Cannibalism City


 
 
 
 The current paper attempts to exhaustively investigate and analyse 'Racism' from a pragma-discoursal perspective. Racism is defined as a statement on 'Race' and 'Racial Prejudice' as,'' arranging groups hierarchically in terms of psychological and cultural characteristics that are immutable and innate.'' (U.N OHCHR: 2005:4).
 
 
 
 
 Racism is based on colour, social, religious, cultural or linguistic reasons within society. However, this issue has not fully considered in linguistic studies in general and a pragma-discoursal investigational analysis .To bridge this gap, the present work tries to scrutinize the racist discourse pragmatically, concentrating on the pragma-discoursal notions and their relevant strategies that construct the pragma-discoursal structure of racism. Thus, this paper tries to answer major questions including: 1- why racist discourse devices are employed in mass media? Are there any discoursal a pragmatic devices that are used to actualize an d show racism? To answer such questions, the present study hypothesizes that

Using James Carey's notion of “historical consciousness,” this article conducted a historical analysis on how Robert F. Williams, a US-born civil rights activist and journalist, negotiated debates about race, racism, and class conflict while living in exile in Cuba and China during the 1960s. The author examined editorial coverage on Cuba and China published in Williams' Crusader between 1961 and 1969. An analysis of this newsletter highlights the existence and importance of a news outlet that has received little attention in histories on black journalism. It reveals the insights, contradictions, and contentions that are present in black journalists' alternative media texts published from abroad. Carey's notion of “historical consciousness” is helpful for understanding how black journalists' lived experiences and perceptions have emerged from the media texts they produced. These alternative journalism texts reveal how public debates about race, racism, and class conflict have evolved as black journalists have operated across national borders. This article, therefore, contributes to scholarship on the relationship between black journalism and transnationalism by examining specific conceptualizations of race and class politics across various contexts.

(1980). Industrialisation, race and class conflict in South Africa: Towards a sociological resolution of a reopened debate. Ethnic and Racial Studies: Vol. 3, No. 2, pp. 140-155.

Doris Lessing’s A Road to The Big City takes the female perspective to review women’s confusion about love, time and themselves and describe racial conflict, class contradiction and so on to review the broken modern civilization. Marie is one of the common protagonists in Doris Lessing’s story and she is pure and innocent. Luring by her sister, she comes to the big city, wanting to have a different life. She changes her value in the process of integration with the big city. This article researches from the perspective of Marie, exploring the inner conflict and hard decision of the lower class women. Changing themselves can help the women actually have bravery, courage, and cleverness instead of backwardness and ignorance.

Anecdotal reports suggested an uptick in anti-Asian prejudice corresponding with the initial outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic. Examining responses from White U.S. citizens (N = 589) during the first months of the pandemic, this study tested: (a) whether actual intensity (official number of cases or deaths reported) or perceived intensity (participants' estimates of the same) of the COVID-19 outbreak predicted indicators of racial outgroup prejudice, particularly those associated with cross-group interaction, (b) whether outgroup prejudice was oriented toward Asian people specifically, or toward racial outgroups more broadly (e.g., toward both Asian people and Black people), and (c) whether contact with racial outgroups moderated relations between COVID-19 intensity and racial prejudice. Results showed that perceived COVID-19 intensity was associated with prejudice indicators representing the desire for social distance from Asian people, as well as from Black people, yet it was unrelated to reports of negative affect toward either racial outgroup. These patterns support the idea that prejudice during periods of disease outbreak might functionally serve to reduce willingness for interaction with, and likelihood of infection from, racial outgroups. Contact moderated the relation between official reports of COVID-19 intensity and support for anti-China travel policies, such that greater contact with Asian people was associated with less support for exclusionary, anti-China travel policies when actual COVID-19 intensity was high. Overall, these results suggest that intensity of disease threat can exacerbate racial outgroup prejudice and reduce willingness for cross-group interaction, but that intergroup contact may sometimes provide a prejudice-attenuating effect.

How has COVID-19 social distancing impacted physical activity patterns? Data from the PAMPA cohort, Brazil

Explaining the world as a system: can it be done?

