopausal women. These relationships between body composition and mammographic density measurements were not significantly affected by factors such as age, ethnicity, and body weight. Body composition is highly correlated with mammographic density and should be examined as a possible confounding factor in studies involving mammographic density measurements and breast cancer risk.

Introduction Fabry disease (FD) is an X-linked sphingolipidosis characterized by pathogenic variants in the GLA gene, which affect alpha-galactosidase A activity. Studies on body composition in FD patients have shown conflicting results. There is significant variability in weight and body mass index (BMI) among FD patients, likely due to chronic inflammatory status, gastrointestinal and renal disturbances, inactivity, exercise intolerance, and medications. However, there is no study that evaluate body composition using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) in FD patients compared to healthy controls. Objectives To assess body composition by DXA in Brazilian male FD patients and to compare the findings with those of healthy controls (HC). Additionally, to correlate the DXA measurements with Lyso-Gb3 concentrations, the main substrate accumulated in the disease. Method Fifteen genotype-confirmed classic male FD patients and 20 sex/age-matched HC had body composition evaluated by DXA. Lyso-Gb3 levels were obtained for FD patients. Results Mean age was 44.2 ± 12.3 years and 44.9 ± 11.8 years in FD patients and HC, respectively (p = 0.87). BMI in FD patients (22.9 ± 3.7 kg/m2) was not statistically different from HC (24.8 ± 2.4 kg/m2, p = 0.07). Appendicular lean mass was lower in FD patients (20,324 ± 2808 g) than HC (25529 ± 2535 g, p &lt; 0.0001), as well as the appendicular lean mass index (7.24 ± 0.89 vs. 8.72 ± 0.80 kg/m2, p &lt; 0.0001). There were no differences between patients and controls regarding fat mass or fat percentage. Lyso-Gb3 levels were inversely correlated with lean mass (r = - 0.63, p = 0.01), fat mass (r = - 0,68, p = 0.005) and fat percentage (r = - 0.64, p = 0.01). Conclusion Adult FD patients in this cohort had lower lean mass than controls. Lyso-Gb3 accumulation is associated with lower values of lean mass, fat mass and fat percentage in FD patients.

The benefits of eccentric (ECC) training on fat mass (FM) remain underexplored. We hypothesized that in obese adolescents, ECC cycling training is more efficient for decreasing whole‐body FM percentage compared to concentric (CON) performed at the same oxygen consumption (VO2). Twenty‐four adolescents aged 13.4 ± 1.3 years (BMI > 90th percentile) were randomized to ECC or CON. They performed three cyclo‐ergometer sessions per week (30 min per session) for 12 weeks: two habituation, 5 at 50% VO2peak, and 5 at 70% VO2peak. Anthropometric measurements, body composition, maximal incremental CON tests, strength tests, and blood samples were assessed pre‐ and post‐training. Whole‐body FM percentage decreased significantly after compared to pretraining in both groups, though to a larger extent in the ECC group (ECC: −10% vs CON: −4.2%, P < 0.05). Whole‐body lean mass (LM) percentage increased significantly in both groups after compared to pretraining, with a greater increase in the ECC group (ECC: 3.8% vs CON: 1.5%, P <0.05). The improvements in leg FM and LM percentages were greater in the ECC group (−6.5% and 3.0%, P = 0.01 and P < 0.01). Quadriceps isometric and isokinetic ECC strength increased significantly more in the ECC group (28.3% and 21.3%, P < 0.05). Both groups showed similar significant VO2peak improvement (ECC: 15.4% vs CON: 10.3%). The decrease in homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance index was significant in the ECC group (−19.9%). In conclusion, although both ECC and CON cycling trainings are efficient to decrease FM, ECC induces greater FM reduction, strength gains, and insulin resistance improvements and represents an optimal modality to recommend for obese adolescents.

