Book reviews

Evelyne Accad, The Wounded Breast: Intimate Journeys through Cancer (Spinifex Press) North Melbourne, Victoria, 2001. Steven Angelides, A History of Bisexuality (University of Chicago Press) Chicago, 2001. Alison Bartlett and Gina Mercer (eds), Postgraduate Research Supervision (Peter Lang Publishing) New York, 2001. Veronika Bennholdt-Thomsen, Nicholas Faraclas and Claudia von Werlhof (eds), There is an Alternative: Subsistence and Worldwide Resistance to Corporate GkbaKzati6on (Zed Books) London and New York, 2001. Susan Blackburn (ed.), Love, Sex and Power: Women in Southeast Asia (Monash Asia Institute) Clayton, Victoria, 2001. Ann J. Cahill, Rethinking Rape (Cornell University Press) Ithaca and London, 2001. Patricia Crawford and Philippa Maddem (eds), Women as Australian Citizens: Underlying Histories (Melbourne University Press) Melbourne, Victoria, 2001. Patricia Crawford and Judy Skene (eds), Women and Citizenship: Suffrage Centenary (Centre for Western Australian History, University of Western Australia) Nedlands, WA, 1999. Jane Duran, Worlds of Knowing: Global Feminist Epistemologies (Routledge) New York and London, 2001. Joan Dunayer, Animal Equality: Language and Liberation (Ryee Publishing) Derwood, MD, 2001. Yolanda Estes, Arnold Lorenzo Farr, Patricia Smith and Celia Smyth (eds), Marginal Groups and Mainstream American Culture (University Press of Kansas) Kansas, 2000. Berenice Malka Fisher, No Angel in the Classroom: Teaching through Feminist Discourse (Rowman & Littlefield) Lanham, MD, 2000. Jo Wallwork and Paul Salzena (eds), Women Writing 1550-1750 (Meridan) Melbourne, Victoria, 2001. Sarah Gamble (ed.), The Routledge Companion to Feminism and Postfeminism (Routledge) London and New York, 2001. Leigh Gilmore, The Limits of Autobiography: Trauma and Testimony (Cornell University Press)Ithaca and London, 2001. Jan Gothard, Blue China, Single Female Migration to Colonial Australia (Melbourne University Press)Carlton, Victoria, 2001. Darlene M. Juschaka (ed.), Feminism in the Study of Religion: a Reader (Continuum) London and New York, 2001. Barbara Kamler, Relocating the Personal: a Critical Writing Pedagogy (State University of New York Press)Albany, 2001. Joanna Liddle and Sachiko Nakajima, Rising Suns, Rising Daughters: Gender, Class and Power in Japan (Zed Books) London and New York, 2000. Anthony McMahon, Taking Care of Men: Sexual Politics in the Public Mind (Cambridge University Press) Cambridge, 1999. Susan Magarey, Passions of the First Wave Feminists (University of New South Wales Press) Sydney, 2001. Sylvia Martin, Passionate Friends: Mary Fullerton, Mabel Singleton, Miles Franklin (Onlywomen Press) London, 2001. Robert Morrell (ed.), Changing Men in Southern Africa (University of Natal Press) South Africa, 2001. Hilde Lindemann Nelson, Damaged Identities, Nanative Repair (Cornell University Press) Ithaca and London, 2001. Kelly Oliver, Witnessing: Beyond Recognition (University of Minnesota Press) Minneapolis and London, 2001. Roberta Rosenberg (ed.), Women's Studies: an Interdisciplinary Anthology (Peter Lang Publishing) New York, 2001. Carol Siegel, New Millennial Sexstyles (Indiana University Press) Bloomington and Indianapolis, 2000. Susan Sheridan, Who Was That Woman? The Australian Women's Weekly in the Postwar Tears (University of New South Wales Press) Sydney, 2001. Hilda L. Smith and Berenice A. Carroll, Women's Political and Social Thought: an Anthology (Indiana University Press) Bloomington and Indianapolis, 2000. Denise Thompson, Radical Feminism Today (Sage) London, 2001. Sue Thornham (ed.), Feminist Film Theory: a Reader (Edinburgh University Press) Edinburgh, 1999.

