- Research Article
6- 10.1080/01439681003778939
Child Audiences in America's Nickelodeons, 1900–1915: The Keith/Albee Managers’ Reports
- Jun 01, 2010
- Historical Journal of Film, Radio and Television
- Sara Sullivan
Click to increase image sizeClick to decrease image size Notes Notes 1. Richard Butsch, The Making of American Audiences: from stage to television, 1750–1990 (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2000), 145. 2. Jane Addams, The Spirit of Youth and the City Streets (New York, Macmillan, 1909), 87. 3. Boyd Fisher, The regulation of motion picture theaters (1912), in: Gregory Waller (ed.), Moviegoing in America: a sourcebook in the history of film exhibition (Malden, MA, Blackwell Publishers, 2002), 78. 4. Roy Rosenzweig, Eight Hours for What We Will: workers and leisure in an industrial city, 1870–1920 (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1983) and Kathy Peiss, Cheap Amusements: working women and leisure in turn-of-the-century New York (Philadelphia, PA, Temple University Press, 1986). 5. David Nasaw, Children of the City: at work and at play (New York, Oxford University Press, 1985), 117. 6. David Macleod, The Age of the Child: children in America, 1890–1920 (New York, Twayne, 1998), 22. 7. Linda Gordon, Heroes of Their Own Lives: the politics and history of family violence, Boston 1880–1960 (Chicago, IL, University of Illinois Press, 1988), 181–184. 8. Rosenzweig, 201. 9. Macleod, The Age of the Child, 11. 10. Jacob Riis, How the Other Half Lives: studies among the tenements of New York (New York, Charles Scribner's Sons, 1890), 180. Digitized from the University of Michigan, February 17, 2006. 11. Susan Tiffin, In Whose Best Interest?: child welfare reform in the Progressive era (Westport, CT, Greenwood Press, 1982), 19. 12. David Macleod, Building Character in the American Boy: the Boy Scouts, YMCA, and their forerunners, 1870–1920 (Madison, WI, University of Wisconsin Press, 1983), 99. 13. Gordon, 125. 14. John Collier and Edward M. Barrows, The City Where Crime Is Play: a report by the People's Institute (New York, 1914), 10–18, also Nasaw, 23. 15. The Land Beyond Sunset (Edison Company; US, 1912), DVD, Treasures from American Film Archives (National Film Preservation Foundation, 2000). 16. William J. Reese, Power and the Promise of School Reform: grassroots movements during the Progressive era (1986) (New York, Teachers College Press, 2002), 27–55. 17. Ben Singer, Manhattan nickelodeons: new data on audiences and exhibitors, Cinema Journal 34(3) (1995), 5–35; and Robert C. Allen, Manhattan myopia: or, Oh! Iowa! Robert C. Allen on Ben Singer's ‘Manhattan nickelodeons: new data on audiences and exhibitors’, Cinema Journal 34(3) (1995), 75–103. 18. All quotes from Keith/Albee managers’ reports come from the Keith/Albee Vaudeville Theater Collection at The University of Iowa's Special Collections Department, Iowa City. 19. Michael Davis, The Exploitation of Pleasure: a study of commercial recreations in New York City (New York, Russell Sage Foundation, 1910), 24–29. 20. Ibid., 24. 21. Michael Davis, quoted in Roberta Pearson and William Uricchio, ‘The formative and impressionable stage’: discursive constructions of the nickelodeon's child audience, in: Richard Maltby and Melvyn Stokes (eds), American Movie Audiences: from the turn of the century to the early sound era (London, BFI, 1999), 68. 22. Thomas Doherty, This is where we came in: the audible screen and the voluble audience of early sound cinema, in: Richard Maltby and Melvyn Stokes (eds), American Movie Audiences: from the turn of the century to the early sound era (London, BFI, 1999), 144. 23. Charles Musser, Before the Nickelodeon: Edwin S. Porter and the Edison Manufacturing Company (Berkeley, CA, University of California Press, 1991), 9–15. 24. Musser, 27. 25. Ibid., 340. 26. Keith/Albee Collection, Manager's Reports, Boston, Christmas Week 1907 and 1908 and Philadelphia, Christmas Week 1909. 27. The Terrible Kids (Edwin S. Porter, Edison Company; US, 1906), DVD, Edison: The Invention of the Movies (Kino International Corp, 2005). 28. Musser, 345. 29. Macleod, Building, 28. 30. The Little Train Robbery (Edwin S. Porter, Edison Company; US, 1905), DVD, Edison. 31. Musser, 320. 32. Cohen's Fire Sale (Porter, Edison Company; US, 1907), DVD, Edison. 33. Jacob Riis, Hester Street—the School Children's Only Playground, photographic print, circa 1890, in Nasaw, 21. 34. The ‘Teddy’ Bears (Porter, Edison Company; US, 1907), DVD, Edison. 35. Musser, 350. 36. Miriam Hansen, Babel & Babylon: spectatorship in American silent film (Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press, 1991), 50. 37. Rick Altman, Silent Film Sound (New York, Columbia University Press, 2004), 284. 38. Ibid., 285. 39. Eileen Bowser, The Transformation of Cinema, 1907–1915 (Berkeley, CA, University of California Press, 1994), 28. 40. In the Border States (D.W. Griffith, Biograph Company; US, 1910), VDis, D.W. Griffith: Years of Discovery, 1909–1913 (Image Entertainment, 1997) and The Little Girl Next Door (Lucius Henderson, Thanhouser Company; US, 1912), DVD, Thanhouser Collection: Kids and Dogs (Thanhouser Co. Film Preservation, 2006). 41. The Evidence of the Film (Edwin Thanhouser and Lawrence Marston, Thanhouser Company; US, 1913), DVD, Thanhouser Kids and Dogs. 42. Drummer of the 8th (Thomas Ince, Broncho Film Company; US, 1913), DVD, Civil War Films of the Silent Era (Image Entertainment, 2000).
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