Fat and lean components of the body including total body fat, fat-free mass and total body water and ectopic fat accumulation are important constituents that link obesity, aging, and chronic disease to subsequent morbidity and mortality.The methodology of body composition is based on a series of models characterized by progressive levels of anatomical complexity.A commonly used example is five-level model: atomic, molecular, cellular, tissue-system, whole body.Each body composition analysis method targets a component or a subcomponent of the five-level model of body composition.The choice of body composition analysis method greatly depends on the question being asked, the setting where the measurement is performed and the availability of measuring devices.Body composition analysis methods vary in complexity and precision, and range from simple field based methods to more technically challenging, laboratory based methods.Although several methods have been developed to assess body composition, anthropometric indices are simple, safe and cheap measures to quantify obesity.Body mass index, calculated from height and weight, is the most frequently used, quickest and the easiest measure.As body mass index does not differentiate peripheral from abdominal obesity, the use of waist circumference and waist-to-hip ratio was proposed in various guidelines.Waist-to-height ratio is emerging as a new anthropometric index with a potential for global use in different ethnic groups and in adults and children.The minimum measurements to be made in the basal evaluation of overweight patients are weight, height and waist circumference to calculate body mass index and waist-to-height ratio.

To evaluate proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) as a tool for the non-invasive assessment of murine body composition. Twenty C57/BL6 male mice with a wide range of body adiposities underwent both pre- and post-mortem whole-body MRS to assess body composition. MRS measures were compared to the results obtained by chemical carcass analysis, the current 'gold standard' for determination of body composition. Areas under the curve (AUC) for lipid and water peaks of whole body MRS spectra (AUClipid and AUCH2O, respectively) were used to determine percentages of body fat (%FATMRS) and fat free mass by MRS (%FFMMRS). Total body fat, total body water, fat free mass, and total lean mass were determined by chloroform/methanol extraction of lipid from dessicated whole carcass and compared to MRS measures (%FATMRS, %FFMMRS, AUClipid, and AUCH2O). The variability of the MRS technique was assessed by determining the coefficients of variation (COV) associated with %FATMRS, AUClipid, and AUCH2O for mice of three different adiposities. %FATMRS in live mice was highly correlated with body fat percentage (r=0.994, P<0.001) and total body fat (r=0.980, P<0.001) derived from chemical carcass analysis over a broad range of adiposities (7-48% body fat content by carcass analysis). There was no difference in %FATMRS measured pre- vs post-mortem (r=1.00, P<0.001). AUClipid was highly correlated with chemically derived total fat mass (r=0.996, P<0.001) and body fat percentage (r=0.981, P<0.001), while %FFMMRS was strongly correlated to chemical determinations of percentage body water (r=0.994, P<0. 001), percentage fat free mass (r=0.993, P<0.001), and percentage lean mass (r=0.792, P<0.001). AUCH2O was strongly associated with carcass analysis determinations of total body water (r=0.964, P<0. 001), total fat free mass (r=0.953, P<0.001), and total lean mass (r=0.89, P<0.001). In mice of 6%, 12%, and 43% body fat, COVs determined for %FATMRS and AUClipid were less than 10%. The COVs for AUCH2O were less than 2%. MRS provides precise, accurate, rapid, and non-invasive measures of body fat, body water, fat free mass, and lean mass in living mice with a broad range of adiposities.

ObjectiveOur primary objective was to determine the long-term effects of physical activity (PA) and weight loss (WL) on body composition in overweight/obese older adults. Secondarily, we evaluated the association between change in body mass and composition on change in several cardiometabolic risk factors and mobility.Design and Methods288 older (X±SD: 67.0±4.8 years), overweight/obese (BMI 32.8±3.8 kg/m2) men and women participated in this 18 month randomized, controlled trial. Treatment groups included PA+WL (n=98), PA-only (n=97), and a successful aging (SA) health education control (n=93). DXA-acquired body composition measures (total body fat and lean mass), conventional biomarkers of cardiometabolic risk, and 400-m walk time were obtained at baseline and 18 months.ResultsFat mass was significantly reduced from (X±SE) 36.5±8.9 kg to 31.7±9.0 kg in the PA+WL group (p<0.01), but remained unchanged from baseline in the PA-only (−0.8±3.8 kg) and SA (−0.0±3.9 kg) groups. Lean mass losses were three times greater in the PA+WL group compared to PA-only or SA groups (−2.5±2.8 kg vs. −0.7±2.2 kg or −0.8±2.4 kg, respectively; p<0.01); yet due to a larger decrease in fat mass, percent lean mass was significantly increased over baseline in the PA+WL group (2.1%±2.6%; p<0.01). Fat mass loss was primarily responsible for WL-associated improvements in cardiometabolic risk factors, while reduction in body weight, regardless of compartment, was significantly associated with improved mobility.ConclusionThis 18 month PA+WL program resulted in a significant reduction in percent body fat with a concomitant increase in percent body lean mass. Shifts in body weight and composition were associated with favorable changes in clinical parameters of cardiometabolic risk and mobility. Moderate PA without WL had no effect on body composition.