Journal Article alexander de grand. The Italian Left in the Twentieth Century: A History of the Socialist and Communist Parties. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. 1989. Pp. xiv, 182 and joan barth urban. Moscow and the Italian Communist Party: From Togliatti to Berlinguer. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. 1986. Pp. 370. Paper $14.95 Get access de Grand Alexander. The Italian Left in the Twentieth Century: A History of the Socialist and Communist Parties. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. 1989. Pp. xiv, 182. Urban Joan Barth. Moscow and the Italian Communist Party: From Togliatti to Berlinguer. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. 1986. Pp. 370. Paper $14.95. Spencer M. di Scala Spencer M. di Scala University of Massachusetts, Boston Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The American Historical Review, Volume 95, Issue 5, December 1990, Pages 1577–1578, https://doi.org/10.1086/ahr/95.5.1577 Published: 01 December 1990

Stephen P. Schwartz. Preface. Naming, necessity, and natural kinds, edited by Stephen P. Schwartz, Cornell University Press, Ithaca and London1977, pp. 9–10. - Stephen P. Schwartz. Introduction. Naming, necessity, and natural kinds, edited by Stephen P. Schwartz, Cornell University Press, Ithaca and London1977, pp. 13–41. - Keith S. Donnellan. Reference and definite descriptions. A reprint of XL 276 (12). Naming, necessity, and natural kinds, edited by Stephen P. Schwartz, Cornell University Press, Ithaca and London1977, pp. 42–65. - Saul Kripke. Identity and necessity. Naming, necessity, and natural kinds, edited by Stephen P. Schwartz, Cornell University Press, Ithaca and London1977, pp. 66–101. (Reprinted from Identity and individuation, edited by Milton K. Munitz, New York University Press, New York 1971, pp. 135–164.) - Hilary Putnam. IS semantics possible?Naming, necessity, and natural kinds, edited by Stephen P. Schwartz, Cornell University Press, Ithaca and London1977, pp. 102–118. (Reprinted from Language, belief, and metaphysics, edited by Howard E. Kiefer and Milton K. Munitz, Contemporary philosophic thought, vol. 11, State University of New York Press, Albany 1970, pp. 50–63.) - Hilary Putnam. Meaning and reference. Naming, necessity, and natural kinds, edited by Stephen P. Schwartz, Cornell University Press, Ithaca and London1977, pp. 119–132. (Reprinted from The journal of philosophy, vol. 70 (1973), pp. 699–711.) - William K. Goosens. Underlying trait terms. Naming, necessity, and natural kinds, edited by Stephen P. Schwartz, Cornell University Press, Ithaca and London1977, pp. 133–154. - W. V. Quine. Natural kinds. Naming, necessity, and natural kinds, edited by Stephen P. Schwartz, Cornell University Press, Ithaca and London1977, pp. 155–175. (Reprinted from Essays in honor of Carl D. Hempel, A tribute on the occasion of his sixty-fifth birthday, edited by Nicholas Rescher et al., D. Reidel Publishing Company, Dordrecht 1969, pp. 5–23.) - Irving M. Com. Essence and accident. Naming, necessity, and natural kinds, edited by Stephen P. Schwartz, Cornell University Press, Ithaca and London1977, pp. 176–191. (Reprinted from The journal of philosophy, vol. 51 (1954), pp. 706–719.) - Gareth Evans. The causal theory of names. Naming, necessity, and natural kinds, edited by Stephen P. Schwartz, Cornell University Press, Ithaca and London1977, pp. 192–215. (Reprinted from Aristotelian Society supplementary volume XLVII, London 1973, pp. 187–208.) - Volume 47 Issue 4

Kesper-Biermann, Sylvia, Staat und Schule in Kurhessen 1813-1866 (Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2001). Lehning, James, To Be a Citizen. The Political Culture of the Early French Third Republic (Cornell University Press, 2001). Reddy, William, The Navigation of Feeling (Cambridge University Press, 2001). Romani, Roberto, National Character and Public Spirit in Britain and France, 1750-1914 (Cambridge University Press, 2002). Rose, James, Duquesne and the Rise of Steel Unionism (University of Illinois Press, 2001). Rosenfeld, Sophia, A Revolution in Language. The Problem of Signs in Late Eighteenth-Century France (Stanford University Press, 2001). Ruble, Blair, Second Metropolis. Pragmatic Pluralism in Gilded Age Chicago, Silver Age Moscow, and Meiji Osaka (Cambridge University Press, 2001). Ruff, Julius, Violence in Early Modem Europe (Cambridge University Press, 2001). Rumbaut, Ruben and Portes, Alejandro (eds), Ethnicities. Children of Immigrants in America (University of California Press, 2001). Sautman, Francesca Canada and Sheingorn, Pamela (eds), Same Sex Love and Desire among Women in the Middle Ages (Palgrave, 2001). Scranton, Philip (ed.), The Second Wave. Southern Industrialization from the 19405 to the 19705 (University of Georgia Press, 2001). Lilley, Keith, Urban Life in the Middle Ages 1000-1430 (Palgrave, 2001). McCarthy, Justin, The Ottoman Peoples and the End of Empire (Arnold, 2001). Mendie, Michael (ed.), The Putney Debates of 1647. The Army, the Levellers, and the English State (Cambridge University Press, 2001). Michels, George, At War with the Church. Religious Dissent in Seventeenth-century Russia (Stanford University Press, 2001). Mills, Dennis, Rural Community History from Trade Directories (Local Population Studies, 2001). Packer, Ian, Lloyd George, Liberalism and the Land. The Land Issue and Party Politics in England, 1906-1914 (Royal Historical Society, 2001). Parrott, David, Richelieu's Army. War, Government and Society in France, 1624-1642 (Cambridge University Press, 2001). Popkin, Jeremy, Press, Revolution and Social Identities in France, 1830-1835 (Penn State University Press, 2001). Rasmussen, Birgit Brander, Klinenberg, Eric, Nexica, Irene