Can the world run on renewable energy? A revised negative case

Researchers have found that despite a wide range of renewable energy sources in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), renewable energy pricing policies have focused extensively on metered electricity energy, an early source of renewable energy. Supply, access, and regulation of price for metered electricity energy is mostly controlled by the governments across SSA. There is an increasing use of other renewable energy sources including portable electricity, solar power, and wind power. However, in SSA, the pricing for domestic renewable domestic renewable power such as portable electricity, rechargeable cookstoves, and portable solar power sources are left to the market to legislate, with energy prices dependent on forces of demand and supply and seldom on clear scientific models. This commercially focused energy market means businesses operating in the energy industry are more interested in profits and set prices relative to their market perceptions. The main problem with the energy market in SSA is the lack of a participatory approach where customers, businesses, the government, and other stakeholders are involved in the pricing for energy. We further note that lack of a participatory approach in energy pricing is a major challenge in uptake and demand for the domestic renewable energy sources. Through a systematic literature review, including a review of peer-reviewed journals, documents from energy utility companies, and published information on the websites for energy companies, this review analyzes the current application of energy price modeling and hypothesizes that mobile technology and a participatory pricing approach can improve pricing for domestic renewable power. Our initial literature review showed that energy price modeling had received little attention in SSA, especially for domestic renewable power energy sources. This paper, therefore, fills this gap by using a systematic literature review to consolidate knowledge on how energy price modeling has been applied in the SSA context. The systematic literature review results reveal four commonly used models: time series, artificial neural network, hybrid iterative reactive adaptive, and hybrid models. These energy pricing models are mainly applied to metered electricity power, the predominant source of energy in SSA. The literature hypothesizes that applying mobile technology to energy pricing and a participatory approach involving the consumers and energy supply businesses can move SSA closer to transitioning to renewable energy. Although other factors have hindered this transition, a participatory energy pricing approach incorporating relevant pricing models and market information creates potential solutions to these challenges. In the discussion, we hypothesize that a participatory approach to price modeling with the incorporation of mobile technology can be used at the household level to improve energy decision-making. For this to work, energy price modeling for domestic renewable sources should be simplified, user-friendly, and accessible to households. In conclusion, we recommend that SSA governments develop a more holistic view of energy price modeling to better harness the potential for domestic renewable energy sources.

There have been many discussions in Lithuania about a strategy for reducing the impact of climate change. Members of the international community agree that reducing greenhouse gas emissions to the atmosphere is necessary to avoid dangerous climate change. The main greenhouse gas emissions from human activity are carbon dioxide. Carbon dioxide is mainly produced by combustion of fossil fuels, which are currently used: natural gas, coal, oil, peat, etc. Fossil fuels are still the main source of energy. The amount of energy produced and consumption from renewable energy sources (RES) is increasing both in Lithuania and in Europe. According to the Directive (2009/28/EU) Lithuania has a legally binding target in the year 2020. The share of renewable energy would account for at least 23% of the total final energy consumption of the country. The share of renewable energy would account for at least 10% of the final energy consumption in the transport sector. Lithuania achieved its target and this indicator was 23.9% in 2014. According to the Eurostat data, the share of RES produced from renewable energy sources in the total energy balance is increasing annually. In 2007 this indicator was only 4.7% and it has grown 4 times in 2016. The production of electricity from renewable energy sources satisfied the country’s energy demand by 18.9% in Lithuania. This is the best index so far. Wind energy is the most popular type of green energy, which has been growing at a rate of 5 times in this period. Promotion of the use of renewable resources is provided in the Republic of Lithuania Law on Renewable Energy and the long-term development of the use of renewable resources is provided for in the National Energy Strategy. At this moment Lithuania is a fuel importing country, but in the future Lithuania should produce about 70% of electricity itself. It is forecasted that in 2020 electricity generation in the country should make up 35% of the demand, in 2030 it should be 70%, and in 2050 it should reach 100%. From renewables we should receive a large, almost 80% share of energy. And gas will be a transitional fuel by 2050. The project of strategy states that energy from renewable sources will become a major component of all sectors: electricity, heat, cooling and transport. The objective is to achieve a 30% share of renewables in the final energy consumption balance in 2020, 45% in 2030, and 80% in 2050. The renewables should produce all heat energy and the share of green energy in transport should reach 50% at the end of 2050. The article focuses on the use of the potential of renewable energy sources from agricultural raw materials and their waste. The surplus of agricultural production makes it necessary to look for opportunities to reduce environmental pollution. The aim of the article is to assess the use of potential of renewable energy sources in Lithuania. The results of the analysis showed that increasing energy production is possible not only using wind, solar, water or geothermal energy, but by processing traditional agricultural and animal products and their waste: straw, grain crops, livestock or bird’s excrement, etc. It is recommended to look at the unconventional potential of raw materials, such as sewage sludge, spirits, molasses, etc. The use of biomass has potentially revealed alternatives to biofuels that underpin the use of different generations of biofuels. The use of biofuels in the long term should contribute to the slowdown in climate change.

