Building Information Modelling, Integrated Project Delivery, and Lean Construction Maturity Attributes: A Delphi Study

Construction projects are inherently complex and uncertain, involving diverse teams and environments. Innovative methods like Integrated Project Delivery (IPD), Building Information Modelling (BIM), and Lean Construction (LC) enhance collaboration and project integrity. This thesis introduces a BIM-IPD-LC Maturity Model (BIL MM) to guide construction organisations in improving their integration and implementation. Using a mixed methodology, including literature reviews, Delphi studies, expert reviews, interviews, surveys, and case studies, the BIL MM assesses organisational maturity across five levels. It helps stakeholders evaluate their current maturity and plan for future improvements, ensuring effective collaboration and project success.

Building Information Modeling (BIM) is a technology increasingly used in the modern construction industry, particularly to improve communication efficiency and collaboration between stakeholders. This technology enables the integration of project data and information into a comprehensive digital model, allowing all involved parties to access, verify, and update information in real time. This study aims to evaluate the strategic role of BIM as a communication medium in the Integrated Project Delivery (IPD) approach, focusing on the planning stage involving the disciplines of architecture, structure, and Mechanical, Electrical, and Plumbing (MEP) systems. The IPD approach emphasizes cross-disciplinary collaboration from the early stages of a project to optimize outcomes, reduce risks, and accelerate completion. The research methods used are literature review and case study analysis of various projects that have implemented BIM within the IPD framework. The data analyzed include the effectiveness of information exchange, inter-team coordination, and early identification of design conflicts. The study results show that BIM significantly improves information transparency among stakeholders, minimizes the risk of miscommunication, and accelerates the decision-making process through accurate and integrated data visualization. BIM models also facilitate the detection of potential conflicts, such as clashes between structural and MEP elements, before entering the physical construction phase, thereby reducing repair costs and delays. Furthermore, the use of BIM in IPD fosters a more collaborative work culture, where architects, engineers, and contractors can work together to solve problems quickly and effectively. Thus, BIM has proven to play a crucial role as a primary communication tool in IPD implementation, while also serving as a crucial foundation for achieving efficient, integrated, and high-quality construction project management.

The Building Information Modelling (BIM) implementation is to create a centralised knowledge sharing resource that contains all the necessary design and operational information about the project. BIM is a collaborative approach and integrated project delivery to design and delivery embraced by various construction teams in the construction projects. In the context of the most suitable project delivery to be used, with regards to the use of BIM, the Integrated Project Delivery (IPD) approach is highlighted as the best method which correlates building procurement of the design-to-construction business process through literature review analysis. IPD is developed as project delivery system that integrates people in effective collaborative approach between the key players in the project. IPD is going to be particularly beneficial for BIM because the contracts relation between the contractor, designers, consultants, constructors, sub-contractors and suppliers were binded and expressly determined at earlier stage. This relationship between these two subjects will helped the project team to achieve the project goals in terms of timely schedule, life cycle costs, quality and sustainability in construction project. Therefore, this study investigates on the propensity of the best methodology of project delivery system which can correlate with procurement adoption for projects adapt BIM concept. This is a descriptive study and the method used is based on review of the literature in relation to BIM and IPD. The analysis revealed that propensity of adopting IPD project delivery and the adoption of BIM are based on these factors: improve the communication, closer collaboration; liability and legal relationships are specifically determined, the best quality outcome; and lastly with reductions in design and construction period, it provides a cost effectiveness and a saving in overall construction period.

Modern construction projects, especially large ones, require a wide range of participants. Taking this requirement into account it is of vital importance to optimize the cooperation between the participants. It made possible by modern Building Information Modeling (BIM) and Integrated Project Delivery (IPD) concepts. This study aims to analyze the existing methods to evaluate the effect of BIM introduction and the integration of enterprises. The purpose of the study creates and verifies a method that takes into account the synergistic effects’ (savings) costs of integrating enterprises in a construction project and BIM application. The practical test of the method was carried out on an example of construction projects in Ukraine worth UAH 40, 50, 60 million with the realization time of 3 years. When the construction project is implemented with a total cost of UAH 40 million the effect of introduction of the proposed innovation is not achieved. With the project value of UAH 60 million and more, the probability of the effect will increase. In addition, the effect will increase with the implementation of subsequent projects using BIM and enterprise integration due to lower investment costs.

