Britannica: which edition inspired Schwinger?

Previous articleNext article FreeBook NoticesWellhausen's History of Israel Prolegomena to the History of Israel, with a Reprint of the Article Israel from the "Encyclopedia Britannica". Julius Wellhausen PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by Volume 5, Number 7Mar., 1886 Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/469777 Views: 143Total views on this site Journal History This article was published in The Old Testament Student (1883-1889), which is continued by The Old and New Testament Student (1889-1892). PDF download Crossref reports no articles citing this article.

Objective To investigate the effects of Inula Britannica on myocardial caspase-3 and cytochrome c ( cyt c) following overtraining-induced acute myocardial injury in rats.Methods Forty-eight male Wistar rats weighing 200-220 g were randomly divided into 3 groups:group control (group C,n =8) ; group exhausting swim (group E,n =24) and group Inula Britannica (group IB,n =16).The animal model of overtraining-indnced acute myocardial injury was developed by exhausting swim.The animals were forced to swim until they were exhausted.The animals sank to the bottom and no righting reflex or escape response was elicited when they were taken out of water in groups E and IB.In group IB oral Inula Britannica 25 ml/kg was given 24 h and immediately before overtraining.Blood samples were taken from inferior vena cava immediately and at 6,24 h after overtraining in group E and at 6,24 h after overtraining in group IB for determination of serum cardiac troponin I (cTnI) concentration (by ELISA).The animals were sacrificed after blood sampling and myocardial specimens were obtained for microscopic examination and determination of caspase-3 and cyt c expression (by immuno-histochemistry).Results Overtraining significantly increased serum cTnI concentration and up-regulated myocardial caspase-3 and cyt c expression in group E as compared with group C.Oral Inula Britannica significantly attenuated overtraining-induced increase in serum cTnI concentration and myocardial caspase-3 and cyt c expression in group IB as compared with group E.Conclusion Inula Britannica can reduce overtraining-induced acute myocardial injury by down-regulating caspase-3 and cyt c expression. Key words: Inula; Hyperkinesis; Cardiomyopathies; Cytochromes c; Caspase 3

Benton, William, (1 April 1900–17 March 1973), Chairman and Publisher, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., since 1943

Bayard Taylor and German Letters, in Britannica et americana

A scenario is given of a possible library of the future. Such a library might have shelves containing talking books, video cassettes, computer programs on floppy disks and the entire contents of Chemical Abstracts and Encyclopaedia Brittanica on biochips. The catalogue of the library stock and the reference books might well be stored on optical disks and viewed on flat screens. Information on the classification scheme and how to use the collection might be provided by listening to tape recordings and voice synthesisers might inform borrowers where to return items. Robots collect these items from dispensers and replace them on the shelves. Each item in the library has a barcode which is scanned by a laser to provide details of loans/returns and patrons. Terminals linked to computers via satellites enable distant files to be searched on demand for information not stored in the library. Most of the journals taken by the library will be in digital form but a touch of a button on the terminal causes the images to be printed out locally. Fact or fiction? The paper goes on to describe some of the equipment that is currently available to them in the future (such as holography, robotics and satellites). Where we are now in terms of technological developments in libraries and information centres is discussed with reference to some actual projects such as Maggie's Place and Dave's Den. Finally, the impact of such futuristic, electronic libraries on the user as well as the librarian is considered.

WeatherVolume 58, Issue 3 p. 103-107 Research Article The fathers of scientific meteorology – Boyle, Wren, Hooke and Halley: Part 1† Maurice Crewe, Corresponding Author Maurice Crewe maurice.crewe@ntworld.com Bracknell, Berkshire36 Trevelyan, Bracknell, Berkshire RG12 8YD.Search for more papers by this author Maurice Crewe, Corresponding Author Maurice Crewe maurice.crewe@ntworld.com Bracknell, Berkshire36 Trevelyan, Bracknell, Berkshire RG12 8YD.Search for more papers by this author First published: 29 December 2006 https://doi.org/10.1256/wea.95.02ACitations: 5 † This article is based on a paper presented to a joint meeting of the Royal Meteorological Society Specialist Groups on the History of Meteorology and Observing Systems held at the Science Museum (Blythe House) on 13 March 2002. Biographical notes are partly from Encyclopaedia Brittanica (2001). AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume58, Issue3March 2003Pages 103-107 RelatedInformation

