Butterfly Optimization Algorithm for PV Array Reconfiguration to Achieve Higher GMP during PSCs

The position of MPP of a solar panel changes with changes in weather conditions such as radiation, temperature and partial Shadow. In such a situation, several local MPPs and one GMPP are created in the P-V curve, and the common methods of MPPT(P&O, IC,…) have converged due to the failure to recognise the local MPP. They cause a lot of losses to the photovoltaic system. Therefore, in this article, it has been tried to provide a new method of particle swarm optimisation with variable coefficients, which in combination with the perturb and observe method can reach the GMPP in the fastest possible time. In this proposed method, we first reach the convergence of the GMPP using the VCPSO method, and after converging to it, we go to the P&O method and use P&O until significant changes are made in the system, and if observed Variations To re-examine the GMPP, we return to the VCPSO algorithm. The results of the simulation of the efficiency of the proposed method show that this method was able to reach the GMPP in the shortest time, and the efficiency of the photovoltaic system increases and the effects of partial shading are reduced.

Dynamic global maximum power point tracking of the PV systems under variant partial shading using hybrid GWO-FLC

A maximum power point tracking (MPPT) controller was used to make the photovoltaic (PV) module operate at its maximum power point (MPP) under changing temperature and sunlight irradiance. Under partially shaded conditions, the characteristic power–voltage (P–V) curve of the PV modules will have more than one maximum power point, at least one local maximum power point and a global maximum power point. Conventional MPPT controllers may control the PV module array at the local maximum power point rather than the global maximum power point. MPPT control can be also implemented by using soft computing methods (SCM), which can handle the partial shade problem. However, to improve the robustness and speed of the MPPT controller, a hybrid MPPT controller has been proposed that combines two SCMs, the Genetic Algorithm (GA) and Ant Colony Optimization (ACO). Matlab was used in a simulation of a GA-ACO MPPT controller where four SunPower SPR-305NE-WHT-D PV modules with a maximum power of 305.226 W connected in series were used under conditions of partial shade to investigate the performance of the proposed MPPT controller. The results obtained were analyzed and compared with others obtained under perturb and observe (P&O) MPPT and conventional ACO MPPT controllers were observed.

The use of solar energy as an alternative energy source continues to increase along with global energy needs and environmental awareness. However, the efficiency of the photovoltaic (PV) panel system is greatly influenced by variations in sunlight intensity, especially in partial shading conditions. This condition causes the emergence of several local maximum power points, which makes it difficult for conventional MPPT (Maximum Power Point Tracking) systems to find the global maximum power point (GMPP). In this study, an MPPT method based on the Firefly Algorithm (FA) was developed, a metaheuristic optimization algorithm inspired by the behavior of fireflies in attracting partners through light intensity. This method was chosen because of its ability to explore non-linear search spaces and avoid traps at local maximum points. The study was conducted through modeling of the PV panel system and simulations in various partial shading scenarios using MATLAB/Simulink software. The Firefly Algorithm was then applied to search for the maximum power point and its performance was compared with conventional MPPT methods such as Perturb and Observe (P&O) and Incremental Conductance (IC). The discussion plan includes analysis of power tracking efficiency, convergence time, and system stability under changing lighting conditions. It is expected that the results of this study can contribute to the development of a more adaptive and efficient MPPT control system for modern solar power systems, especially in areas with high levels of shade.

The detrimental effects on the efficiency of solar photovoltaic (PV) panels caused by non-uniform irradiation levels, like partial shading scenarios (PSCs), are studied in this paper. In this perspective, a characterization technique is introduced for investigating more than one power maxima, such as global maximum power point (GMPP) and local maximum power point (LMPP), using power-voltage (P-V) curves. In order to reduce the shadowing impact, a reshuffled approach of PV panels in an array format is used, which improves shade distribution across the whole PV array. There are alternative strategies depending on game theory, but because of the increased wire length necessity, optimization methods are becoming more prevalent. When compared to standard PV module setups like series-parallel (SP) and total-cross tied (TCT), the Rao optimization algorithm (ROA) focused PV module arrangements show efficient shade scattering for every shadowing circumstance. Under partially shaded conditions, performance evaluation is done to determine the effectiveness of the suggested idea with respect to power and voltage at GMPP, PL, and FF. The research was carried out completely in the MATLAB/Simulink environment.