In the sociology of racial prejudice, two major paradigms can be distinguished: Cultural-environmental and social class or conflict paradigms. On the basis of Durkheimian theory, it is hypothesized that cultural-environmental variables (education, knowledge) offer stronger and more consistent explanations of racial prejudice than status variables (self-perceived class position, occupational prestige, income). To test this hypothesis, National Opinion Research Center (NORC) data are analyzed. Findings corroborate the major cultural-environmental hypothesis that racial prejudice emerges from ritually dense sociocultural lifeforms. Little support is found for the claim that prejudice arises from class conflict and competition over material resources.

he United States has set the pattern of Oriental exclusion for such countries as Canada and Australia. On the Pacific Coast, and in California especially, a distinct and rather involved racial situation has developed; perhaps it may be thought of as the completion of a “race-relations cycle.” Here, because of the rapid cultural advancement of these colored people, the natural history of race relations has been greatly expedited. Like all racial situations, we approach this one also from the point of view of the white man’s initiative—he is the actor in chief; the Asiatics react to their best advantage. The Asiatics came into California because there was a great demand there for their labor; they came because the relatively high wages in California enticed them. But the “pull’ was far more significant than the “push.” No matter how great the lure of higher wages, they could by no means have “invaded” the Coast if the encouragement and inducement of certain hardpressed white employers did not facilitate it. The great wave of Asiatic common labor began to move upon the Western Hemisphere after the decline of the Negro slave trade—after 1845 especially. The West Indies, the Pacific Coast of America, and even South and East Africa received their quotas. The Asiatics came not as slaves but mainly as coolies; and gradually, among others, California and other Pacific states had their Chinese and Japanese problem; Trinidad and South Africa, their East Indian problem; and Cuba, its Chinese problem. These “Coolies” came mostly as contract laborers, some form of indentured-servant relationship; and “Wherever they were imported, they were used as substitutes for slave labor in plan-

Following the pound's devaluation, the Wilson government entered into a period of austerity and deflation with increased taxes and currency restrictions that reduced standards of living and further decreased the Labour Party's popularity at the polls. Military policy consisted of further budget cuts and the proposed withdrawal of British forces in the Middle East and South East Asia. Ethnic violence, class conflict, and the youth revolution were also witnessed in Britain. Nationalist sentiment in Scotland and Wales, racial tensions, and the threat of Northern Island all contributed to the period's turbulence. This, coupled with continued low productivity undermined the government's effort at economic recovery. Industrial relations continued to be chaotic and institutional reform in local government, particularly in civil service, lagged behind. International relations also suffered, with conflicts in the commonwealth zones. Wilson's term ended on a slightly positive note through a balance-of-payments surplus and improvements in education and technology.

This study explored the views of 241 patients with schizophrenia about their own disorder. Patients' knowledge of their diagnosis, confidence that they will be well again, and perception of limitations in their own life as a result of the disorder were explored in relation to patients' opinions about the social consequences of schizophrenia. Study results were presented to participants, and suggestions were collected regarding how these study results should be used. Seventy-two respondents (30%) reported that a psychiatrist told them that they have schizophrenia. Respondents who were confident that they would be well again had a lower duration of contact with psychiatric services and a less pronounced perception of affective and social difficulties related to schizophrenia. Respondents who did not feel limited in their life by the disorder reported less social distance and more optimism about the usefulness of treatments. Participatory studies may provide ideas for a more constructive interaction between patients and professionals.

The paper continues the ongoing discussion among experts by considering in detail the problematic inconsistency in the conceptualisation and operationalisation of attitudes toward immigrants in cross-national comparative research. The sources of the identified problems, which are primarily associated with a theoretical impasse, namely the isolation and replication of the tradition of the theory of competitive threat and excessive reliance on literature (especially American) on racial prejudice (but attitudes toward immigrants and attitudes toward the African American population of the United States are far from the same thing). Suggestions are being raised regarding the need for a clear definition of the boundaries between groups (immigrants and host population), applying group-specific approach, overcoming terminological diversity, greater differentiation of related constructs, transition from reflective approach to measurement models to formative one to compile a special comparative index of attitudes toward immigrants taking into account country (regional) specifics, solving the measurement problem in the framework of the survey method when selecting items for the questionnaire (including avoiding double-barreled items). It is also considered options for applied conceptualisation of attitudes toward immigrants within metaphors of distance (social distance) and temperature («feeling thermometer») and related issues of their operationalisation. If necessary, illustrations and examples relevant to Russian reality are given.