and Wray, Matt (eds), The Making and Unmaking of Whiteness (Duke University Press, 2001). Schechter, Patricia, Ida B. Wells-Bamett and American Reform, 1880-1930 (University of North Carolina Press, 2001). Schulten, Susan, The Geographical Imagination in America, 1880-1930 (University of Chicago Press, 2001). Scott, Tom, Society and Economy in Germany, 1300-1600 (Palgrave, 2001). Shackel,Paul (ed.), Myth, Memory, and the Making of the American Landscape (University Press of Florida, 2001). Smith, John (ed.), When Did Southern Segregation Begin? (Palgrave, 2002). Sokoll, Thomas (ed.), Essex Pauper Letters 1731-1831 (Oxford University Press, 2001). Spraggs, Gillian, Outlaws and Highway men.The Cult of the Robber in England from the Middle Ages to the Nineteenth Century (Pimlico, 2001). Steffen, Lisa, Defining a British State. Treason and National Identity, 1608-1820 (Palgrave, 2001). Stengers, Jean and van Neck, Anne, Masturbation. The History of a Great Terror (St Martin's Press, 2001). Sweeney, Regina, Singing Our Way to Victory. French Cultural Politics and Music during the Great War (Wesleyan University Press, 2001). Veenendaal, Augustus, Railways in the Netherlands. A Brief History, 1834-1994 (Stanford University Press, 2001). Vickeiy, Amanda (ed.), Women, Privilege and Power. British Politics, 1750 to the Present (Oxford University Press, 2001). Vigarello, Georges, A History of Rape. Sexual Violence in France from the 16th to the 20th Century (Polity Press, 2001). Vinson, Ben, Bearing Arms for His Majesty. The Free-Colored Militia in Colonial Mexico (Stanford University Press, 2001). Waldinger, Roger (ed.), Strangers at the Gates. New Immigrants in Urban America (University of California Press, 2001). Worobec, Christine, Possessed. Women, Witches and Demons in Imperial Russia (Northern Illinois University Press, 2001). Xu, Xiaoqun, Chinese Professionals and the Republican State. The Rise of Professional Associations in Shanghai 1912-1937 (Cambridge University Press, 2000). Aron, Cindy, Working at Play. A History of Vacations in the United States (Oxford University Press, 2001). Baron, Samuel, Bloody Saturday in the Soviet Union. Novocherkassk, 1962 (Stanford University Press, 2001). Bielenberg, Andy (ed.), The Irish Diaspora (Longman, 2000). Blok, Anton, Honour and Violence (Polity Press, 2001). Braddick, Michael, State Formation in Early Modem England, c. 1550-1700 (Cambridge University Press, 2001). Brading,D. A.,Mexican Phoenix. Our Lady of Guadalupe:Image andTradition across Five Centuries (Cambridge University Press, 2001). Carney, Judith, Black Rice. The African Origins of Rice Cultivation in the Americas (Harvard University Press, 2001). Carter, Ian, Railways and Culture in Britain. The Epitome of Modernity (Manchester University Press, 2001). Cayton, Andrew and Gray, Susan (eds), The American Midwest. Essays on Regional History (Indiana University Press, 2001). Charle, Christophe, La Crise des sociétés impériales. Allemagne, France, Grande-Bretagne. Essai d'histoire sociale comparée (Seuil, 2001). Chojnacka, Monica, Working Women in Early Modem Venice (Johns Hopkins University Press, 2001). Cohen, Deborah, The War Come Home. Disabled Veterans in Britain and Germany, 1914-1939 (University of California Press, 2001). Cook, James, The Arts of Deception. Playing with Fraud in the Age of Burman (Harvard University Press, 2001). Cowling, Maurice, Religion and Public Doctrine in Modern England, vol. 3 (Cambridge University Press, 2001). Crubaugh, Anthony, Balancing the Scales of Justice. Local Courts and Rural Society in Southwest France, 1730-1800 (Penn State University Press, 2001). Dalley, Bronwyn and Phillips, Jock (eds), Going Public.The Changing Face of New Zealand History (Auckland University Press, 2001). Delaney, Enda, Demography, State and Society. Irish Migration to Britain, 1921-1971 (Liverpool University Press, 2000). Doyle, William (ed.), Old Regime France (Oxford University Press, 2001). Elazar, Dahlia, The Making of Fascism. Class, State, and Counter-Revolution, Italy 1919-1922 (Greenwood Publishing, 2001). Epstein, Steven, Speaking of Slavery. Color, Ethnicity and Human Bondage in Italy (Cornell University Press, 2001). Feldman, Gerald, Allianz and the German Insurance Business, 1933-1943 (Cambridge University Press, 2001). Foot, John, Milan Since the Miracle. City, Culture and Identity (Berg, 2001). Fragnito, Gigliola (ed.), Church, Censorship and Culture in Early Modem Italy (Cambridge University Press, 2001). Jones, Emrys (ed.), The Welsh in London, 1300-2000 (University of Wales Press, 2001). Karpat, Kemal, The Politicization of Islam. Reconstructing Identity, State, Faith, and Community in the Late Ottoman State (Oxford University Press, 2001). Gayot, Gérard and Minard, Philippe (eds), Les ouvriers qualifiés de l'industrie (XVF-XX si碬e) (Revue du Nord, 2001). Gildart, Keith, North Wales Miners. A Fragile Unity, 1943-1996 (University of Wales Press, 2001). Gonick, Cy, A Very Red Life. The Story of Bill Walsh (Canadian Committee on Labor History, 2001). Halliday, Stephen, Underground to Everywhere. London's Underground Railway in the Life of the Capital (Sutton, 2001). Hatcher, John and Bailey, Mark, Modelling the Middle Ages. The History and Theory of England's Economic Development (Oxford University Press, 2001). Hewitt, Nancy, Southern Discomfort. Women's Activism in Tampa, Florida, 18805-19205 (University of Illinois Press, 2001). Heywood, Colin, A History of Childhood (Polity, 2001). Johansen, Shawn, Family Men. Middle-Class Fatherhood in Early Industrializing America (Routledge, 2001). Johnson, Patricia, Hidden Hands. Working-Class Women and Victorian Social-Problem Fiction (University of Ohio Press, 2001).