Renewable energy plays a fundamental role for the Green Deal and for achieving carbon neutrality by 2050. EU Directive on renewable energy revised confirms the community block objective of obtaining 38-40% of energy from renewable sources by 2030, doubling the share of solar, wind and other renewables in Europe's energy mix by the end of the decade. The European Commission recommended that Romania increase the share of energy from renewable sources used for the year 2030 to at least 34% in a future analysis. Romania has a high energy potential from renewable sources, which is not yet fully exploited and has a great advantage due to the diversity of available energy resources. Thus, through this study we aimed to analyze the potential of renewable energy in Romania, as well as the possible sources of financing at national and European level for projects that aim to invest in renewable energy sources. Romania has a high energy potential from renewable sources, which is not yet fully exploited and has a great advantage due to the diversity of available energy resources. Consequently, the targets regarding the increase of the share of renewable energy sources and the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions can be achieved thanks to the multiple sources of financing that exist and will exist for Romania.

Solar energy is an inexhaustible and pollution-free energy source that plays a significant role in the sustainable provision of energy services. The main purpose of this study is to examine the potential, current situation, future strategies, and policies of solar energy, which is a renewable resource in Azerbaijan. This study is research in which qualitative methods are used and within the scope of the study, literature review, systematic approach and inductive methods were used. In the study, Azerbaijan's policy towards solar energy has been examined based on the potential sources of solar energy, the current situation and the country's future strategies. Azerbaijan is slightly behind in the production of electricity from renewable energy sources. Along with all this, the most important strategic goals for the use of renewable and alternative energy sources in Azerbaijan have been defined. Thus, by 2030, the share of renewable energy investment in the country's total energy balance to 30% has been determined as the main goal. As a result of the study, it can be said that solar energy policies will have a positive effect on the country's economy in the coming years, since Azerbaijan has a geographical location and an infrastructure system that can be delivered to the countries in need.

As a consequence of increasing air pollution, the European Commission has decided to introduce special directives laying down the measures to achieve climate and energy neutrality. Renewable energy (RE) sources play an important role in the pursuit of these goals, which has been taken into account in the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. The aim of this article is to describe patterns and trends in the achievements of the energy policy of European Union (EU) countries in the field of renewable energy in sustainable development. The identification of leaders in this field gives the possibility to analyse actions taken by the governments of these countries and the possible implementation of the introduced solutions on the ground of individual Member States at the regional and national levels. At the beginning Main goal of energy policy on the field of renewable energy sources (RES) is to increase production from environmentally friendly sources that is why trends were determined in order to assess the rate of achievement of the national target for changes the share of energy from renewable sources in total gross energy consumption. Groups of similar countries were then identified on the basis of three indicators corresponding to the targets set in the climate and energy package. In the group of analysed countries, 14 have achieved the 2020 targets and 4 have exceeded the 2030 targets. The main renewable energy sources (RES) are biofuels, wind, and hydropower. In the assessment of the achievement of energy policy targets, the best situation was observed in the case of Denmark, Ireland, and the United Kingdom. These countries have significantly increased the share of renewable energy in total energy consumption. Compared to other EU countries, they have reduced the economy’s energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions the most.

The indigenous Energy in Taiwan is rare, so we need renewable energy to supply future requirement. Energy problem was regarded as the pillar of economic development in every countries. but it gradually become the focus of National Security and Human Security. Therefore, the core of the research is to analyses strategy of renewable energy development of Taiwan through the ankle of Human security, in order to confer if policy maker integrates this subject into policy consideration. Furthermore, it is also combined comparative analysis of renewable resources development strategy in China, America, Japan and it is provided an example of future development. This research is used literature survey method, Secondary Data Analysis and content analysis as the research method. The result shows that Taiwanese renewable resource development strategy is more cling to economical safety, and then to environmental security and energy Security ; whole strategy is lack of consideration of Human security and energy Security in long term development. 4 conclusions are brought to the end: 1. Drawing up renewable resource strategy that is suitable for people security. 2. Building multiple evaluations of Energy Security and renewable energy. 3. Strengthening renewable energy Cities and Engineering Experiment, and develop different renewable resources accordingly. 4. Cooperating internationally to extend the efficiency of Energy Technology Research and Development. 5. Government should spend more effort on sending the information, education of renewable energy to public.

