Buffer Capacity-Constrained Epidemic Routing Model in Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks

A Mobile ad hoc Network (MANET) is an infrastructure less network that permits nodes to make a wireless network with mobility. In MANETs, the node linkages breaks are frequent due to all nodes are in movement. When neighbor nodes travel out of other node communication range connection among both mobile nodes breaks. Thus it makes delay and packet loss in the network. In the present Traffic Control method, several times, since the highest traffic, heavy rain, accidents, or other reasons, there may be probabilities of jam on roads. Thus, people could get delay owing to the highest traffic. Therefore, it is highly preferred to have an effective way to track the traffic on roads and thus select the suitable road that is traffic free. To resolve these problems, the volunteer Nodes of Ant Colony Optimization Routing (VNACO) is proposed. The primary objective of VNACO is to reduce both the delay and routing overhead in Peer to Peer (P2P) MANETs. Here, peer node act as a volunteer node and mobile node for transmitting data from source to destination. During data transmission, the relay node moving out of communication range when the volunteer node overheard the dropped data packet then deliver the data to the corresponding relay node. As a result, minimizes both the delay and packet losses. In VNACO, the volunteer’s nodes are elected based on node aptitude. Node aptitude is calculated by iterating node connectivity, transmission processing time, node energy and available bandwidth. In addition, an ant colony optimization algorithm to finds the optimal route and reduce the routing overhead in P2P MANETs. The significant application of this mechanism is utilized for the traffic management system. Network simulation results indicate that the VNACO mechanism is minimizing 22% delay and reducing 14% packet losses compared to the baseline protocol.

Mobility modelling plays a pivotal role in evaluating the performance of Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs), as the movement patterns of nodes strongly influence routing efficiency, connectivity, and network stability. Existing mobility models, particularly entity and group-based frameworks, have proven useful in simulating various MANET applications but remain limited in capturing the complex movement behaviour characteristic of Search-and-Rescue (SAR) operations in disaster scenarios. This study proposes a realistic hybrid mobility model that integrates the essential features of both entity and group mobility paradigms to better represent the coordinated yet flexible dynamics of SAR teams. Three sets of simulations were performed using the Network Simulator 2 (NS2). The first and second simulations focused on generating and combining existing entity and group mobility patterns using the BonnMotion tool, resulting in two composite models (Real1 and Real2). The third simulation compared these models using AODV and DSDV routing protocols under varying node mobility levels and traffic conditions. Key performance metrics, including relative mobility, node degree, partition count, link duration, packet delivery ratio (PDR), throughput, and average end-to-end delay, were analysed. Results demonstrate that it is feasible to concatenate existing mobility models into a coherent hybrid framework. Among the developed models, Real2 exhibited superior performance in most test conditions, yielding higher PDR, lower delay, and more stable connectivity than its constituent models. These findings confirm that the performance of MANETs is highly dependent on mobility realism. Consequently, selecting a model that accurately reflects the behavioural characteristics of the target scenario is essential for credible MANET performance evaluation in emergency response contexts.

There have been many studies in recent years reporting the performance and survivability of mobile ad-hoc networks (MANETs). These studies invariably consider the network as covering a relatively small geographic area. However, in many crises, such as may occur during disaster relief and military operations, a wide geographic area may require network coverage. In these circumstances, the infrastructure free mobile wireless communications features of MANETs may be critical in forming a satisfactory network. Given transmission range limitations within current MANET proposals, it is likely that providing network coverage to a wide geographic area would be problematic. This paper presents the results of a study on clustering in the spatial distribution of communication nodes. A realistic environment (e.g. topography and organisational limitations) and operating procedures are introduced through the use of the results of war games. The spatial distribution of nodes is used as the basis for MANET internetwork topology generation.

Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANET) comprises of self-organizing autonomous mobile nodes. MANETs are open and decentralized. Therefore they are vulnerable to malicious entities. MANETs are multi-hop wireless network where all nodes supportively maintain network connectivity without a centralized infrastructure. Since MANETs are infrastructure less and independent, the secure communication is the main issue. Therefore they are vulnerable to malicious entities. Here the location identity and traffic can be traced out by an outside observer. Anonymity means secure communications by hiding node identities and preventing traffic analysis attacks by outside observers. This paper proposes Position based Anonymous Routing Scheme in MANETs (PARS).Here the routing is based on Greedy Perimeter Stateless Routing Protocol. The objective is an anonymous routing protocol for the network. The proposed one is a zone based anonymous GPSR based protocol that can provide source, destination and route anonymity. Performance of the proposed system is compared with that of GPSR and AODV using Network Simulator. Index Terms: Anonymous routing, position-based routing, random forwarder, zone partition. I. Introduction Mobile Ad hoc Networks are collection of independent mobile nodes that can communicate by radio waves. It is an infrastructure less self-organizing network. The nodes that are in radio range can communicate by single hop or by multi hop with the help of intermediate nodes. The network is open and decentralized and fully distributed. So they are perfect choice for communication and information sharing. MANETs are susceptible to malicious entities that aim to alter and analyzed the traffic analysis by communication eaves dropping or attacking routing protocols. MANETs are characterized by their distributed operation, multi hop routing, dynamic topology and shared physical medium. Nodes in a MANET are independently free to move in any direction. Due to the lack of a centralized coordinator security is the major concern here. Wireless communication can endure interferences or malicious interceptions; whereas multi-hop communication assumes that each node will perform properly its functions to support network services. Further, self-organization increases the complexity of security management operations as access control, node authentication, secure routing and cryptographic key distribution. There is no fixed infrastructure and the topology is frequently changing due to node mobility or environmental changes. Therefore, it is very hard to maintain a stable and efficient end-to-end route in an ad-hoc network. Each node in MANET is energy constrained. There is verylimited physical security in MANET. The type of attacks can be Active attacks or Passive attacks. The common security issues are Passive attacks which include eaves dropping and information disclosure. Active attacks include Do Sand Data modification. There are other more specific problems with mobile ad hoc network such as vulnerability of channels and nodes, Byzantine black hole and Byzantine wormhole attack. The security issue also includes attacks that may inject erroneous routing information and diverting network traffic thus making routing inefficient. There are many methods to reduce the impact of these attacks, which include a secure routing using public and private key s to get a certification authority and use of digital signatures and prior it rust relationships. Routing is the process of communication from one node to the other host in a network. Routing is the process off or warding packet towards its destination using most efficient path. Routing efficiency is measured in terms of Number of hops, traffic, security, etc. Routing protocols in MANETs are divided as reactive proactive and hybrid. Reactive Protocol maintains the routes in on demand manner. In route discovery phase it floods the route request (RREQ) packets throughout the network. Dynamic source Routing (DSR), ad hoc on- demand distance vector routing (AODV) are some of the examples of reactive protocols. In proactive approach every node in the MANET continuously maintains the complete routing information of the entire network. This is accomplished by flooding network periodically with network status information. Global State Routing (GSR), Hierarchical State Routing (HSR) and Destination Sequenced Distance Vector Routing (DSDV) are some of the examples of proactive

Now a day's use of wireless communication is very common and growing faster. There are different types of wireless networks which are designed as per the requirement of data rate and coverage. In this paper scope is limited to widely study and used network called Mobile Ad hoc Network (MANET). MANET is collection of wireless devices which communicate among each other without need of any physical infrastructure as well as centralize administrations. Each mobile node in MANET acts as peer node. The communication is MANET is based on routing methods and hence since from last 2 decade there are number of routing methods designed with objective of improving the Quality of Service (QoS) performance of MANET. As the mobile nodes in MANET are moving randomly with varying mobility speed, this can leads the challenging tasks to achieve the guaranteed QoS performance. Therefore it is required to have efficient routing protocol with load balancing and dynamic behaviour of mobile nodes handling in MANET. In this paper, our goal first is to present the study on different QoS aware routing methods and non-routing methods designed by various research groups for MANET. Second objective is to design novel QoS Aware routing protocol for improving the QoS performance in MANET. Additionally, we are presenting the current research gap based on analysis of all recent methods of QoS improvement. The outcome of this paper is the current research problems and efficient QAODV routing method.

