Borders and the Global North Atlantic

Chapter 1. Remapping Ideologies: Arthurian Reinterpretations and Whiteness in the Global North Atlantic

This chapter outlines the historical and modern development of religious pilgrimage routes and trails that have for centuries led pilgrims from Central Europe and Scandinavia to Jerusalem. Based on a detailed inventory and evaluation of sacral buildings, as well as an analysis of source materials and regional traditions and surveys among pilgrims (and tourists), a picture of the spatial distribution and diversity of marked and unmarked religious tourism trails to Jerusalem has been constructed. The picture also includes the network of St James' ways to Santiago de Compostela, which is being expanded each year.

This study presents the findings of research conducted among pilgrims and tourists walking the pilgrimage route to the sanctuary of St. James in Santiago de Compostela. The primary aim was to examine the ecological awareness of those travelling the Camino de Santiago, to identify pro-environmental behaviours undertaken by caminantes during their journey, and to determine the key factors influencing such practices. The empirical foundation of the study consists of survey data collected from 428 respondents representing 47 countries worldwide who had walked the Camino de Santiago. Our research contributes to the growing field of inquiry into the relationship between religion, ecology, and health by introducing the concept of eco-pilgrimage-religiously motivated journeys that integrate spiritual practices with pro-environmental behaviour and concern for both physical and mental well-being.

This paper presents the results of a survey conducted among people walking the pilgrimage route to the shrine of St James in Santiago de Compostela. The aim of the research was to investigate how a pilgrimage on the Camino de Santiago among a married couple or family affects marital or familial relationships, whether walking the trail to Compostela together influences the behaviour of family members towards each other and whether it forms positive attitudes and behaviour. The empirical basis of the study is the results of a survey among respondents who made the Camino de Santiago pilgrimage, as well as in-depth interviews conducted with 24 spouses of pilgrims along the Way of St James. The study revealed that doing the pilgrimage as a married couple or family had a positive impact on intra-family relationships. According to the interviewees, going on the pilgrimage together helped to strengthen marital bonds and trust, improve communication and mutual connection, show care and affection and improve contact with children.

.Evidence relating to the extent, dynamics, and relative chronology of the last glaciation of the Shetland Islands, North Atlantic, is presented here, in an attempt to better illuminate some of the controversies that still surround the glacial history of the archipelago. We appraise previous interpretations and compare these earlier results with new evidence gleaned from the interpretation of a high resolution digital terrain model and from field reconnaissance. By employing a landsystems approach, we identify and describe three quite different assemblages of landscape features across the main islands of Mainland, Yell and Unst. Using the spatial interrelationship of these landsystems, an assessment of their constituent elements, and comparisons with similar features in other glaciated environments, we propose a simple model for the last glaciation of Shetland.During an early glacial phase, a coalescent British and Scandinavian ice sheet flowed approximately east to west across Shetland. The terrestrial land‐forms created by this ice sheet in the north of Shetland suggest that it had corridors of relatively fast‐flowing ice that were partially directed by bed topography, and that subsequent deglaciation was interrupted by at least one major stillstand. Evidence in the south of Shetland indicates the growth of a local ice cap of restricted extent that fed numerous radial outlet glaciers during, or after, ice‐sheet deglaciation. Whilst the absolute age of these three landsystems remains uncertain, these new geo‐morphological and palaeoglaciological insights reconcile many of the ideas of earlier workers, and allow wider speculation regarding the dynamics of the former British ice sheet.

<p>With increased geophysical scrutiny of the NE Newfoundland-Irish margin pair (North Atlantic), the previously assumed conjugate relationship and rift-perpendicular extension between the Flemish Cap and Goban Spur are increasingly questioned. We present multichannel reflection profiles along the Flemish Cap, the Porcupine Bank, and the Goban Spur, along which structural domains (proximal, necking, hyperextended, and/or exhumed mantle domains included) are defined. Features of each structural domain along these profiles on the Flemish Cap and the Goban Spur are strikingly different, whereas similar structural features are observed in the necking domains along seismic profiles on the Porcupine Bank and the Flemish Cap. The variability in basement features suggests oblique rifting between the Flemish Cap and the Goban Spur-Porcupine Bank region, as well as a connection between the Porcupine Bank and the Flemish Cap during Early Jurassic rifting. This understanding is consistent with crustal thickness evolution calculated from a deformable plate reconstruction model that is locally updated based on seismic interpretation constraints and previously published plate reconstructions. The updated deformable plate model shows varying extension obliquity between the Porcupine Bank, Goban Spur, and Flemish Cap, which are strongly influenced by inherited Caledonian and Variscan structures, resulting in the conclusion that the Flemish Cap and the Goban Spur were not conjugate margins prior to the opening of the modern North Atlantic Ocean.</p>