Body composition

BACKGROUND &amp;amp; OBJECTIVE: SLE is one of systemic diseases, targeting young patients, so we try to study the one of factors that affected these patients. &#x0D; &#x0D; The aim of our study is to describe the body composition in Iraqi lupus patients, and assess the effect of the disease activity, disease duration, treatment, and patients&amp;rsquo; social class in development of sarcopenia. &#x0D; &#x0D; PATIENTS &amp;amp; METHOD: Sixty women, age &amp;gt; 18years with SLE and 56 matched controls were studied. Disease activity measured by systemic lupus erythematosus disease activity index, and functional status measured by systemic lupus erythematosus quality of life questionnaire. Body mass index, waist circumference measured for patients and controls. Body composition analyzed by dual energy absorptiometry x-ray. &#x0D; &#x0D; RESULTS: Mean age for patients was 31.75&amp;plusmn;10.06 years, and mean disease duration was 19.62&amp;plusmn;10.76 months. No differences in body mass index, central obesity, lean mass percentage, fat mass percentage, appendicular lean mass index, and bone mineral density between patients and controls. Z score was lower in lupus patients as compared with controls (-1.61&amp;plusmn;0.8 for patients, -1.26&amp;plusmn;0.71 for control, p= 0.013). Treatment with azathioprine found to decrease the risk of sarcopenia (p= 0.046). Medical social class and working social class show lower risk for sarcopenia compared to unemployed class (p= 0.003, 0.002 respectively). However disease duration, disease activity, using prednisolone, and functional status had no effect. &#x0D; &#x0D; CONCLUSIONS: No significant differences in body mass index, fat mass percentage, lean mass percentage, and appendicular lean mass index in lupus patients and controls. Lupus patients have higher risk to loss their bone density.

The use of androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) in the treatment of prostate cancer is associated with changes in body composition including increased fat and decreased lean mass. Limited information exists regarding the rate and extent of these changes. This systematic review was conducted to determine the effects of ADT on body composition in prostate cancer patients. Literature searches were conducted on MEDLINE, EMBASE and Web of Science for studies until January 2009. Only longitudinal studies that examined ADT and body composition in prostate cancer patients were included. Data were extracted on body weight, BMI, percentage of fat mass and lean body mass. Sixteen studies (14 cohorts and 2 RCTs) met the inclusion criteria. Pooled data, calculated according to a random effects model, showed that ADT increased % body fat by on average 7.7% (95% CI 4.3, 11.2, from seven studies, P < 0.0001) and decreased % lean body mass by on average -2.8% (95% CI -3.6, -2.0, from six studies, P < 0.0001) but for both there was marked heterogeneity between studies (I2 = 99% I2 = 73%, respectively). Similarly, body weight (2.1%, P < 0.0001 from nine studies) and BMI (2.2%, P < 0.0001, from eight studies) increased significantly. More extensive changes were seen with longer duration of treatment. Substantial increases in fat and declines in lean mass were observed in prostate cancer patients treated with ADT. Lifestyle changes or suitable interventions to minimize the effect of ADT on body composition need to be investigated. Prostate cancer survivors should be made aware of the side effect of treatment on body composition and further work is required to determine what interventions can minimize the impact of ADT on body composition and therefore what evidence based advice they should be provided with. In general, though recommendation of a healthy diet and moderate exercise is reasonable.