Reviewed by: The End of the Poem Wayne Kobylinski Muldoon, Paul. 2006. The End of the Poem. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux. $30.00 hc. $17.00 sc. 406 pp. At about the midpoint of The End of the Poem, Paul Muldoon cites the opinion of Octavio Paz: “In theory, only poets should translate poetry; in practice, poets are rarely good translators. They almost invariably use the foreign poem as a point of departure for their own” (204). Taking a clue from the name of that idea’s originator, just about an octave of pages earlier Muldoon calls translation “a form of criticism” (195), so we could in turn define poetic criticism, when practiced by a poet, as the act of rewriting the poems one reads into one’s own work. The preceding paragraph offers a diluted taste of the methodology of Paul Muldoon in The End of the Poem, a collection of fifteen lectures delivered during his term from 1999 to 2004 as Oxford Professor of Poetry. Essentially, the reader gets to look over the shoulder of a prominent poet as he reads the works of other writers in order to illuminate the phrase “the end of the poem.” Quite frequently, this entails watching him read from the [End Page 195] Oxford English Dictionary, or the Encyclopaedia Britannica, or even R.F. Doolittle’s The Plasma Proteins, as he vaults, seemingly capriciously, from link to link in an ostensibly unending chain of associations, often crossing over his own tracks before inevitably ending up where he started. Those familiar with Muldoon’s poetry will not be surprised by such digressive tactics, nor by how often they have been enlightened by the excursion, despite finding themselves out of breath and right back where they started. Over the past thirty years, Paul Muldoon has established himself as a poet—perhaps the poet—of blurry borders and quick shifts of discourse. He has himself suggested that this interest in exploring boundaries relates to his personal history—as a poet raised Catholic in Northern Ireland, who has lived in America since 1987—and his output of genre-bending texts plays out such issues of identity by keeping a plenitude of possible meanings in the air at once. In keeping with his multivalent poetics, Muldoon here addresses the idea of the “end” of the poem in at least fifteen senses, ranging from the logistical (how a reading of a poem can start at the work’s end) to the ontological (how a reader knows we are reading the final version of a poem) to the ideological (how a poem can serve a political purpose or end). His previous collection of lectures, To Ireland, I (2000), explored Irish literary history through an alphabetical structure starting with Amergin and concluding with Zozimus, but in this case Muldoon opts to make individual poems by writers such as W.B. Yeats, Robert Frost, Emily Dickinson, Elizabeth Bishop, W.H. Auden, and Seamus Heaney the points of origin for his flights of association. Despite his conjecture—introduced three-quarters of the way through the book—that “the tangential is most likely to be on target” (298), even the most open-minded of readers might sometimes object to Muldoon’s associative acrobatics. To return to the idea of capriciousness, Muldoon sometimes acknowledges the fact that his horns are out (perhaps fittingly for a poet who has noted that his name reads backwards as nearly hoodlum). On one occasion, for example, he parenthetically anticipates his potentially skeptical audience: “I know you’re wondering if I have in mind ‘close reading’ or ‘close rodeoing’” (195). Such a jaundiced readerly eye might indeed be forgiven when Muldoon passes from “masturbates” to “misstressbates” to Katharine Lee Bates, author of “America the Beautiful,” which contains the word amber, which happens to be the first word of the H.D. poem that kicked off the series of links (293). It would likewise be difficult to fault the reader who refuses to endorse Muldoon’s tendency to see verbal roads not taken and what he calls “near versions”—words that resemble, to some degree, other possibly telling words. As an illustration, Muldoon toys with the suggestion...