Leading business and management journals claim to be ‘world-leading’ but are dominated by Anglo-American scholars. The extent of this domination is demonstrated graphically in this article through cartograms based on 2010/2011 authorship and editorship data in top management journals. The dramatically skewed production of management scholarship is both ethically problematic in terms of Anglo-American domination of leading journals and the exclusion of many developing regions, and anachronistic given the shift of global production away from the North Atlantic in recent years. This continuing neo-colonial domination of intellectual production underpins the inequitable organization of the global economy and specifically the disproportionate realisation of wealth in the global North at the expense of the global South. The article proposes a series of measures to begin redressing the imbalance.

Hafnium, Nd, and Pb isotope data are reported for mid‐ocean ridge basalts (MORB) from the Mid‐Atlantic Ridge between 50°N and 78°N. Treating Pb isotopes separately from Sr, Nd, and Hf isotopes drastically reduces the number of end‐members required to account for mixing properties in the investigated basalt population. Three geochemical end‐members account for >99.95% of the observed Pb isotope variability. The isotopic compositions of Pb are somewhat decoupled from those of other isotopic systems due to nonlinear mixing relationships between isotopic compositions of different elements and elemental fractionation by magmatic processes. The first principal component reflects a mixture of two geochemical end‐members, DM and the common component C. The third end‐member (EM) is enriched and its Th/U ratio substantially higher than that of the first two end‐members. The HIMU end‐member apparently is missing. Iceland and Jan Mayen divide the northern Mid‐Atlantic Ridge into three isotopically distinct segments. The strong first Pb principal component present in Icelandic basalts expands southward into the Reykjanes Ridge, but not northward into the Kolbeinsey Ridge. Similar features are observed for Hf and Nd isotope compositions. By contrast, the second Pb principal component shows a smooth transition between Kolbeinsey MORB and subaerial Iceland data. The distribution of the two Pb principal components present in the basalts around Jan Mayen likewise is contrasted: the first Pb principal component and its Nd and Hf counterparts flow northward into the Mohns Ridge but are arrested southward by the Jan Mayen fracture zone. Basalts north of Jan Mayen display the most radiogenic Hf reported so far for any MORB worldwide. For ∼1000 km along the Mohns and Knipovich Ridges, Hf isotope compositions fail to correlate linearly with ɛNd, but instead define a hyperbolic array between the C component and an end‐member unusually depleted in Hf. The latter carries a strong garnet signature and may appear by disequilibrium melting of streaks of subcontinental lithosphere left by continental rifting. The presence of continental crust beneath Jan Mayen is not supported by either Ce/Pb, Nb/U, or Hf/Sm. If Jan Mayen is a hot spot, its material is injected along a major mantle discontinuity separating distinct convective domains.

This study compares the wind fields and environmental conditions of Tropical cyclones (TCs) in rapid expansion (RE) and slow expansion (SE) events with similar internal features over the North Atlantic. The results indicate that the RE event occurs in an environment with stronger deep-layer vertical wind shear, higher upper-level divergence, and stronger lower-level vorticity. The analyses reveal a two-stage process in the RE event: 1) tilted vortex with downshear expansion and 2) realigned vortex with left-of-shear expansion. At 6 h after RE onset, the interaction between TCs and upper-level trough tilts the TCs and enhances upper-level divergence on the downshear side, favoring deep convection with significant inward vorticity transport there, thus causing pronounced downshear wind field expansion. By 12 h after RE onset, the TC-trough interaction shifts the maximum upper-level divergence from the downshear to left-of-shear and closer to the TC center, accompanied by the movement of precipitation towards the TC center and a reduction of vortex tilt. The vorticity transport in downshear-left and azimuthal advection of tangential wind in upshear-left jointly contribute to the left-of-shear wind field expansion. Additionally, the positive feedback among wind, surface latent heat flux, and convection facilitates the rapid size expansion in the RE event. In contrast, the weaker interaction between the TCs and upper-level westerly in the SE event accounts for a less pronounced tilt of the TCs and downshear convection, resulting in a slower expansion of the downshear wind field supported by the vorticity transport.