There is no doubt that one of the most important challenges facing engineers and designers ofarchitectural design and engineering is indeed the problem of energy. It is inline with this trend of thought that energy can be seen as a critical elementwith a view to the enhancement of mans economical and social welfare and it isin the sphere of construction engineering that the need arises for the use ofthe appropriate construction material which can best serve this vital aim ofenergy conservation by using renewable energy sources such as solar energy. Itis therefore a foregone conclusion that the more we are capable of using solarenergy we are helping to conserve our other energy sources and thus help toreduce our overall energy consumption. It is with this view in mind thatconstruction engineers and those working in building design have aimed at usingsystems that can manage energy consumption within their constructionalstructures, having arrived at a point where their building designs can actuallybe termed intelligent or smart constructionalstructures, whereby the system asa whole is capable of using solar energy instead of the traditional fossilfuels. Yet that which makes possible the use of solar energy more so today thanever before is the use of external ducts, which are installed in places mostexposed to sunlight, and have the capability of changing color and becominglighter or darker as the state of exposure calls for is the use of a certaintype of smart glass within the built structure, that makes possible the mostefficient use of sunlight entering the building, having the capability ofchanging color in correlation to the amount of sunlight received and becominglighter or darker appropriately, allowing that quantity of sunlight to enter thebuilding as is needed to counteract the greenhouse effect which causes anuncontrolled increase of temperature within the built structure, and thusallowing the most efficient use of solar energy in keeping the place pleasantlywarm in winter and cool during the summer months. It is therefore from thisperspective that we have through the use of library studies embarked on theinvestigation of the particular structural make up of this type of smart glasswith the capability of structural change in its color variance which counts as the most important compositional part ofsmart buildings, to explicate the mechanisms at work and the benefits acquiredfrom the use of such ducts within a smart constructional structure as apracticaltechnique in line with reducing energy consumption so that designersof any type of construction may make efficient use of this technology.

In the study, the current and future status of renewable energy resources were compiled in the light of large databases of national and international renewable energy institutions, and the latest situation in the world in the transition to 100% renewable energy was examined. The extent of the goal for the transition to 100% renewable energy has been determined, and predictions have been made based on all this information. In today’s world where energy and environmental problems are on the agenda, countries’ transition to renewable energy is the primary solution. This goal is called the transition to 100% renewable energy, which brings advantages such as providing needed energy and producing clean energy. Today, renewable energy sources account for more than one-third of the global energy capacity, and the world is rapidly moving towards 100% renewable energy. Compared with 2017, the total amount of renewable energy in 2018 increased by 181 GW, and the number of countries with an increase in the proportion of renewable energy increased. Taking into account the external dependence of the use of fossil fuels and environmental issues, this development is at a promising level in the future. In order to shift from highly polluting oil resources to natural gas and renewable resources, this article aims to investigate the current global energy transition trends, and then propose some important strategies to get closer to upstream goals and obligations in this way.

Review of fossil fuels and future energy technologies

Role of green finance, volatility and risk in promoting the investments in Renewable Energy Resources in the post-covid-19

The share of renewable energy sources (RES) in the global energy system is systematically increasing, making them the most important element of the energy transformation. Their use enables rational management of limited resources, reduction of environmental pollution, and has a significant inhibitory effect on energy poverty by improving energy efficiency. The aim of this article is to assess the impact of the use of renewable energy on the level of energy poverty in the European Union countries in 2010, 2015, and 2022. A taxonomic measure of development based on the Weber median was used to examine the relationship between the results achieved by individual EU member states in terms of the impact of the use of renewable energy on the level of energy poverty. The research results clearly indicate the existence of disproportions between the countries of the “old” EU and the countries that joined it in 2004 and later. These disproportions concern both the use of energy obtained from renewable sources and energy poverty. In the countries of the “old” Union, a positive moderate relationship was identified between the use of renewable energy and energy poverty, which means that a higher share of the use of energy from renewable sources in these countries reduces energy poverty. In the countries of the “new” Union, however, this relationship was very weak (2010) or non-existent. Since the renewable energy sector is subject to government policy and regulations, the results presented in this paper should be of interest to decision-makers. A stable, long-term policy should provide an appropriate investment climate that provides support for renewable energy projects and reduces the level of energy poverty.