Building Information Modelling (BIM) is a revolutionary stride of technology in the orthodox construction and procedures in conventional Architecture Engineering and Construction (AEC) industry which is stressed upon for its delay on embracing new technologies. The strength of BIM has been disvalued in the eyes of many professionals, to think of BIM as just another ‘software’ which is in reality, a ‘process’ of attaining an outstanding collaboration among each and every stakeholder throughout a project’s life cycle. Hence, the philosophy of Supply Chain Management (SCM) in a construction project can be achieved effectively with the BIM’s promise of flexible and transparent interaction among Construction Supply Chain (CSC) contributors. However, the complexities in CSC of a conservative setup has been more composite with the intervention of BIM. Consequently, the BIM project stakeholders have encountered complications on the effective application of BIM on CSC while reaching the envisioned goals of BIM. Thus, the intention of this study is to develop a foreseeable information flow model related to construction supply chain in a BIM aided project. In order to attain the aim, an extensive literature synthesis was piloted to develop a conceptual informational flow model among CSC stakeholders of a BIM project. This contemporary research outlines that the CSC of a BIM project is much interactive and flexible with its collaborative effort of stakeholders when compared to the clashes among professionals in traditional setups. In a practical context, the roles and duties of BIM project stakeholders identified in BIM standards, have slightly differed due to real-world complications in construction industry. Besides that, BIM standards have laid down charismatic arrangements on information flows among BIM project stakeholders, which is in reality, a complex and random setup. Hence, the research outcome has successfully answered the complications by laying down guidelines for any outsider to the BIM field to recognise what would be the contribution of each stakeholder throughout the BIM project’s life cycle.

Through the last decade, Integrated Project Delivery (IPD) methodology considers one of the new contractual relations that are also on the way to further integrate the process of combining design and instruction. On the other hand, Building Information Modeling (BIM) made significant advancements in coordinating the planning and construction processes. It is being used more often in conjunction with traditional delivery methods. In this paper, the researcher will present the achievement of IPD methodology by using BIM through applying on the design of the financial commission building in Mayssan Oil Company in Iraq. The building has not been constructed yet and it was designed by using 2D CAD drawings. The researcher will redesign the project by using BIM to eliciting the abilities that are consistent with the requirements and benefits of integrated project delivery (IPD). The results show that BIM is an appropriate technology that can be used with the IPD method because it has achieved most of the requirements and benefits of IPD.

The advancement of digital technology in the construction industry has driven the integration of Building Information Modelling (BIM) and Augmented Reality (AR) as a new approach to improving project management efficiency. This article presents a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) aimed at evaluating the benefits and challenges of implementing BIM and AR integration in supporting construction project management performance, particularly in terms of cost, time, and quality management. The analysis reveals that the integration of BIM and AR significantly contributes to real-time project progress monitoring, enhanced team communication and coordination, accelerated decision-making, and improved schedule and quality control. However, the implementation of these technologies still faces challenges, such as visual overlay accuracy, loss of BIM metadata, hardware limitations, and human resource readiness. This study highlights the need for the development of technical guidelines and comprehensive adoption strategies, while also identifying opportunities for further research, particularly in the integration of 5D BIM and AR for more optimal project resource management.