The purpose of this study is to reconsider musical narrativity and gesture in the semiotic sense through debate among the former studies, taking the examples of Beethoven and Mahler. From these findings, I conclude that narrative analysis is a kind of syntagmatic analysis. Musical events in narrative discourse are regarded as (1) narrative-defining features (Micznik in Jounal of the Royal Musical Association 126/2: 193–249, 2001), (2) representations rather than physical entities (Meelberg, Vincent in New Sounds, New Stories. Narrativity in Contemporary Music. Amsterdam: Leiden University Press, 2006), and (3) isotopy in the Greimasian sense (Tarasti in A Theory of Musical Semiotics. Indiana University Press, Bloomington and Indianapolis, 1994). Significant events in music are defined by the syntagmatic perspective and the work’s strategy (Almén in A Theory of Musical Narrative. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, 2008); more precisely, telos (the goal of the lineal process) is a central position in narrative discourse. We need more aspects of an author for narrative analysis and its procedure, and that many significant and elaborate theories and ideas frequently seem to relate to the lack of the composer’s stance or the author’s psychological and strategic perspectives. From these aspects of musical narrativity, in music analysis, we need to take notice of (1) musical gesture that emerges from the textural level, i.e., “the score,” and (2) musical gesture by the composer, which is an attempt to put thoughts and images into compositions through the composer’s perception by means of the five senses, “the body.”KeywordsMusical narrativitySyntagmatic analysisMusical gesturesLudwig van BeethovenGustav Mahler

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Book Reviews New Directions in the Gendered Study of Peace, Social Violence, Militarism, and War Valarie H. Ziegler. The Advocates of Peace in Antebellum America. Bloomington : Indiana University Press, 1992. xi + 241 pp.; bibl; index. ISBN 0-253-36864-2 (cl); $35.00. Harriet Hyman Alonso. Peace as a Women's Issue: A History of the U.S. Movement for World Peace and Women's Rights. Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 1993. xix + 340 pp; illus; appendixes; bibl; index. 0-8156-2565-0 (cl); 0-8156-0269-3 (pb); $39.95 (cl); $17.95 (pb). Amy Swerdlow. Women Strike for Peace: Traditional Motherhood and Radical Politics in the 1960s. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1993.450 pp. (est.); illus; bibl; index. 0-226-78635-8 (cl); 0-226-78636 (pb); $45.00 (cl); $19.95 (pb). Margaret Hope Bacon. One Woman's Passion for Peace and Freedom: The Life of Mildred Scott Olmsted. Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 1993. xix + 414 pp.; 30 illus, index. 0-8156-0270-7 (cl); $34.95. Louise Krasniewicz. Nuclear Summer: The Clash of Communities at the Seneca Women's Peace Encampment. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1992. xiii + 259 pp; illus; bibl; index. 0-8014-2635-9 (cl); 0-8014-9938-0 (pb); $45.00 (cl); $14.95 (pb). Jean Bethke Elshtain and Sheila Tobias, eds. Women, Militarism, and War: Essays in History, Politics, and Social Theory. Savage, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc., 1990. xii + 272 pp.; index. 0-84767469 -X (cl); 0-8476-7470-3 (pb); $48.00 (cl); $23.50 (pb). Frances Early In 1967, Women Strike for Peace spokesperson Dagmar Wilson challenged a Washington Post reporter to reach toward a new understanding of Vietnam: "You have no idea of who the enemy is—the enemy is war and violence" (quoted in Swerdlow, p. 218). The books reviewed here span diverse subject matter and represent the work of scholars in a variety of disciplines. Yet with the exception of Valarie Ziegler's book, which is somewhat tangential thematically to the others, they all share an appreciation of the way in which women have sought to question, reshape, and even transcend established authority structures, particularly institutions and patterns of thought that legitimize war and social inequalities within © 1994 Journal of Women's History, Vol 6 No. ι (Spring) 76 Journal of Women's History Spring the larger framework of a patriarchal, racist state. These studies bring important chapters of women's history out of the shadows of neglect and elucidate a long, largely unbroken tradition of creative peace work hitherto scarcely recognized. Each scholar's work attests in some way to the importance of engendering the study of history and contemporary social movements . Furthermore, these books demonstrate that feminist theory-building in relation to questions of peace and war has always been integral to women's peace and social justice work. Valarie Ziegler's study examines the beginnings of mixed-gender peace reform organizations in the United States. Ziegler, a religious studies scholar, analyzes the underlying assumptions and values guiding peace activism in the antebellum era in order to understand the bifurcation of the peace movement into moderate cultural Christians in the American Peace Society (founded 1828) and the radical sectarian nonresistants of the New England Non-Resistant Society (founded in 1838 as a splitaway group of the parent American Peace Society). She uncovers two conflicting theological tenets, an ethic of coercion (cultural Christian) and an ethic of love (sectarian nonresistant), both of which she locates within mainstream nineteenth-century evangelical theology. Ziegler also demonstrates two differing temperaments which roughly approximate the cultural Christian /sectarian nonresistant polarity in the organizational structure of the peace movement. Concentrating for the most part on male leadership styles and thought, she argues that articulate members of the American Peace Society such as Noah Worcester epitomized "the confident Christian" who believed in the ability of people like themselves to convince public opinion that war was wrong and could be abolished through established institutional channels. However, Worcester and others like him were willing under certain circumstances to subscribe to an ethic of coercion : violent means were sometimes necessary to order society as they saw fit. In contrast to such individuals, members of the...