The energy generation efficiency of photovoltaic (PV) systems is compromised by partial shading conditions (PSCs) of solar irradiance with many maximum power points (MPPs) while tracking output power. Addressing this challenge in the PV system, this article proposes an adapted hybrid control algorithm that tracks the global maximum power point (GMPP) by preventing it from settling at different local maximum power points (LMPPs). The proposed scheme involves the deployment of a 3 × 3 multi-string PV array with a single modified boost converter model and an adapted perturb and observe-based model predictive control (APO-MPC) algorithm. In contrast to traditional strategies, this technique effectively extracts and stabilizes the output power by predicting upcoming future states through the computation of reference current. The boost converter regulates voltage and current levels of the whole PV array, while the proposed algorithm dynamically adjusts the converter's operation to track the GMPP by minimizing the cost function of MPC. Additionally, it reduces hardware costs by eliminating the need for an output current sensor, all while ensuring effective tracking across a variety of climatic profiles. The research illustrates the efficient validation of the proposed method with accurate and stable convergence towards the GMPP with minimal sensors, consequently reducing overall hardware expenses. Simulation and hardware-based outcomes reveal that this approach outperforms classical techniques in terms of both cost-effectiveness and power extraction efficiency, even under PSCs of constant, rapidly changing, and linearly changing irradiances.

Comprehensive analysis of line losses and valuation of energy savings in optimized photovoltaic array subjected to partial shadings

Solar modules under partial shading (PS) conditions will result in power and voltage characteristic curves (P-VCC) having multiple peaks. If the maximum power point cannot be obtained, the output power of the solar modules will be greatly reduced. Hence, there have been various maximum power point tracking (MPPT) control methods developed to address this problem. One alternative is to employ the meta-heuristic approach (MHA) to track the global maximum power point (GMPP). Recently, a new MHA called Bat Algorithm (BA) has performed well in the MPPT. Nevertheless, BA may fail to track the GMPP when there are some local maximum power points (LMPPs) close to the GMPP. Also, the tracking time needs to be further reduced to accommodate rapidly changing irradiance. Therefore, a combination of BA with the abandonment mechanism of Cuckoo Search (CS) is proposed to improve the tracking performance of the BA. Both simulation and experimental results show that the proposed method, as compared to BA, yields better accuracy and an improvement of convergence speed of about 35% for various P-VCCs can be achieved. Moreover, the MBA has also been tested against some of the state-of-the-art MPPT algorithms such as Particle Swarm Optimization and Grey Wolf Optimization (GWO), and the results showed the superiority of the proposed method.

Partial shading conditions (PSCs) in Photovoltaic (PV) system is an inevasible situation which curtails the PV array output by exhibiting multiple peaks in its Power-Voltage (P-V) curve. The multiple peaks consist of a single global maximum power point (GMPP) and many local maximum power points (LMPP). The presence of multiple peaks makes tracking of maximum power point more difficult and demands an efficient controller to track the global peak of the P-V curve. In the present work, a novel intelligent asymmetrical Fuzzy Logic Control (AFLC) based maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithm has been proposed for tracking GMPP. The fuzzy membership functions of the proposed algorithm have been optimized using a heuristic approach. The algorithm has been designed, developed and analyzed using MATLAB/Simulink. Furthermore, to establish the superiority of proposed AFLC algorithm, it has been compared with conventional perturb & observe (P&O) algorithm and intelligent Fuzzy Logic Control (FLC) based algorithm for GMPP tracking and shading losses under standard test condition (STC) and partially shaded conditions.