Building Information Modelling (BIM) is a primary goal of Malaysia's construction sector transformation to increase productivity. It addresses information-sharing concerns by providing a model-based approach to managing all building-related information in a specific project through a shared repository that all project participants can access and easily integrate with project documentation. BIM has received a lot of interest in the construction sector because it can improve on-site safety and has been increasingly embraced by the global Architecture, Engineering, and Construction (AEC) industry. The rising use of BIM has prompted higher education (HEI) institutions to reconsider their AEC offerings. Whether BIM should be taught as a stand-alone subject or as an overarching concept in all undergraduate curricula has been a topic of significant discussion in recent years. This study aims to investigate the ideal format for BIM education in undergraduate curricula. It will measure students' awareness and knowledge of BIM and its applications in construction project safety management through surveys and interviews with BIM experts. The study will use a mixed-methods approach, including surveys of students enrolled in construction-related programs and interviews with BIM experts. The study discovered that, while most respondents had a favorable view of BIM education, there were areas for improvement identified, such as teaching challenges and the potential impact on industry adoption if these challenges are not addressed. Improvement in particular areas can increase overall satisfaction and effectiveness. The study provides insights into the integration of BIM in education and highlights the importance of addressing teaching challenges to ensure the successful implementation of BIM in the academic field.

Building information modelling (BIM) is a set of technologies that aim to increase interorganisational and cross‐disciplinary collaboration in the architecture, engineering, and construction (AEC) industries to promote productivity and the quality of design, construction, and maintenance stages of a building. Studies on BIM adoption in small and medium‐sized enterprises (SMEs) have remained an under‐represented area. It is necessary to understand the main challenges hindering the adoption of BIM in SMEs and to consider corresponding strategies that can be applied in order to obtain further understanding of BIM in SMEs. On the basis of literature review and interview, stakeholder‐associated factors were identified from a network perspective, and the social network analysis (SNA) method was applied to determine the interconnections between the influencing factors and links in BIM adoption in SMEs. Eventually, 10 critical factors and 10 crucial links were selected and divided into six challenges. Corresponding strategies, including cultivating the BIM perception of SMEs, integrated project delivery, strengthening the legal environment for BIM adoption in SMEs, and developing native software and standards and cloud‐based technology, were proposed to mitigate these challenges. The strategies may help practitioners gain an in‐depth understanding of BIM adoption in SMEs from a stakeholder‐oriented perspective.

There is a demand for lean construction in Europe; even though lean construction is still an emerging field and there is growing interest, there are no regulations on this topic. The main objective of this research is to regulate this role when in a project and to define and develop a building agent structure, according to the Building Standards Act (LOE by its acronym in Spanish), to be able to incorporate it into the Spanish law, protecting it from civil liabilities. In Spain, there is jurisprudence in civil jurisdiction based on the LOE to acquit or convict building agents, who are defined in the courts as “constructive managers” or similar. For this reason, courts could establish in the future several liabilities for the lean construction specialist and other agents of the project, depending on their actions and based on the implementation of the lean project delivery system, the target value design and the integrated project delivery. Conversely, it is possible that the level of action of the lean construction specialist may comprise design management, construction management and contract management. Accordingly, one or more building agents should be appropriately incorporated into the LOE according to their functions and responsibilities and based on the levels of action of the lean construction specialist. The creation of the following agents is proposed: design manager, construction manager and contract manager, definitions that are developed in this study. These agents are loosely defined, because any project manager, building information modeling manager or similar may act as one or as more-than-one of them. Finally, the creation of the lean construction manager is also proposed, as the agent who takes on the role of the design manager, construction manager and contract manager, but focused on the lean production principles.

The construction industry has traditionally been characterised by the high diversity of its agents and processes, high resistance to change and low incorporation of technology compared to manufacturing industries. However, the construction sector is experiencing now a strong renovation process in methodology and tools due to the incorporation of the Building Information Modelling, Lean Construction and Integrated Project Delivery. Meanwhile, in production systems, “Industry 4.0” is a new paradigm that proposes automation, monitoring, sensorisation, robotisation, and digitalisation to improve production and distribution processes. In this context, some authors have proposed the concept of “Construction 4.0” as the counterpart of Industry 4.0 for the construction sector, although the methodological-technological implications are not clear. This research shows a methodological-technological framework adapted to the Architecture, Engineering, Construction, and Operations industry. This papers includes a detailed proposal for a reference frameworks and related technologies that could impact on this sector, responding to its complexities and specific challenges, such as the unique spaces for each work, which are difficult to standardise, arbitrary cost overruns and a productivity far below the average for other industries, increasing competitiveness and globalisation, as opposed to its traditionally local deployment, and an increasing demand to reduce the carbon footprint for all its activities.