Paradise Lost Text and Context: A Review Essay Philip J. Gallagher University of Texas at El Paso The distinguished classical scholar M. L. West has recently cited an even more distinguished classicist, U. von WilamowitzMoellendorff , to support a common-sense hermeneutic with which I heartily agree: "I believe," West writes, "that the understanding of many works of literature would benefit from trying to see them more from the author's viewpoint and paying greater attention to his train of thought and the problems of construction and expression that he faced. [As Wilamowitz has stated,] 'Behind the works stands the man who created them. The scholar seeks to reach him, to penetrate his soul, and then to present this man in terms of what he was and what he aimed at . . . [,] to understand how this man was formed, and what he intended, thought, achieved.'"1 The review essay that follows proceeds on the assumption that interpretation ought to pursue the goals enumerated by West and Wilamowitz, and myjudgmentofthe three books scrutinized — two of which have won prestigious national awards2 — derives from the degree to which each facilitates the recovery of Milton's poetic intention in Paradise Lost. For my opinion that authorial intention is the criterion of validity in interpretation, I am of course indebted to the work of E. D. Hirsch, Jr. I share Mr. Hirsch's outrage at what he calls "the present decadence in literaryscholarship, with its anti-rationalism, faddism, and extreme relativism."Over against the radical skepticism of the "cognitive atheists,"3 1 believe with Hirsch in the 1.Hesiod Works and Days (Oxford: The Clarendon Press, 1978), pp. v-vi. 2.The first book under review, Robert Crosman's Reading Paradise Lost (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1980), has won the Explicator Award; the second book, Stella Puree Revard's The War in Heaven: Paradise Lost and the Tradition of Satan's Rebellion (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1980), has won the James Holly Hanford Award of the Milton Society ofAmerica; the last book, Francis C. Blessington's Paradise Lost and the Classical Epic (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1979), has won nothing, though I believe it to be the best study of the three. 3.The Aims ofInterpretation (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1976), p. 13. 218ROCKY MOUNTAIN REVIEW possibility of genuine humanistic knowledge, the acquisition of which — and forgive us for sounding platitudinous — is "governed by the critical testing of hypotheses with reference to evidence and logic" (pp. 151-152). The best evidence at hand is the literary text in the light of its peculiar cultural givens. In this our westwardmoving and declining age of literary criticism, it seems to me that the astonishing proliferation of critical systems has led inexorably to an infinite regress from whatever artifact critics have essayed to annotate; my review therefore tries to measure the success with which the writers under consideration illuminate their text in context. Consistent with this purpose, I intend to emulate the method Milton himself espouses in his posthumous treatise The Christian Doctrine: most theologians "have been wont to fill whole pages with explanations of their own opinions, thrusting into the margin the relevant [biblical] texts in support of their doctrine with a summary reference to the chapter and verse. I have chosen, on the contrary, to fill my pages even to redundance with quotations from Scripture, that so as little space as possible might be left for my own words."4 Like Milton I have tried hard to let the texts of his critics speak for themselves — not futilely, I hope, for in one case at least the medium is decidedly the message. I In the last chapter of Reading Paradise Lost Robert Crosman makes a crucial distinction between interpretation and affect. His proof-text is Book XI of Milton's epic. God has instructed the archangel Michael to narrate to Adam a visionary summary of postlapsarian history, after which Adam and Eve are to beled out of their Garden home into the subjected plain of Eden below. The manner of the fallen couple's extirpation will be contingent, God commands, upon the nature of their emotional response to the various instructions Michael gives them: "If patiently...

TRUTH AND METHOD. By Hans Georg Gadamer. New York: Seabury Press, 1975; pp. 576. $24.50. Originally published as WAHRHEIT UND METHODE, by J.C.B. Mohr (Paul Siebeck) Tubingen, 1960. The translation was edited by Garrett Barden and John Cumming from the second (1965) edition. NOVANTIQUA: RHETORICS AS A CONTEMPORARY THEORY. By Paolo Velesio. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1980; pp. 336. $22.50 THE POLITICAL UNCONSCIOUS; NARRATIVE AS A SOCIALLY SYMBOLIC ACT. By Fredric Jameson. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1981; pp. 320. $24.50.