Among all the conventional maximum power point tracking (MPPT) techniques for a photovoltaic (PV) system that have been proposed, incremental conductance (INC) and perturb and observe (P&O) are the most popular because of their simplicity and ease of implementation. However, under partial shading conditions (PSCs), these MPPT algorithms fail to track the global maximum power point (GMPP) and instead converge into local maximum power points (LMPPs), resulting in considerable PV power loss. This paper presents a new hybrid MPPT technique combining the artificial bee colony (ABC) and P&O algorithms named ABC-P&O. The P&O technique is used to track the MPP under uniform irradiance, and only during irradiance variations is the ABC algorithm employed. The effectiveness of the proposed hybrid algorithm at tracking the GMPP, under both uniform and nonuniform irradiance conditions, was assessed by hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) tests employed by a dc–dc boost converter. Then, the ABC-P&O strategy was applied to obtain the voltage reference for the outer PI control loop, which provided the current reference to the discrete-time sliding-mode current control. The ABC-P&O algorithm has a reasonable computational cost, allowing the use of a commercial, low-priced digital signal controller (DSC) with outer voltage and inner current control loops. Many challenging tests validated that the proposed ABC-P&O technique converges fast to the GMPP with high efficiency and superior performance under different PSCs.

A new approach in MPPT for photovoltaic array based on Extremum Seeking Control under uniform and non-uniform irradiances

To get the most power out of photovoltaic (PV) panels, PV systems must utilize a maximum power point tracking (MPPT) controller. In partial shading conditions (PSC), the power-voltage (P-V) characteristic of the PV network may show a single global maximum power point (GMPP) and two or more local maximum power points (LMPP). This indicates that the PV cells and panels do not get uniform illumination. As they converge on the maximum power point (MPP) that makes contact first, which is often one of the LMPPs in this scenario, common MPPT approaches like incremental conductance (InC) and perturb and observe (P&O) are unable to distinguish between a GMPP and LMPPs. In this paper, the extraction of the GMPP of the PV system under PSC based on a suggested particle swarm optimization (PSO) approaches is presented. The particularity of the suggested approach is that it takes into account the calculation of the position of each particle as a function of the duty cycle and the global maximum power. Results on the performance of the suggested PSO method show an advantage over the conventional PSO and the commonly used traditional P&O method. The suggested PSO technique offer better performance in terms of global power extracted, ripple rate of the power and efficiency.

The presence of bypass diodes in photovoltaic (PV) arrays can mitigate the negative effects of partial shading conditions (PSCs), which can cause multiple peak characteristics at the output. However, conventional maximum power point tracking (MPPT) methods can develop errors and detect the local maximum power point (LMPP) instead of the global maximum power point (GMPP) under certain circumstances. To address this issue, several artificial intelligence (AI)‐based methods have been proposed, but they result in complicated and unreliable methodologies. This study introduces the driving training‐based optimization (DTBO) method, which aims to address the partial shading (PS) problem quickly and reliably in maximum power point (MPP) detection for PV systems. DTBO improves tracking speed and reduces fluctuations in the power output during the tracking period. The proposed method is extensively verified using the Typhoon hardware‐in‐the‐loop (HIL) 402 emulator and compared to conventional methods such as particle swarm optimization (PSO), and JAYA, as well as the recently proposed adaptive JAYA (AJAYA) method for MPPT in a PV system under similar conditions.

Photovoltaic power generation systems will switch between two situations: uniform illumination and local shadow. For maximum power point tracking (MPPT), the conventional strategy is often efficient in only one situation. But for both situations with switching, there face problems such that the tracking time may be too long or it may fall into the local maximum power point (LMPP). Aiming at these problems, in this paper, an event-triggered dual-mode control technology is proposed, which enables the system to work with high efficiency and high precision under both uniform illumination and local shadow. Under the uniform illumination, the maximum power point is tracked by the perturbation method (P&O), while in a local shaded environment, the current flowing through the bypass diode acts as a trigger signal which enables Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) to track the Global Maximum Power Point (GMPP). The simulation experiment by Matlab shows that in both the uniform illumination and local shadow, the algorithm of event-triggered dual-mode control is efficient in MPPT and has a fast and smooth transition between P&O and PSO, overcoming the problems of conventional strategy.

Study on Meta-heuristics techniques for shade dispersion to enhance GMPP of PV array systems under PSCs