Security is very important for the reliable operation of mobile Ad Hoc networks (MANETs). One of the critical security issues in MANETs is the revocation of misbehaving nodes. In this paper, we propose a trust based threshold cryptography revocation scheme for MANETs. In our proposed scheme, the master private key is split into n pieces according to a random polynomial. Each node in the proposed scheme is configured with a share ski of the CA private key SK, the node's public key pki, and the CA public key PK before joining the network. Meanwhile, the master private key could be recovered by combining any threshold t pieces based on Lagrange interpolation. Consequently, the proposed scheme improves the safety levels in MANETs. The proposed hop-by-hop certificate revocation scheme is based on both threshold cryptography and transitive trust between mobile nodes. Because of the decentralized nature of our proposed scheme, it enables a group of legitimate nodes to perform fast revocation of a nearby misbehaving node. The proposed scheme is highly robust in the mobility environment of MANETs. The advantages of the proposed scheme are justified through extensive simulations.

Networks are being used in various areas and the demand of users nowadays has motivated the emergence of the Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET). MANET is a dynamic network without fixed infrastructure due to their wireless nature and can be deployed as multi-hop packet networks. It is a wireless network and has dynamic topology due to its node mobility. There are two types of MANET, homogeneous and heterogeneous MANET. An architecture has been designed in previous work to model these two types of MANET. Three scenarios have been defined from this architecture: scenario I (communication entirely within MANET, homogeneous MANET), scenario II (communication between MANET and wireless LAN, heterogeneous MANET) and scenario III (communication between MANET with wireless LAN and wired LAN, heterogeneous MANET). MANET has its own routing protocols which can compromised with frequent route exchange, dynamic topology, bandwidth constraint and multi-hop routing. Ad hoc On Demand Distance Vector (AODV) is one of the routing protocols in MANET. The aim of this research is to assess the effects of different packet size with the implementation of AODV routing protocols in homogeneous and heterogeneous MANET through the simulation method. The three scenarios above have been developed in the OMNeT++ network simulator. The results achieved from the test have been evaluated using the metrics assigned, throughput and packet delivery ratio (PDR). The tests show that the increase of throughput and PDR performance was parallel with the increase of packet size. From the test also, we can conclude that the performance due to the packet size effect in homogeneous MANET is better than in heterogeneous MANET.

Mobile Ad-hoc Network (MANET) comprise of independent ambulant nodes with no any stable infrastructure. All mobile nodes are co-operatively transfer their data packets to different mobile nodes in the network. Mobile nodes are depends on intermediate nodes when transmission range beyond limit i.e. multi hop network. As MANET is a highly dynamic network, mobile nodes can leave and join a network at anytime. Security is the biggest issue in MANET as MANET is infrastructure-less and autonomous. In MANET, correspondence between two mobile nodes is performed by routing protocols wherein every versatile node can make directly communication with other versatile node. In the event that both portable nodes are inside a transmission range of each other, then they can straightforwardly make communication with each other. Otherwise, transmission is done through the intermediate node. The nature of its wireless nature is also additionally turns into the purpose of its greatest vulnerability. In this manner, diminishing the confidence level of the system as it appropriate to availability, integrity, reliability and privacy concerns. There are different routing protocols for providing security that are designed based on various cryptographic techniques. To obtain a rapid knowledge of security design, we are giving a review on different cryptographic techniques to secure MANET. In this review, we presents security techniques and protocols related to cryptographic techniques.

Mobile Ad hoc network (MANET) is a short range network which enables various mobile nodes to communicate with each other. The range of mobile node for communication is limited in the MANET so two nodes of different network which are placed in long distance are unable to communicate between them. Utility of MANET can be enhanced by providing Internet connectivity to the mobile nodes. MANET is infrastructureless and Internet is infrastructure type network so they require an interface to connect with each other. So in this situation, Gateway, a device which acts as an interface and a router, provides the MANET nodes connectivity to fixed networks. A mobile node in MANET has to find a route to a gateway first to communicate with the Internet host. It requires an efficient gateway discovery mechanism for improve the overall performance of network. For this process various approaches have been proposed in the past. The popular approaches are reactive, proactive and hybrid gateway discovery mechanisms. This paper focuses on various issues for MANET-Internet integration and their proposed technical solutions by various proposals for different Internet gateway discovery mechanisms to improve the performance.