The Contemporary and Eccentric Position of ‘The Winnebago Man’

Postmodern procedural poetry has received quite a bit of attention in the last several years. In her book Differentials: Poetry, Poetics, Pedagogy (2004), Marjorie Perloff devotes a chapter to the ...

Reviews of Books

ERIC L.JONES. Cultures Merging: A Historical and Economic Critique of Culture. Princeton, NJ and Oxford: Princeton University Press, 2006. Pp. xvii, 297. $29.95 (US). Reviewed by Harold James LINDSAY ALLEN. The Persian Empire: A History. Chicago, IL and London: University of Chicago Press, 2005. Pp. 208. $39.95 (US). Reviewed by Christopher Tuplin GWYN MORGAN. 6g AD: The Year of the Four Emperors. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 2006. Pp. xi,322. $40.00 (CDN). Reviewed by Barbara Levick BRUCE L. BATTEN. Gateway to Japan: Hakata in War and Peace, 500-1300. Honolulu, HI: University of Hawaii Press, 2006. Pp. xv, 183. $25.00 (US), paper. Reviewed by Mark J. Hudson CARTER VAUGHN FINDLEY. The Turks in World History. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 2005. Pp. xvi, 300. $26.95 (CDN), paper. Reviewed by Colin Heywood NORMAN HOUSLEY. Contesting the Crusades. Maiden, MA and Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, 2006. Pp. xiii, 198. $29.95 (US)i paper. Reviewed by Peter W. Edbury MICHAELJ. LEVIN. Agents of Empire: Spanish Ambassadors in Sixteenth-Century Italy. Ithaca, NY and London: Cornell University Press, 2005. Pp. viii, 228. $39-95 (US); R. J. WALSH. Charles the Bold and Italy (1467-1477): Politics and Personnel. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 2005; dist. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. Pp. xxxiv, 478. $95.00 (US). Reviewed by Toby Osborne MICHAEL A. PALMER. Command at Sea: Naval Command and Control since the Sixteenth Century. Cambridge, MA and London: Harvard University Press, 2005. Pp. 377. $29.95 (US). Reviewed by William S. Cormack SUSANNA BURGHARTZ, ed. Inszenierte Welten: Die west- und ostindischen Reisen der Verleger de Bry, 1590-1630. Staging New Worlds: De Brys' Illustrated Travel Reports, 1590-1630. Basel: Schwabe Verlag, 2004. Pp. 199. €54.50. Reviewed by Elmer Kolfin ARTHUR JAY KLINGHOFFER. The Power of Projections: How Maps Reflect Global Politics and History. Westport, CT: Praeger, 2006. Pp. xv, 192. $49.95 (US). Reviewed by Patricia Seed C. PATTERSON GIERSCH. Asian Borderlands: The Transformation of Qing China's Yunnan Frontier. Cambridge, MA and London: Harvard University Press, 2006. Pp. xvi, 308. $49-95 (US).Reviewed by Joanna Waley-Cohen N. A. M. RODGER. The Command of the Ocean: A Naval History of Britain, 1649-1815. New York, NY and London: W. W. Norton, 2005. Pp. lxv, 907. $45.00 (US). Reviewed Daniel A. Baugh RAYMOND HYLTON. Ireland's Huguenots and Their Refuge, 1662-1745: An Unlikely Haven. Brighton and Portland, OR: Sussex Academic Press, 2005. Pp. xiii, 226. $69.50 (US). Reviewed by Ruth Whelan MARIEKE DE GOEDE. Virtue, Fortune, and Faith: A Genealogy of Finance. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press, 2005. Pp. xxvii, 235. $22.95 (US), paper. Reviewed by JU Best ROBIN LAW. Ouidah: The Social History of a West African Slaving ‘Port’, 1727-l892. Athens, OH: Ohio University Press, 2004. Pp. xi, 308. $49.95 (US), cloth; $29-95 (US), paper. Reviewed by Davod Eltis COLIN G. CALLOWAY. The Scratch of a Pen: 1763 and the Transformation of North America. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 2006. Pp. xvii, 219. $35.50 (CDN). Reviewed by Trevor Burnard PAUL D'ARCY. The People of the Sea: Environment, Identity, and History in Oceania. Honolulu, HI: University of Hawaii Press, 2006. Pp. xvii, 292. $36.00 (US). Reviewed by I. C. Campbell FRANCIS M. CARROLL. The American Presence in Ulster: A Diplomatic History, 1796-1996. Washington, DC: Catholic University of America Press, 2005. Pp. xi, 281. $29.95 (US), paper.Reviewed by Diane Kirby ERIC BURIN. Slavery and the Peculiar Solution: A History of the American Colonization Society. Gainesville, FL: University Press of Florida, 2005; dist. Toronto, ON: Scholarly Book Services. Pp. xiv, 223. $101.95 (CDN). Reviewed by Manisha Sinha MICHAEL L. TATE. Indians and Emigrants: Encounters on the Overland Trails. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press, 2006. Pp. xxiv, 328. $29.95 (US). Reviewed by David La Vere ROBERT HOLLAND and DIANA MARKIDES. The British and the Hellenes: Struggles for Mastery in the Eastern Mediterranean, 1850-1960. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 2006. Pp. 266. $165.00 (CDN). Reviewed by Robert Frazier DAVID G. ATWILL. The Chinese Sultanate: Islam, Ethnicity, and the Panthay Rebellion in Southwest China, 1856-1873. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2005. Pp. xii, 264. $60.00 (US). Reviewed by Evelyn S. Rawski ULRICH PALLUA. Eurocentrism, Racism, Colonialism in the Victorian and Edwardian Age: Changing Images of Africa(ns) in Scientific and Literary Texts. Heidelberg: Universitatsverlag C. Winter, 2005. Pp. 263. €39.00. Reviewed by Antoinette Burton HAROLD L. PLATT. Shock Cities: The Environmental Transformation and Reform, of Manchester and Chicago. Chicago, IL and London: University of Chicago Press, 2005. Pp. xvi, 628. $49.00 (US). Reviewed by Helen Meller TIMOTHY H. PARSONS. Race, Resistance, and the. 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Pp. x, 164. $32.50 (US). Reviewed by Bradley A. Thayer