A randomized trial on the effects of CitrusiM® (Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck dried extract) on body composition

To cross-validate existing anthropometric and bioimpedance equations to establish their validity and accuracy for estimating intracellular water (ICW) in healthy older Germans and to develop a new equation with improved accuracy and precision for predicting ICW from multifrequency bioimpedance analysis (MFBIA). Cross-validation study. University of Mainz. One hundred fifty-five healthy volunteers aged 60 to 80 years (77 men, 78 women; mean ages +/- standard deviation 67.7 +/- 4.8 and 68.6 +/- 5.5 years, respectively). ICW was measured by whole-body counting of (40)potassium ((40)K) ((40)K method) as the reference method and compared by cross-validation techniques against five existing bioimpedance and three anthropometric prediction equations. A new equation for estimating ICW from MFBIA was developed using the (40)K method as criterion method. Compared with the (40)K method, the existing bioimpedance and anthropometric equations showed large prediction errors in ICW estimates for older men (-32.3% to +37.7%) and women (-34.2% to +26.6%), depending significantly and positively on ICW volume and inversely on weight. A new equation for estimating ICW from MFBIA was developed (R(2)=0.933, standard error of the estimate (SEE)=0.92 L) involving phase angle at 5 kHz, impedance, height, and gender, with data from 100 subjects chosen at random. Cross-validation on an independent group (n=55, R(2)=0.958, SEE=0.68 L) showed no significant bias (0.013 +/- 1.52 L). Published bioimpedance and anthropometric prediction equations are not applicable to older Germans because they might be population-specific. The bioimpedance equation of the manufacturer of the bioimpedance analyzer used in this study provides accurate estimates of ICW for normal weight, but not overweight, older men. The newly developed equation improves accuracy and precision of ICW estimates by MFBIA.

Changes in fluid distribution are often the focus of research associated with body composition, obesity, and other disease states. Multifrequency bioimpedance analysis (MBIA) is a noninvasive and inexpensive alternative measure of fluid distribution. However, MBIA is not a direct measure, but a prediction of fluid distribution. Thus, its reliability can be questioned. PURPOSE: To assess daily changes in fluid distribution using the Xytron 4200 MBIA (Xytron Technologies, San Diego, CA) and to assess the effects of body position on these measures. RESULTS: No significant changes in BM or water volumes were observed over the 5 day period. The MBIA measurement of fluid distribution was found to be highly reliable, with ICC(2,1) ranging from .98 to .99. There was a significant increase in absolute [F(2,34) = 47.65, p = .000] and relative [F(2,34) = 13.06, p = .000] ECW when the subjects were in the SI (19.54 L, 41.31%) and ST (19.55 L, 41.27%) positions as compared to the SU position (19.17 L, 40.52%). This was observed consistently on all five days, but was not associated with any change in TBW or ICW. CONCLUSION: The MBIA prediction of fluid distribution proved to be highly reliable when assessed in the supine position. However, an expansion of the extracellular compartment must be taken into consideration if the measurement is taken in a gravity dependent position.Table: No Caption Avilable

Is bioimpedance analysis feasible in transgender men?

Previous research has compared 2- and 3-compartment (2C and 3C, respectively) models against criterion 4-compartment (4C) models while utilizing the same body density (Db) method for all measures. This design induces an inherent bias and obscures the added benefit of a 3C model over the simpler 2-compartment (2C) models. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of total body water estimates via single-frequency (SF-BIA) and multi-frequency (MF-BIA) bioimpedance analysis on body fat estimates derived from air displacement plethysmography (ADP)-derived 3C models. A sample of 95 females and 82 males (n = 177) participated in this study. Underwater weighing, dual energy X-ray absorptiometry, and bioimpedance spectroscopy were used to calculate percent fat (%Fat) via a criterion 4C model (4CCRITERION). %Fat was predicted via 3CMFBIA (ADP and MF-BIA), 3CSFBIA (ADP and SF-BIA), and a stand-alone 2-compartment (2C) model, based upon ADP, when using Siri and Brozek body density conversion formulas (2CSIRI and 2CBROZEK. respectively). The standard error of estimate (SEE) was lowest for 3CSFBIA when evaluated in females and males (2.72% and 2.31%, respectively) and highest for 2CSIRI (3.98% and 3.84%, respectively). Similarly, the total error (TE) for females and males was lowest for 3CSFBIA (3.21% and 2.67%, respectively) and highest for 2CSIRI (4.58% and 4.48%, respectively) and 2CBROZEK (4.65% and 4.33%, respectively). Results suggest that SF-BIA and MF-BIA can improve the estimation of %Fat, beyond simpler 2C models, when integrated with ADP in a more advanced 3C model. Furthermore, the present study revealed that 3CSFBIA was the best overall prediction model based upon TE values. The current study results support the integration of ADP and bioimpedance technology as part of a 3C model for the improvement of %Fat estimates over simpler 2C models.