Rateless scalable video coding for overlay multisource streaming in MANETs

A Congestion control is a key problem in mobile adhoc networks. The standard TCP congestion control mechanism is not able to handle the special properties of a shared wireless channel. Many approaches have been proposed to overcome these difficulties. ideas and show their interrelations. mobile agent based congestion control Technique routing is proposed to avoid congestion in ad hoc network. Some mobile agents are added in ad hoc network, which carry routing information and nodes congestion status. When mobile agent travels through the network, it can select a less-loaded neighbor node as its next hop and update the routing table according to the node’s congestion status. With the aid of mobile agents, the nodes can get the dynamic network topology in time. In this paper, we give an verview over existing proposals, explain their key ideas, TCP Issues, Reduce the Congestion, delay in mobile ad-hoc network and proposed solution

With the evolution of numerous secure routing protocols in mobile adhoc network, there is a tradeoff between the security effectiveness against wormhole attack and energy required to support execution of such security protocols using cryptographic approaches. This paper discusses about a novel routing protocol that offers higher degree of energy conservation when exchanging routing information and at the same time offers a joint usage of unicast, multicast and broadcasting services for faster routing update as well as faster communication establishment required from security viewpoint. The presented solution enhances multicast routing and develops a novel control message. It also rectifies the problems of an intermittent links owing to dynamic topology using graph-based approach. Compared with existing routing protocol, the proposed system offers better conservation of energy and satisfactory communication performance in mobile ad-hoc network.

In this study, a research was done to examine the effectiveness of deep learning models, such as the Artificial Neural Networks, Convolutional Neural Networks, Gated Recurrent Units and Generative Adversarial Networks, to boost routing’s efficiency and performance in the Mobile Ad Hoc Networks through mobility prediction. In total, 10 experiments were conducted, and ANNs demonstrated an average prediction accuracy of 0.86, MAE of 0.10, RMSE of 0.16, and correlation coefficient of 0.93. CNNs showed the most impressive performance, featuring the following indicators: the average prediction accuracy of 0.87, MAE of 0.09, RMSE of 0.15, and the correlation coefficient of 0.94. GRUs, in their turn, displayed quite decent performance, with an average prediction accuracy of 0.87, MAE of 0.10, RMSE of 0.16, and the correlation coefficient of 0.94; in the meanwhile, GANs can be also seen as offering a decent performance, with the average prediction accuracy of 0.87, MAE of 0.10, RMSE of 0.16, and the correlation coefficient of 0.94. In the end, the identified findings imply that deep learning models can be used to enhance the routing efficiency in MANETs, since they can predict the node movement with the high level of accuracy. The identified changes are possible to lead to the creation of effective wireless communication networks.

In this paper, we present a comprehensive statistical experiment and identify the key factors and interactions that impact network performance over mobile ad hoc networks. We use the design of experiments software named Design-Ease to establish the mathematical model for analyzing the set of simulation results from ns2. A variety of important parameters for network performance including routing protocol, node density, node speed, traffic load and pause time are considered to capture the vital factors and interactions for network performance by measuring the packet delivery ratio, average delay, discovery time and recovery time in which latter two are the crucial metrics for ad hoc self-organising performance measurement. With the simulation and analysis results, we conclude the key factors and interactions which influence the specific network performance and suggest which aspects the designers should focus on for improving the given network performance

The communication between mobile node and fixed node is achieved through the Integrated Internet MANET (IIM) with the help of the gateway by increasing the application domain of mobile ad hoc network. The wireless channel and dynamic nature of Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANETs) experiences integrated MANETs to suffer from security susceptibility. Methods/Analysis: An untrustworthy mobile node can harm the data and adversely affect the communication between a mobile node and a fixed node in IIM. In this manner, examining the trust level impacts the certainty with which an element may decide for information transmission. In order to provide a secure data transmission we are proposing an Effective Trusted Knowledge Algorithm (ETKA) that calculates the nodes trust. Findings: The proposed algorithm has two phases for finding the trusted node. In the first phase, observing the nodes in promiscuous mode, in the second phase, the effective trust value is calculated by hybrid method. Improvement: Through extensive simulation analysis, we can come to an end that the developed mechanism leads to a successful methodology towards security and protection of data from untrusted nodes in integrated internet and MANET.