Bilingual Education: for what and for Whom? - Wallace E. Lambert and G. Richard Tucker, Bilingual education of children: The St. Lambert Experiment. Rowley, Mass.: Newbury House Publishers, 1972. - William Francis Mackay, Bilingual education in a binational school: A study of equal language maintenance through free alternation. Rowley, Mass.: Newbury House Publishers, 1972. - Volume 6 Issue 2

Click to increase image sizeClick to decrease image size Acknowledgments Earlier versions of this article were presented at Tobin Project meetings on Sustainable National Security Strategy. Notes 1. Explained further in Jonathan Kirshner, American Power After the Financial Crisis (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, forthcoming.) 2. U.S. Government Accountability Office, “Financial Derivatives: Actions Needed to Protect the Financial System,” GAO/GGD-94-133, May 1994, pp. 11, 14–15, 39, 124, 126–7, www.gao.gov/assets/160/154342.pdf; Alan Greenspan, “The Regulation of OTC Derivatives,” testimony before the House Committee on Banking and Financial Services, July 24, 1998, www.federalreserve.gov/boarddocs/testimony/1998/19980724.htm; Alan Greenspan, The Age of Turbulence (New York: Penguin Press, 2007): pp. 373–4. 3. Simon Johnson and James Kwak, 13 Bankers: The Wall Street Takeover and the Next Financial Meltdown (New York, Pantheon, 2010), pp. 89, 91. 4. Greta R. Krippner, Capitalizing on Crisis: The Political Origins of the Rise of Finance, (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2011): pp. 28, 29, 39, 51; Johnson and Kwak, 13 Bankers. 5. See Carmen Reinhart and Kenneth Rogoff, This Time is Different: Eight Centuries of Financial Folly, (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2009). 6. See Carmen Reinhart and Kenneth Rogoff, This Time is Different: Eight Centuries of Financial Folly, (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2009). p. 155. 7. Nicholas D. Kristof and David Sanger, “How U.S. Wooed Asia to Let Cash Flow In,” The New York Times, February 16, 1999, http://www.nytimes.com/1999/02/16/world/how-us-wooed-asia-to-let-cash-flow-in.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm. 8. “International Capital Markets Charting a Steadier Course,” IMF Survey, September 23, 1996, http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/survey/pdf/092396a.pdf. 9. Alan Greenspan, “The Current Asian Crisis,” testimony before the Senate Appropriations Committee, March 3, 1998; U.S. Treasury, “Deputy Secretary Summers Remarks Before the International Monetary Fund,” press release, March 9, 1998. 10. Sidney Weintraub, “Lessons from the Chile and Singapore Free Trade Agreements,” in Jeffrey Schott, ed., Free Trade Agreements: U.S. Strategies and Priorities, (Washington: Institute for International Economics, 2004): p. 87. 11. G. John Ikenberry and Charles Kupchan, “Socialization and Hegemonic Power,” International Organization 44, no. 3 (June 1990): 283–315. 12. Carl E. Walter and Fraser J. T. Howie, Red Capitalism: The Fragile Foundation of China's Extraordinary Rise, (Singapore: Wiley, 2011): pp. ix–x, 3; Rosemary Foot and Andrew Walter, China, The United States, and Global Order, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011): pp. 117, 120, 123, 265–270; Gregory Chin and Eric Helleiner, “China as a Creditor: A Rising Financial Power?” Journal of International Affairs 62, no. 1 (Fall/Winter 2008): pp. 87 (quote), 92, 97–8, 99. 13. Li Ruogu, “The Financial Crisis and International Monetary System Reform,” China Finance 5, (2010); Li Daokui and Yin Xingzhong, “New Structure of the International Monetary System: Research on the Post-Financial Crisis Era,” Journal of Financial Research 2, (2010). 14. Zhou Xiaochuan, “Reform of the International Monetary System,” People's Bank of China, March 23, 2009; David Barboza, “China Urges New Money Reserve to Replace Dollar,” New York Times, March 24, 2009, http://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/24/world/asia/24china.html?_r=0; Gregory Chin and Wang Yong “Debating the International Currency System: What's in a Speech?” China Security 6, no. 1 (2010): pp 4, 5, 11, 12, p. 14 (quote); Zhang Yuyan, “Internationalization of the RMB: Endorse or Oppose,” International Economic Review 1, (2010); Zhang Ming, “Reform of the International Monetary System”; Zhang Yuyan and Zhang Jingchun, “International Currency's Costs and Benefits,” World Affairs 21, (2008). 15. Sebsatian Mallaby and Olin Wethington, “The Future of the Yuan: China's Struggle to Internationalize Its Currency,” Foreign Affairs 91, no. 1 (January/February 2012): pp. 136, 137; Jeffrey Frankel, “Historical Precedents for Internationalization of the RMB,” (Council on Foreign Relations, November 2011): p. 13. 