Energy problem is the important basis of sustainable development and it also relates to state security. To speed up the development of energy construction and to safeguard the supply of energy is one of the most important goals of construction and development of economy in China. As the problem of energy becomes more and more serious, renewable energy has caused high attention by our country and the world which has also become one of the key development strategies in China. At present the use ratio of renewable energy will become higher as fossil energy dry up gradually. Before significant breakthrough in energy utilization technology renewable energy will take place of fossil fuels gradually and becomes the important energy to support human lives. Micro grid is one of the ways to make use of distributed renewable sources and will be the key technology for smart grid construction in the future. How to make planning for smart gird including micro grid scientifically and reasonably is the challenging task for grid planning personnel.

The article is devoted to the definition of peculiarities and evaluation of the energy potential of renewable energy sources (RES) in the territory of Russia, as well as the application of this information as additional initial data in the territorial planning. This formulation of the research allows us to achieve the gradual introduction in the design practice of the use of RES for the development of settlements and industrial facilities. The article considers existing power plants of renewable energy sources, of which small hydroelectric power plants are both the first and at the same time promising in hydropower engineering. In addition, the publication presents a variety of experience in the use of equipment for generating energy based on renewable sources, as well as provides analytical data on the prospects for growth in world energy production. It should be noted that the greatest increase in world production is expected from technologies that receive energy based on the action of the sun. Among RES, wind power is on the second place, which was reflected in the further analysis, consideration of the issues of integration of renewable energy technologies in town-planning practice and the results of the research.Subject matter: the subject of the study is the possibility of applying renewable energy technologies in modern urban development.Objectives: the purpose of the study is to identify the most sources of renewable energy whose application is most rational in the development of settlements.Materials and methods: in the course of the work, the main advantages and disadvantages, as well as prospects for the development of various types of renewable energy sources, including small ones, were considered.Results: as a result of the work, conclusions were drawn about the possibility of implementing RES technologies in the environment of settlements with territorial planning and the need for their integrated application.Conclusions: application of renewable energy technologies is possible in modern urban planning. It is advisable to use several types of renewable energy taking into account the boundaries of existing landscapes of settlements, for maximum production.

The paper highlights the changes in the energy paradigm in the developing nations of Global South, comparing the prominent countries within the regions in terms of energy transition towards renewable and sustainable energy sources. The study has primarily two-fold objectives, first to evaluate the energy security of Global South on the basis of 4 A definition of energy security. Secondly, to investigate the interdependence of economic growth and consumption of renewable energy using the granger causality test which reinforces the case for energy transition to renewable sources of energy in these developing nations. The results reveal that High income countries are much worse off in terms of deterioration in status of energy security as compared to other categories which improve in status of energy security in this region. The paper highlights the significant role of acceptability dimension of 4A definition of energy security implying policy implications of investing more on renewable energy and carbon reducing technologies. The Granger causality test fortifies existence of no relationship between economic growth and renewable energy consumption in case of high income, upper middle, low income countries but in case of low middle income countries renewable energy consumption granger causes economic growth. Energy transition towards renewable energy sources which involves time lag in realizing socio - economic benefits is strongly recommended by the study.

The utilization of the electricity storage into batteries system is increasing. Most batteries are connected at the point in the network where the power of renewable energy sources is produced. These battery storage systems serve primarily to power electricity to households. They are most often used in cooperation with renewable energy sources, especially photovoltaic power plants. When installing renewable sources without using battery storage in distribution networks, there are several problems in the production of electricity from renewable sources. At a time of low power consumption and high electricity generation at the point of connection of renewable energy sources, a change in power flow occurs. The power generated from the sources flows into the distribution network or up to the superior network. If a distribution company installed battery storage at the point of connection, the power from renewable sources would not flow to the rest of the distribution system and would be stored on that distribution network node. Once the capacity size has been correctly determined at a given node, the distribution company could benefit from such solution. The distribution company could lease the capacity of the batteries to customers who have the renewable energy sources to store their produced energy or could cover part of the electricity consumption at the time of lack of production from the renewable energy sources. The paper deals with this issue, the location of battery storage is simulated on a standardized distribution network.