Fragments from Longfellow’s Workshop: Novalis

If stranded on a desert island, which ten sources would I pick to take with me to form a core reference collection? As I pondered Jim Rettig's question, my reading of its meaning shifted. Initially I thought of the Congressional Record, New York Times on microfilm, and Encyclopaedia Britannica 3 — the Congressional Record because of its mirroring of contemporary America's political life with all of its unin‐tentional humor, hokey homiletics, wealth of information and insight into the workings of government; the New York Times for retrospective news coverage and because for me New York City will always be the world capital of culture and intellectual ferment; and EB 3 because it is the most generously endowed encyclopedia, and the lack of an efficient key to its content would be a minor failing in the languid, sultry, South Seas setting I had established in my mind.

Robert Williams Wood (1868-1955) was one of America's leading physicists. won the Rumford Premium and many other scientific distinctions. Encyclopedia Britannica says he was John Hopkins professor of physics and later Research Professor in Experimental Optics. made numerous fundamental discoveries in supersonics and resonance radiation. But like Lewis Carroll, Wood had a second personality. Those who were not his friends would have been surprised to discover that his intimate friends knew him as a humorist almost without equal. Wood's daughter Margaret Wood White has written an introduction to this edition. She says that her father's serious and important contributions to scientific journals are numbered by the hundreds, yet He devoted many hours of happy relaxation to the creation of this entertaining book of which many thousands were printed. More important than humour itself is the capacity to appreciate it. I am indeed happy that this generation can also

682 Book Reviews TECHNOLOGY AND CULTURE His attempt to compare state investments in colonial waterworks to those in mining does not hold up well. The mining industry was an extractive economy in which the crown maintained a strong interest since the ore was destined for export, whereas waterworks were con­ fined to distinct centers, primarily for domestic use and consumption. These are minor flaws in an important study. The book is a fine example of scholarship that complements recent efforts, using case studies, to specify the importance of irrigation to social and cultural evolution and to the environmental modifications such hydraulic sys­ tems in turn impose on society. It is especially valuable to have a comprehensive study of a postconquest hydraulic society that com­ plements Wittfogel’s biased but stimulating account of precolonial waterworks. Linda J. Seligmann Dr. Seligmann’s published work includes analyses of agricultural systems, irrigation (with Stephen G. Bunker), textile production and exchange, and inodes of resistance in the Peruvian Andes. Salt ofthe Desert Sun: A History ofSalt Production and Trade in the Central Sudan. By Paul E. Lovejoy. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1986. Pp. xvi + 351; illustrations, maps, tables, notes, glossary, bib­ liography, index. $42.50. Until recently, the literature of African history has had little to tell of many particular topics, such as the history of salt. Salt of the Desert Sun represents an important step toward rectification of this, for the area covered is notjust the nation called Sudan but the area of which it is a part, the “open savanna plains extending across Africa between the southern limits of the Sahara and the northern limits of the trop­ ical forests” (Encyclopaedia Britannica, 15th ed.). This is evident when one looks at the book—but not in the title. Paul Lovejoy’s sources, scrupulously listed in the bibliography, are formidable in number, including several hundred archival references from fourteen repositories, plus “field notes” and a large number of interviews. As the latter suggest, the sources refer for the most part to present-day practice, which the author uses to attempt to recon­ struct “a picture of a premodern salt industry,” that is, one not trans­ formed by colonialism. The scope is comprehensive, with chapters devoted to salt geology, production, consumption, marketing, and labor. Salt is represented to have been widely available, and yet production was consistently inadequate to demand, mainly because of limited transport capacity; “There simply were not enough animals to enable a significant in­ crease . . (p. 280). This led to some degree of monopolization, but TECHNOLOGY AND CULTURE Book Reviews 683 not to the extent of salt monopolization in premodern Europe and Asia, for which Lovejoy gives a series of reasons (p. 13). His success in reconstructing the premodern salt industry appears to me to be modest, in part because both Lovejoy and the peoples of the Sudan seem to make little distinction between culinary salt and other materials having a complex variety of relationships to it. Lovejoy seems to credit the premodern inhabitants of the Sudan with some intuitive feeling for the science of it, but I wonder how this could have been possible where the trade and methods of production were so “regional” and the sources of salt so various and peculiar. Most European salt came from the sea or from brine springs; most salt in the Sudan seems to have come (the book is somewhat vague on this) from surface deposits of more or less saline minerals. An interesting aspect of the history of salt in Europe is a kind of inverse relationship between salt consumption and the quality of food (de­ terioration in the quality of food in some countries during the Second World War has been shown to have coincided with greatly increased salt consumption). But in Africa the peculiar character of “salt” seems to have precluded this phenomenon. Surface deposits with saline taste were similar everywhere, but in Europe and Asia salt from seawater or brine springs was mainly sodium chloride and set a standard by which to judge the product of surface deposits. In the Sudan this seems not to have been the case, and the term salt seems to be used as though...