16. Ming Zhang, “China's New International Financial Strategy amid the Global Financial Crisis,” China & World Economy 17, no. 5 (2009): pp. 23, 24, 27, 29, 31; Pieter Bottelier, “Future of the Renminbi as an International Currency,” ChinaUsfocus.com, April 29, 2011, http://www.chinausfocus.com/finance-economy/future-of-the-renminbi-as-an-international-currency/. 17. Chen Siqing, “Deeper-level Analysis of the Reasons for the U.S. Financial Crisis and Its Lessons for China's Banking Industry,” Studies of International Finance 12, (2008); Nancy Birdsall and Francis Fukuyama, “The Post-Washington Consensus: Development After the Crisis,” Foreign Affairs 90, no. 2 (March/April 2011): p. 3. 18. Edward Wong and Natasha Singer, “Currency Agreement for Japan and China,” New York Times December 27, 2011, http://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/27/business/global/china-and-japan-in-currency-agreement.html; “China and Australia in $31bn Currency Swap,” Financial Times, May 22, 2012, http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/4b6c4ab6-7404-11e1-bcec-00144feab49a.html#axzz2QeB9zdmx; “China and Brazil in $30bn Currency Swap Agreement,” BBC News, June 22 2012, http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-21949615. 19. Kosuke Takahashi, “Japan and China Bypass US in Direct Currency Trade,” The Asia–Pacific Journal 24, no. 3 (June 11 2012); Chin and Wang, “Debating the International Currency System,” p. 13. 20. The word “relative” is crucial. The most likely scenario is that the dollar will remain the world's most widely used international currency, with its use eroding to something like a “first among equals” status. But even that relative contraction in its international use will have consequences. 21. See Benjamin Cohen, “The Macrofoundations of Monetary Power,” in David M. Andrews, ed., International Monetary Power (Cornell University Press, 2006). 22. Susan Strange, “Finance, Information and Power,” Review of International Studies 16, no. 3 (July 1990): 259–74. 23. In theory, with floating rates, the “hangover” can be ignored and excess currency “mopped up” by depreciation. But in practice, states are very sensitive to sustained depreciations of their currencies, which threaten to snowball out of control. 24. Lewis Johnman, “Defending the Pound: The Economics of the Suez Crisis, 1956”, in Anthony Gorst, Lewis Johnman and W. Scott Lewis (eds.) Post-war Britain, 1945–64: Themes and Perspectives (London: Pinter Publishers, 1989); Howard J. Dooley, “Great Britain's ‘Last Battle’ in the Middle East: Notes on Cabinet Planning during the Suez Crisis of 1956,” International History Review 11, no. 3 (August 1989). 25. Jonathan Kirshner, Appeasing Bankers: Financial Caution on the Road to War, (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2007). 26. H. Clark Johnson, Gold, France and the Great Depression, 1919–1932, (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1997); Kenneth Moure, The Gold Standard Illusion: France, The Bank of France, and the International Gold Standard, 1914–1939, (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002); Martin Wolfe, The French Franc Between the Wars 1919–1939, (New York: Columbia University Press, 1951): pp. 35, 83. 27. Kenneth Moure, Managing the Franc Poincaré: Economic Understanding and Political Constraint in French Monetary Policy, 1928–1936, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991): pp. 17–18; 22, 27, 121; Barry Posen, The Sources of Military Doctrine: France, Britain and Germany Between the World Wars, (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1984): p. 20; Robert Murray Haig, “The National Budgets of France, 1928–1937,” Proceedings of the Academy of Political Science 17, no. 4 (1938): pp. 26, 29; Talbot Imlay, Facing the Second World War: Strategy, Politics and Economics in Britain and France 1938–1940, (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003): p. 25; Bradford Lee, “Strategy, Arms, and the Collapse of France 1930–40”, in Richard Langhorne (ed.) Diplomacy and Intelligence during the Second World War, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985): pp. 59, 63, 64, 65. 28. James Thomas Emmerson, The Rhineland Crisis, 7 March 1936: A Study in Multilateral Diplomacy, (Ames: Iowa State University Press, 1977), p. 78; Stephen Schuker, “France and the Remilitarization of the Rhineland, 1936,” French Historical Studies 14, no. 3 (Spring 1936), pp. 304, 330, 334, 335. 29. Daniel Drezner, “Bad Debts: Assessing China's Financial Influence in Great Power Politics,” International Security 34, no. 2 (2009). Additional informationNotes on contributorsJonathan KirshnerJonathan Kirshner is Stephen and Barbara Friedman Professor of International Political Economy at Cornell University, 2012–2013 World Politics Visiting Fellow at Princeton University, and author of American Power After the Financial Crisis (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, forthcoming)