The dominant modes wintertime precipitation in northwest China (NWC) and the possible causes are investigated during the period 1961–2013 in the inter‐annual timescale, as winter climate condition could greatly affect local economic development and people's lives. The analysis of this study is divided into three parts. First, the spatiotemporal variability of dominant modes wintertime precipitation is described by an empirical orthogonal function (EOF) method. The atmospheric circulation anomalies associated with wintertime precipitation variations are then discussed through regression and composite analysis. Third, the relationships between wintertime precipitation and sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies are investigated. The results indicate that the leading mode (EOF1) shows a uniform sign in the entire region, and the second mode (EOF2) exhibits a zonal‐dipole pattern; they account for 25.6 and 15.7% of the total variance, respectively. The atmospheric circulation anomalies EOF1 closely related to is the Eurasian (EU) teleconnection pattern. Years when a negative phase of EU pattern occurs tend to be rainy with anomalous southerly transporting water vapour from low‐latitudes and profound ascending motion anomalies. Atmospheric circulation anomalies associated with the second mode resemble the Arctic Oscillation (AO) pattern. AO pattern influences EOF2 precipitation variations through the anomalous circulations over Mongolia and western Europe. The sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies related to EOF1 show an El Niño‐Southern Oscillation (ENSO) like pattern, which may modulate the wintertime precipitation mode through the western North Pacific anticyclone. The EOF2 mode has a close relationship with a tripole SST anomaly mode in the North Atlantic Ocean. This SST pattern is likely to influence wintertime precipitation by modulating the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO). The results of this study could be beneficial for wintertime precipitation prediction and the decrease of economic losses in NWC and may also provide useful references for other areas with similar climatic features such as the central Asia.

Stenkast

As the issue of tourism is fundamentally connected with the modern incarnation of the pilgrimage routes to Santiago, this meta-analysis of research studies addressing pilgrimages to Santiago de Compostela utilizes Cohen’s typology of tourism (as adapted by Uriely, Yonay and Simchai). This survey of recent research (published between 2016 and 2020) suggests that this phenomenon is still much under-researched. Few studies have been published recently and even fewer that have generated recent data. Earlier it was thought that this phenomenon was taken as a sign of resurging religiosity and more recently as an illustration of spiritual Bauman-style “post-secularist” pilgrimage. This review suggests that pilgrimage travel to Santiago might well yield richer research data if probed from a less dichotomous perspective, focusing more on the variety of the populations on the multiple routes to Santiago and from additional research angles, as religious tourism, as therapy and as recreation.

The chapter discusses the current reanimation of the Camino, the ancient pilgrimage route to Santiago de Compostela in Spain, with a focus on the Swedish participation. The chapter argues that the Camino pilgrimage offers cultural material for performances of masculinity related to physical endurance and bodily strength. Gendered notions are at the heart of the Camino pilgrimage as an authentic pilgrimage involves an inner journey associated with feminine qualities as well as an outer journey that has masculine connotations. The chapter suggests that walking as a ritual is tied to an ethos of hard work, either embraced or renegotiated by pilgrims in gendered ways. In this sense, the Camino pilgrimage represents a “spirituality of capitalism” that deals with the experiences and effects of the organization of work in contemporary society.

José Obeso: on a pilgrimage to unravel Parkinson's disease

The Camino de Santiago is a network of ancient pilgrim routes leading to Santiago de Compostela in north-west Spain, where tradition has it that the tomb of the apostle St. James the Great was discovered in the ninth century. In this paper, the mode of existence of a solitary walking pilgrim is characterized through comparison with that of a typical tourist and with that of a typical resident in his daily life-world, and it is then found that the experiential life of such a solitary walking pilgrim during his journey can be divided into five stages in the light of J.-C. Rufin's account of his pilgrimage. It is finally shown that a pilgrim has the opportunity to experience the reconciliation among mind, body and nature, which is explicated with the help of certain ideas from M. Merleau-Ponty and technical terms from G. W. F. Hegel.