When, in 1805, George Riebau, the book binder on Blandford street, London, promoted the 14 year old errand boy Michael Faraday as an apprentice, little did he realise that this is no ordinary assistant he had got. For, Faraday not only bound the books but also devoured them! He found Jane Marcet’s Conversations on Chemistry and the scientific entries in the Encyclopaedia Britannica (third edition, 1797) particularly interesting. He did not stop just at reading them either. He went on to perform whatever simple experiments he could, following the instructions. One such experiment was with an electrostatic machine he constructed and this started his long and fruitful tryst with electromagnetism which was to end with the conceptualization of electromagnetic fields some four decades later. The contributions of Michael Faraday during this period laid the foundations of electromagnetism and electro-technology. And this was only a part of the sum total of his scientific contributions, the other major contributions being to chemistry. Indeed it has been said that he would have got at least six Nobel prizes for his work if the prize were to have been instituted during that time. (See Box 1.) However, in this article, we shall describe only his contributions to electromagnetism, that too leaving out arguably the most important of his contributions to this field, the electromagnetic induction (covered in another article in this issue, p.35). His other contributions to electromagnetism include, electromagnetic rotation (1921), magneto-optical effect and diamagnetism (1845), and fundamentals of field theory. These discoveries and their applications have changed the world we live in, in an irreversible way.

Aµer his landmark presentation “iere’s Plenty of Room at the Bottom,” given to the American Physical Society on December 29, 1959, Richard Feynman was generally regarded as one of the fathers of nanotechnology. Feynman had extended an invitation for “manipulating and controlling things on a small scale, thereby entering a new ¢eld of physics which was bottomless, like low-temperature physics.” He started with the question, can we “write the Lord’s prayer on the head of a pin,” and immediately extended the goal to the entire 24 volumes of the Encyclopedia Britannica. Feynman showed that there exists no physical law against the realization of such goals by a gedankenexperiment: If you magnify the head of a pin by 25,000 diameters, its surface area is then equal to that of all the pages in the Encyclopedia Britannica.

The Arctic explorer Sir John Richardson (1787–1865), who had accompanied both John Franklin and John Rae on major expeditions, expands here an article which had appeared in the Encyclopaedia Britannica. Organised in two parts, and published in 1861, this work covers first the Arctic and then the largely unexplored Antarctic. Adopting a chronological approach in the first part, Richardson covers Roman knowledge of the far north, Norse voyages, and later exploration by the British, Dutch and Russians. He then deals in detail with the search for the North-West Passage, including the expeditions in search of Sir John Franklin. Later chapters cover Spitsbergen, Arctic weather, ice, currents, geology, vegetation and zoology, as well as the three principal groups of native people: the Inuit, Lapps and Samoyeds. In the second part, Richardson outlines Antarctic exploration since 1576, providing an overview of what little was known of this part of the globe.

This provides us with a huge chance to study the social character of the communication process more efficiently.However, we will only be able to take this chance if we develop both empirical methods as well as relevant theories.