Popular culture frequently stereotypes the opposition between ‘nature’ and ‘nurture’ in the attempts to account for the origin and organization of the capacities of the individual or the structures of social life. Both biology and environment have been, and are, blamed or lauded as the ultimate sources for educational achievement, lifetime earnings, levels of aggression, and sexual or racial discrimination. Equally frequently, this binary opposition is overlaid on the demarcation between the sciences and the humanities and, more specifically, on the division between the natural and the social sciences. Biologists, it is frequently assumed, argue that the workings of social life are the product of innate biological propensities, while sociologists and political scientists insist that learning and the influence of the immediate environment must take priority in the attempts to unravel social structures and inequalities. While examples of such one-sided accounts can be found even in the professional literature — although normally they appear in reports written to appeal to, and publicized as suitable for, a wider readership — this outdated and stereotypical conflict between ‘nature’ and ‘nurture’ elides the complexities of the scientific debate concerning the origins of sociality. In part, this opposition can be traced to the vitriolic debates surrounding sociobiology and its application to human social life, debates that have left abiding scars on the academic body, and which did contribute substantially to a deepening of the divide between the natural and the social sciences. However, the controversy surrounding sociobiology did not create the nature/ nurture debate, nor is the question of the appropriate relationship between biology, environment and society only disputed between the ‘two cultures’ of academe. It isn’t even the case that it is a problem that applies only to the story of human social life. Similar themes can be identified in accounts of animal behaviour, and are deserving of serious historical and sociological attention for two reasons. In the first place, the nature of these accounts has changed dramatically over the course of the twentieth century, as the location of primary explanatory factors moved between the internal and external environments of the animal. It is easy, in the aftermath of the sociobiological revolution and its successes, to imagine that biology has always dominated scientific accounts of the origin of social life: this, however, was by no means the case, nor is it an accurate account of the present-day state of affairs. This leads to the second reason for taking these animal stories seriously: they are often used as a means of elucidating the basis of human social life. Since the emergence of sociobiology, this has meant that the urge to sociality has been presented as prompted by competition, selfishness and self-interest: elements that, as many previous researchers have noted,

Increases in anti-Asian COVID-19 related discriminatory behaviors have been observed, many of which targeted older adults. Studies demonstrate that racial discrimination is associated with worse health outcomes, including anxiety, depression, and sleep difficulties. No previous studies have examined the impact of day-to-day experiences of discrimination before and during COVID-19 on both Asian and non-Asian older adults within the same sample. We examined whether everyday discrimination was associated with increased anxiety and depression symptoms, decreased levels of functioning, and increased sleep difficulties among Asian and non-Asian US older adults before and during the pandemic. Data came from the Positive Minds-Strong Bodies randomized clinical trial, an evidence-based mental health and disability prevention intervention for racially and ethnically diverse older adults with elevated depression or anxiety symptoms and minor to moderate disability. We conducted secondary data analyses in a cohort of 165 older adults (56 Asian and 109 non-Asian) assessed before COVID-19 (May 2015-May 2018) and during COVID-19 (March 2021-July 2022). Regression models examined whether everyday discrimination impacted health outcomes differently before and during COVID-19, and whether this effect was stronger among Asian compared to non-Asian older adults. Non-Asian older adults reported the same levels of everyday discrimination before and during COVID-19. Consistent with literature suggesting that social distancing has inadvertently kept US Asian populations from experiencing discrimination, Asian older adults reported marginally lower levels of everyday discrimination during the pandemic compared with pre-pandemic. We found that everyday discrimination was not associated with health outcomes before COVID-19. In contrast, during the pandemic, everyday discrimination was associated with worse anxiety and depression symptoms and worse levels of functioning, although only the impact on depression was significantly stronger compared with before the pandemic. This negative impact of everyday discrimination on health outcomes during the pandemic appeared to affect both Asian and non-Asian older adults similarly. Social support and social cohesion buffered against the negative effect of everyday discrimination on depression and level of functioning during the pandemic. Results suggest that public health interventions aimed at reducing everyday discrimination and emphasizing social support and cohesion can potentially improve health outcomes for all US older adult populations.Clinical trial registrationwww.ClinicalTrials.gov; identifier: NCT02317432.

Studied the effect of group discussion and racial group membership on attributions concerning the causes of racial discrimination. Twenty‐ four Black (mostly West Indian) and 24 White adolescents (age 16‐19) were assigned in pairs to each cell of a 2 (Race of subject: Black/White) × 2 (Discussion/No Discussion) ‘mixed’ design. Each subject read four items exemplifying types of racial discrimination and attributed each to negative dispositions of Black people and/or discrimination by White authority figures (‘the system’). Subjects in the Discussion condition spent two minutes discussing each item prior to making their judgements. Ratings of ingroup and outgroup on eight attitudinal dimensions were also elicited, followed by a social distance measure.Multivariate analyses of variance revealed effects for racial group membership (p < 0.05) and group discussion (p < 0.05) on attributions. Further examination of the data by means of discriminant analyses indicated which items differentiate between the groups. Data based on the attitudinal ratings were also subjected to multivariate analyses and point to the positive group‐image of the Black respondents and a lack of intergroup discrimination by the White subjects; the social distance scores of the latter subjects are, however, higher. Results are discussed in terms of the literature on group polarization and intergroup differentiation.