PurposeBecause of global environmental concerns, sustainable design has become a mainstream building design goal in recent years. Sustainable development is even more urgent in the light of global climate change. This paper aims to examine the contributions which building information modelling (BIM) can make to the production of sustainable building designs.Design/methodology/approachVarious research methodologies have been adopted, including literature review, design tool analysis, a case study and structured face‐to‐face interviews. Data collected were synthesized as part of the research process.FindingsBIM is found to be ideally suited to the delivery of information needed for improved design and building performance. Two most significant benefits of BIM for sustainable building design are: integrated project delivery (IPD) and design optimization. However, there are also barriers to adopting BIM for sustainable design.Research limitations/implicationsThis paper does not attempt to address all aspects of BIM functionality because the scope of BIM is very great and the resources of this research were limited.Practical implicationsSuccessful implementation of BIM is able to eliminate the extra cost of design changes during the subsequent phases of construction process. BIM, therefore, is also capable of enhancing the project delivery culture in future.Social implicationsBIM solutions can contribute to the selection of best solutions to reduce energy and resources consumption. This new technology and the approach also can generate the need of more innovative professionals and job opportunities.Originality/valueThis paper investigates the contribution of BIM to sustainable buildings from the perspective of design performance and improved communication and coordination.

Building Information Modeling (BIM) can be implemented in estimating, clash detection, sustainability analysis, solutions to in-field Requests-For-Information, facility management, etc. This research focuses on implementing BIM throughout the entire construction life cycle. Currently, the Architectural/Engineering/Construction (A/E/C) companies are using BIM to realize improved productivity and cost-effectiveness. One benefit of using BIM applications is the enhanced interoperability, which will improve integrated building design and integrated project delivery (IPD). The accurate model of BIM has the ability to be used throughout the entire life cycle of the building, from initial design through occupancy and operation. The research will examine how to utilize the flexibility of the BIM/MEP (Mechanical, Electrical, and Plumbing) systems and how to reduce the overall impact of the built environment on human health and the natural environment by: efficiently using the MEP systems, protecting occupant health and improving employee productivity, as well as reducing waste, pollution and environmental degradation of healthcare buildings.

Building information modelling (BIM) tools and workflows, new procurements methods, and emerging management practices are being adopted on projects to overcome collaboration barriers and improve project performance within the architecture, engineering, construction, and operation (AECO) sector. Academic literature and industry reports recommend the use of collaborative procurement methods such as design and build (DB) procurement and integrated project delivery (IPD) when adopting BIM workflows. However, to date there are little operationalization and empirical evidence of the value realization potential when using BIM in conjunction to these procurement methods. This chapter draws upon five case studies of BIM-based DB projects to analyze and quantify the potential of value realization using clash detection as a use value. The results reveal potential hurdles inhibiting BIM from reaching its full potential. Accordingly, recommended changes to the current processes are suggested to facilitate BIM in enhancing value on DB projects.

Considering the redefinition of the roles of AEC professions -and reflectively education- through Building Information Modeling (BIM), this research is interested in the integration of BIM tools and technologies into formal architectural education at the higher education level. Starting with the first attempts as a transition from teaching AutoCAD to BIM in stand-alone computer courses, the recent studies show that BIM integration in education has expanded towards adapting the architectural curriculum to prepare students for a BIM-oriented practice. Acknowledging the trends and positing possible shifts in the field, this study uses a systematic review method to map the actual experiences of researchers and academics for the integration of BIM tools and technologies into architectural education. In the Scopus database, publications that focus on BIM integration into architectural education are scanned for a period between 2005 to 2021. After the bibliometric analysis, 42 studies are selected to evaluate based on their reflection of an actual case experience in a higher education setting that engages in the integration of BIM in architectural education. Evaluating various approaches addressing the design studios and complementary courses and the challenges faced in architectural education as part of the efforts to integrate BIM is examined concerning the emerging themes. As the most frequently encountered theme in the selected studies, a particular emphasis is put on the concept of collaboration.KeywordsArchitectural designArchitectural educationCurriculumBIM integrationCollaboration